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高考英语阅读理解专项训练
细节理解题
高考英语阅读理解专项训练
—
细节理解题
一、专题详解
概述：
怎么考
事实细节理解题考查原文提到的某事物、
现象或理论，
题干针
对原文具体叙述本身发问。
一般包括直接理解题
(
在原文中可直接找到答案，
常用
who
，
what
，
when
，
where
，
w
hy
和
how
等提问
< br>)
、
语意转化题
(
需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语境上的转换，
两者存在表达上
的差异，有时需要进行加工或整理后方能得出结论
)
、数字计算题、排列顺序题、图表图画
题等。
怎么学
平时阅读训练时，注意作者描述人物、物体等细节的常用写作
手法与技巧，以及反映句
子之间逻辑关系的词，
如：
because
，
since
，
for
，
as
< br>等表示因果关系；
after
，
first
，
next
，
later
，
meantime
等表示时间关系；
above
，
b
elow
，
behind
，
in front of
等表示方位关系；
but
，
on the
contrary
，
on the
other hand
等表示转折或相对关系；
further
more
，
what’s
more
等表示递进关
系；
for
instance
，
for
example
，
such as
等表
示例证关系。这些表示逻辑关系的词语能为考生
解答细节题提供重要的线索，从而为快速
、准确地选择答案打下坚实的基础。
怎么解
做这类题一般采用寻读法，即先读题，然后带着问题快速阅读文章，找出与问题有关的
词语或句子，再对相关部分进行分析对比，找出答案。另外，在题干中寻找线索词，并注意
题干中的名词、动词、形容词等实词。注意线索词在文章中的位置，并标出实词的出处。
解答此类题目有时还要注意细读全文，变通理解，多方归纳，综合事实细节选定答案
。
知识详解
考点
1
直接信息理解类
【典例】
Most graphs
have a few basic parts: a caption or introduction
paragraph, a title, a legend or key,
and labeled axes. An active reader
looks at each part of the graph before trying to
interpret the data.
Captions will
usually tell you where the data came from (for
example, a scientific study of 400
African
elephants
from
1980
to
2005).
Captions
usually
summarize
the
author’s
main
point
as
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高考英语阅读理解专项训练
细节理解题
well. The
title is very important. It tells you the main
idea of the graph by stating what kind of
information is being shown. A legend,
also called a key, is a guide to the symbols and
colors used
in the graph. Many graphs,
including bar graphs and line graphs, have two
axes that form a corner.
Usually these
axes are the left side and the bottom of the
graph. Each axis will always have a label.
The label tells you what each axis
measures.
Q: When used in a
graph, a legend is______.
A. a guide to the symbols and colors
B. an introduction paragraph
C. the main idea
D. the data
【解题思路】
速
读
文
章
,
试
找
出
相
关
的
信
息
句
,
并
突
出
关
键
词
:
_________________________________
【解题技巧】
1.
“断章取义”寻依据
考生要从文段中获得回答细节题的具体信息
,
可用“寻读法”
,
即画出题干中的关键词语
,
然后在文
章中找出可能包含所需信息的段落或句子。
运用此法时
,
应根据文段的结构和写作
顺序
,
有针对性地寻读
,
迅速锁定相关内容。
2.
常见命题方式
特殊疑问句形式表达
:
以
when,
where,
what,
which,
who,
how
等疑问词开头引出的问题。
考点
2
间接信息理解类
【典例】
From the
very beginning of school we make books and reading
a constant source of possible
failure
and
public
humiliation.
When
children
are
little
we
make
them
read
aloud,
before
the
teacher and other children, so that we
can be sure they “know” all the words they are
reading. This
means
that
when
they
don’t
know
a
word,
they
are
going
to
make
a
mistake,
right
in
front
of
everyone. After having taught fifth-
grade classes for four years, I decided to try at
all costs to rid
them of their fear and
dislike of books, and to get them to read oftener
and more adventurously.
