-
阅读理解细节理解题解题技巧
尽管近几年高考
英语阅读试题中推断题呈不断上升的趋势，但细节题仍然占有较大比
例，
而且已由过去简单的对号入座直
接答题转向通过语句的同义或反义转换来考查同学们
对
英语语言的理解能力，因此难度比往年有所增加。
一、题型特点与命题方式
所谓细节题，
是指原文提到了某事物
、
现象或理论，
题干针对原文具体叙述本身发问。
一般包括直接理解题
（在原文中可直接找到答案，
常用
who, what,
when, where, why
和
how
等提问。
< br>）语义转化题（需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，两者存在表
达
上的差异，有时需要进行加工或整理后方能得出结论）
、数字计算题、排列顺序题、图
表图
画题等。抓住文段中的事实和细节是做好该题型的关键，也是做好其它类型问题的基
础。这
类题型的题干常为：
When / Where did the story happen?
Which of the following
statements is (not) correct?
Which of the following statements is
(not) mentioned in the passage?
Which
is the right order of the events given in the
passage?
All the statements
are true except…
该题型几乎都可以在文
章中直接找到与答案有关的信息，或是其变体。所以，搜查信
息
在阅读中非常重要，
它包括理解作者在叙述某事时使用的具体事实、
数据、
图表等细
节信息。
在一篇短文里大部分篇幅都属于这类围绕主体展开的细节。
做这类题一般采用寻读法，
即先
读题，然后带着问题快速阅读短
文，找出与问题有
关的词语或句子，再对相关部分进行分析
对比，找出答案。
二、解题思路与应试技巧
细节题是针对文中某个细节、
某句话或某部分具体内容设置问题，
正确答案的根据一
定
可以在原文中找到，
即原文的改写往往成为正确选项。
通常细节题的正确选项有以下特
征：
1
、
对原文
句子中的关键词进行替换。
把原文中的一些词换成意义相近的词，
成为正确
选
项。
<
/p>
2
、
词性或者语态的变化。
把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，
或者改变原文句子的语态，
给考生制造障碍。
3
、语言简化。把原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化，成为正确答案。
4
、正话
反说。把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项（适用于寻找错误选项的题
目）
。
干扰项也是以文章中的某个细节设题，
若不仔细辨别，
很容易把它当成正确选项。
干扰
项有以下特征：
1
、
将原文内容扩大或缩小。
把原文中的限定词去掉或替换，
使该选项看似正确，
实际
上
却是错误选项。
2
、
把未然
当已然。
改变文中某句话的时态，
如把将来时变成现在时，
把未发生的事情
当
成已发生的事情。
3
、无中生有。即选项内容是根据主
观想象或推测得出的结论，而文中并未涉及。
4
、
偷换概念。
把原来做该
事的
“
张三
”
换成
“
李四
”
，
所述细节确实与原文一致，
一不
小
心就会误选。
5
、
文不对
题。
这类题最不容易辨别，
选项中的描述与原文完全一致，
确属原文中的一
个
细节，这时要回到题干，看该选项是否能回答题干所提的问题。
下面结合最新高考试题，
对细节题的不同类型加以解读。
这类题型主要有三种形式：问句式，不完整的陈述句和排除法。
1
．问句式
A
．其发问形式主要有以下几种：
How did something
happen?
Which of the
following people should(not) do it?
Which of the following did somebody
have to deal with... ?
Where should somebody do something?
B
．解题技巧
在解这类题时，可采用
“<
/p>
对号入座
”
的办法，即带着问题找句子，
先看文章后面的问题
(
这
常常被认为是
非常有效的方法
)
，注意记忆关键的词语，如。人物、时间、事
件等，确定每
道题目的发问中心，
也，
就是说，某个问题是针对什么提问的。这样我们就可以带着问题去
阅读文章，做到有的放
矢。
把每个问题的发问中
心反馈到原文中去。当读到有关解答发问中心的信息时，可在有关
信息下面画一直线以示
突出。
如果问题的顺序没有按顺序给出，
可以在原文信息下画线
的同
时，把问题的题号也标出来，便于最后检查，并节约时间。
在原文中找出对发问中心的解答信息后，
可把原文信息放到问题
中去，
与每一选项进行对照，
与原文信息相符的那项，即是正确
的答案。
Cattle
have served humanity since
prehistoric(
史前
) days as
beasts of burden and as supplier
of
leather, meat, and milk. Some of the earliest
written records concern the sale of cattle. These
valuable animals are unusual in that
they do not have front teeth in their upper jaw.
Instead they
chew with their back teeth
and gums (
齿龈
). Cows swallow
their food quickly and store it in the
fat stomach or rumen, the first of the
four compartments stomachs in their.
Questions: According to the passage,
what is the rumen?
A.
The first stomach compartment.
B. The name of the upper jaw.
C. The stomach where
digestion (
消化
) takes place.
D. The name of the
bacteria(
细菌
) in the cow's
stomach.
带着发问中心及选择项目阅读原
文。
当我们读到
rumen
这个词时，
可在它下面画一横线，
紧接此词下面一句
“first of the four compartments in their stomachs
”
，
正是解释
rumen
的，
可在
它的下面画一虚线并可标出题号和选择项。
2
．不完整的陈述句式
A
．常见形式有：
Something can be best
classified as
.
A certain kind of person is someone who
.
People are
looking for better ways to
.
According to the
author,
“it”
was caused by
.
B
．解题技巧：
这类题的答案与原文在字面上的差异很大，
有时还要找出与前句的内容在逻辑上的联系，
因此答这类题时准确理解是
关键，一定要冷静，仔细分析。在做不完整的陈述式题目时候，
仍可参考上面列举的解题
步骤。第一步，阅读题目，找出问题的发问中心。第二步，带着这
些问题来阅读文章。第
三步，根据前两步的分析和判断，选择出最符合题意的答案。
3
．排除式
A
．常见形式有：
Which of the following
are NOT mentioned in the passage?
Which of the following is TRUE?
Which of the following
is NOT listed in ... ?
Which of the following is NOT included
in the passage?
B
．解题技巧：
做这类题时，首先要仔细阅读题后的选项，牢记各个
选项所阐述的不同内容，然后阅读
原文。
凡是原文中的信息与选
择项内容相同的，
我们可以在这些信息下面划线，
以作为排除<
/p>
的内容。
如果基本选项的内容在原文找不到相应的信息，
那么该选项即为该题的答案。
这类
题与前两种题
型不同，
后者答案应包括在原文内容中，
即与所述的事实具有直
接或间接的联
系，
而前者的答案是被排除在原文内容之外的，<
/p>
因此在答题时要将与原文内容有关的三个选
项排除，剩下的一个才
是答案。
Life on
Land
Life on land probably began about
430 million years ago, though it has existed in
the water for
perhaps as long as 3000
million years. When we think of the first life on
land, we probably think
of
strange animals
coming
out
of
the
oceans, but,
in
fact
,no animals
could
have
been
living
if
plants
had not been on land first. Plants had to be on
land before animals arrived. They supplied
the first land animals with the
surrounding and food necessary, since they--the
plants are the only
form of life that
is able to get and store energy.
The
first plants to exist out of the water were
probably certain kinds of algae
(
海藻
) which were
followed by other plants that grew
close to the ground and needed water in which to
reproduce.
Which of the
following is TRUE?
A.
Algae have existed for more than 430 million
years.
B. It is
impossible that algae might be the earliest plant
on land.
C. Plants get
food from animals in the oceans.
D. Evolution began after animals
appeared on land.
这是一道事实询问题。需要把短文第一段首句
“Life on land probably began about 430
million years
ago”
和短文第二段首句
“The first
plants t
o
exist out of the
water were probably certain kinds of algae”
联系起来考虑，
正确答案为
A
。
B
、
C
、<
/p>
D
三项与短文内容均不符，应排除。
<
/p>
【
考例分析
1
】
For many parents, raising a teenager is
like fighting a long war, but years go by
without any clear winner.
Like a border conflict between
neighboring countries, the parent-teen
war is about boundaries: Where is the
line between what I control and what you do?
（
2010·
湖北
卷
·
B
篇）
Why does the author compare the parent-
teen war to a border conflict?
A. Both
can continue for generations
B. Both are about where to draw the
line
C. Neither has any
clear winner
D.
Neither can be put to an end
【考例分析
2
】
The
researchers
studied
cultural
differences
in
the
recognition
of
facial
expressions by recording the eye
movements of 13 Western Caucasian and 13 East
Asian people
while
they
observed
pictures
of
expressive
faces
and
put
them
into
categories:
happy,
sad,
surprised,
fearful,
disgusted,
angry,
or
neutral.
They
compared
how
accurately
participants
read
those facial
expressions using their particular eye movement
strategies.
（
2010·
湖南卷
·
C
）
What were the people asked to do in
the study?
A. To make a face at each
other.
B. To get their faces impressive.
C. To classify some face pictures.
D. To observe
the researchers’ faces.
【考例分
析
3
】
Confucius suggested Rule as a principle
for
the conduct of “Do not do to others
what
you
would
not
want
others
to
you.
”He
assumed
that
all
men
were
equal
at
birth,
though
some
potential
than
others,
and
that
it
was
knowledge
that
set
men
apart.
Socrates
focused
on
individual,
and
thought
that
the
greatest
purpose
of
man
was
to
seek
wisdom.
He believed
that
some had more potential
to develop their reason than others did. Like
Confucius, he believed that
the
superior class should rule the
inferior(
下层的
)classes.
（
2010·
江西卷
·
C
）
Socrates shared with Confucius the idea
that
.
A.
all men were equal when they were born
B. the lower classes should be ruled by
the upper class
C. the purpose of man
was to seek freedom and wisdom
D.
people should not ask others to do what they did
not want to
【考例分析
4
】
Since Beijing's first ski
resort was opened ten
years
ago, the sport has enjoyed
astonishing
increase. There are now more than a dozen resorts.
Clothes markets in the city have
added
bright colored ski suits to their winter
collections. Mr. Wei, a manager of a newly-opened
ski resort in Beijing, sees the growth
of an industry that could soon lead Chinese to
head for the
ski resorts of Europe. In
recent years ski resorts offering natural snow
have opened in China. But
many
are
in
faraway
areas
of
the
country
and
can't
really
match
the
equipment
and
services
of
some
ski resorts in Europe.
（
2010
·
全国卷
II·
C
）
Why are some Chinese
likely to go skiing in Europe?
A. To
visit more ski areas.
B. To ski on natural snow.
C. For a large
collection of ski suits.
D. For better
services and equipment.
【考例分析
5
】
He longs for
conversations with an editor who will help him
turn his good ideas
into great ones. He
wants someone to get excited about what he's doing
and to help him turn his
story idea
upside down and inside out, exploring the best
ways to report it. He wants to be more
valuable for your paper. That's what
you want for him, too, isn't it?
(2010·
北京卷
·
B)
What does the reporter want most from
his editors in their talks?
A. Finding the news value
of his stories. B. Giving him financial support.
C. Helping him
to find issues.
D. Improving
his good ideas
【考例分析
6
】
But Parbati doesn’t catch
elephants just for fun. “My work,” she says, “is
to rescue
man
from
the
elephants,
and
to
keep
the
elephants
saf
e
from
man.”
And
this
is
exactly
what
Parbati has been doing for many years.
Increasingly, the Indian elephant is angry: for
many years,
illegal hunters have
attacked it and its home in the jungle has been
reduced to small pieces of land.
It is
now fighting back. Whenever wild elephants enter a
tea garden or a village, Parbati is called
to guide the animals back to the jungle
before they can kill.
（
2010·
上海卷
·
A
）
For Parbati, catching
elephants is mainly to
.
A.
get long lasting excitement
B.
keep both man and elephants safe
C. send them
back to the jungle
D. make the angry elephants
tame
【考例分析
7
】
Parbati hasn’t always lived in the jungle. After a happy childhood hunting with her
father, she was sent to boarding school
in the city. But Parbati never got used to being
there and
many years later she went
back to her old life. “Life in the city is too
dull. Catching elephants is an
adventure and the excitement lasts for
days after the chase,” she says.
（
2010·
上海卷
·
A<
/p>
）
Before Parbati
studied in a boarding school, ______________.
A.
she spent her time hunting with her father
B. she learned how to sing love songs
C.
she had already been called an elephant princess
D. she was taught how to hunt tigers
【考例分析
8
】
I
t is hardly surprising that clothing manufacturers
（
生产商）
follow
certain uniform
standards for various
features
（
特征）
of
clothes. What seems strange , however, is that the
standard
adopted for women is the
opposite of the one for men. Take a look at the
way your clothes button.
Men’s clothes
tend to button from the right, and women’s form
the left. Considering most of the
world’s population
-men and
women-are right-
handed, the men’s
standard would appear to make
more
sense for women. So why do women’s clothes button
from
the left?
(2010·
重庆卷
·
C)
What is surprising about the standard
of the clothing industry?
A. It has
been followed by the industry for over 400 years.
B. It is different for men’s clothing
and women’s.
C. It works
better with men than with women.
D. It
fails to consider right-handed people.
【考例分析
9
】
The engineer Camillo Olivetti was 40
years old when he started the company in
1908.
At
his
factory
in
Ivera,
he
designed
and
produced
the
first
Italian
typewriter.
Today
the
company’s head office is
still in Ivrea, n
ear Turin, but the
company is much larger than it was in
those
days
and
there
are
offices
all
around
the
1930
there
was
a
staff
of
700
and
the
company
turned
out
13,000
machines
a
year.
Some
went
to
customers
in
Italy,
but
Olivetti
exported more
typewriters to other countries.
(2010·
安徽卷
·
A)
From the text we learn that__________.
A. by 1930 Olivetti produced 13,000
typewriters a year
B. Olivetti earned
more in the 1960s than in the 1950s
C.
some of Olivetti
’
s 700 staff
regularly visited customers in Italy
D.
Olivetti set up offices in other countries from
the very beginning
【考例分析
10
】
After
World
War
Ⅱ
,
the
population
of
most
large
American
cities
decreased;
however, the
population in many Sun Belt cities increased. Los
Angeles and Houston are cities
where
population
shifts
（
转移）
to and
from the city reflect the changing values of
American society.
In the late 1940s and
early 1950s, city
residents
（居民）
became
wealthier. They had more children
so
they needed more space. They moved out of their
apartments in the city to buy their own homes.
They bought houses in the
suburbs
（郊区）
. (2010·
安徽卷
·
C
)
Why did American city residents want to
live in the suburbs after World War
Ⅱ
?
A. Because
older American cities were dying.
B.
Because they were richer and needed more space.
C. Because cities contained the worst
pare of society.
D. Because they could
hardly afford a live in the city.
答案解析：
1
．选
B
。细节理解题。由第一段最后两句可直接判断答案为<
/p>
B
项。
2.
选
C
。细节理解题。由第五段的第一句
… they observed pictures of. expressive
faces and put
them into categories:
happy, sad, surprised, fearful, disgusted, angry,
or neutral
可知，
参与者被要
求把面部表情的图片进行分类。所以
C
项正确。
3.
选
B
。细节理解题。根据第三自然段最后一句，跟孔子一样，苏格拉底认为，上层阶级
应该统治下层阶级。故选
B
。
4.
选
D
。
细节理解题。
根据第二段的
Mr.
Wei, a manager of a newly-opened ski resort in
Beijing,
sees the growth of an industry
that could soon lead Chinese to head for the ski
resorts of Europe
以
及此段的最后一句
But many are in faraway areas of the
country and can't really
match
（敌得过）
the equipment and
services of some ski resorts in
Europe.
可知。
5.
选
D.
由倒数第三段的第一句话可知这名记者
希望他的编辑能帮他把好的想法变成更好的
想法，与
D
项最接近。其他三项文中均未提到。
6. <
/p>
选
B
。根据第四段
“My work,” she says, “is to rescue man from the
elephants, and to keep the
elephants
safe from man.”
可以得出答案
B
。
7.
选
A
。由第三段
“After a happy
childhood hunting with her father, she was sent
to boarding
school in the ci
ty.”
一句可知选
A
合适。
8.
选
B
。细节理解题。从第一段第二句话
What seems
strange , however, is that the standard
adopted for women is the opposite of
the one for men.
得出的。句意：然而令人奇怪的是适应
于女性的标准和适应于男性的标准正好相反。所以是
B
项
“
男性的服装和女性的不同
”<
/p>
。
9.
选<
/p>
A
。细节理解题。根据第一段的
By
1930 there was a staff of 700 and the company
turned
out 13,000 machines a year.
可知
“
到
1930
年，该公司已有员工
700
人，每年生产打字
机
13
，
000
台。
”
10.
< br>选
B
。细节理解题。根据第二段的
“In the late 1940s and early 1950s, city
residents
（居民）
became
wealthier. They had more children so they needed
more space. ”
可知他们更富有而且需
要更多的空
间。