One day soon
after school had started, I said to them, “Now I’m
going to say something about
reading
that you have probably never heard a teacher say
before. I would like you to read a lot of
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细节理解题
books this
year, but I want you to read them only for
pleasure. I am not going to ask you questions
to find out whether you understand the
books or not. If you understand enough of a book
to enjoy
it and want to go on reading
it, that’s enough for me. Also I’m not going to
ask you what words
mean. ”
Q: The teacher told his students to
read______.
A. for
enjoyment
B. for knowledge
C. for a larger vocabulary
D. for higher scores in exams
【解题思路】
速读文章
,
试找出相关的信息句
,
并突出与选项同义的词
:
___________________________________________
_________________________________
【解题技巧】
1.
“
同义互释”定选项
间接理解题答案选项的表述通常不是使用文章的原话
,
而是使用与文中同义或近义的词
语来表达。
可运用排除法
,
将“无此细节”和“与此细节相反”的选项提前进行排除。
2.
正确选项有以下特征
①对原句的关键词进行替换。
②词性或语态有所变化。
③语言简化。把原文中的复杂语言进行简化。
④正话反说。把原文中的意思反过来表达。
3.
常见命题方式
According to the author/passage. . .
The reason. . . is
that______.
From. . . we
can learn______.
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细节理解题
考点
3
数字计算类
【典例】
Across
Britain,
burnt
toast will
be
served
to
mothers
in
bed
this
morning
as
older
sons
and
daughters rush to deliver their
supermarket bunches of flowers. But, according to
a new study, we
should be placing a
higher value on motherhood all year.
Mothers have long known that their home
workload was just as heavy as paid work. Now, the
new study has shown that if they were
paid for their parental labours, they would earn
as much as
￡
172, 000 a year.
The study looked at the
range of jobs mothers do, as well as the hours
they are working, to
determine
the
figure.
This
would
make
their
yearly
income
￡
30,
000
more
than
the
Prime
Minister earns.
By analyzing the numbers, it found the
average mother works 119 hours a week, 40 of which
would
usually
be
paid
at
a
standard
rate
and
79
hours
as
overtime.
After
questioning
1,
000
mothers with children
under 18, it found that, on most days, mums
started their routine work at
7am and
finished at around 11pm.
Q: How much
would a mother earn a year if working as the Prime
Minister?
A.
￡
30, 000.
B.
￡
142, 000.
C.
￡
172, 000.
D.
￡
202, 000.
【解题思路】
速读文章
,
试找出相关的数据。
_______
__________________________________________________
___________________
【解题技巧】
1. “
列表推算”得数据
关键是要弄清各数据之间的逻辑关系
,
选准比较的数据
,
弄清单位换算关系
,
确定计算
方法。
①先阅读题干
,
然后带着题干中的关键词去读文章
,
对于数字、
时间、
年代等在读的同时
做
好标记
,
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高考英语阅读理解专项训练
细节理解题
以便读完文章后进行相应的计算。
②简单的数据可采用“推算法”
,
即以有关数据为基础
,
进行简单的运算。
③数据较多的文章
,
通常采用“列表法”
,
即按一定的规律将数据分门别类地列出
,
化模
糊为清晰
,
为计算打下基础。
2.
常见命题方式
特殊疑问句形式表达
:
以
when, in which year, how
many/much. . .
等疑问词开头引出的问
题。
考点
4
正误判断类
【典例】
It was
Mother’s Day morning last year and I was doing my
shopping at our local supermarket
with
my five-year-old son, Tenyson. As we were leaving,
we found that only minutes earlier an
elderly woman had fallen over at the
entrance and had hit her head on the concrete. Her
husband
was
with
her,
but
there
was
blood
everywhere
and
the
woman
was
embarrassed
and
clearly
in
shock.
Walking
towards
the
scene,
Tenyson
became
very
upset
about
what
had
happened
to
the
couple. He
said to me, “Mum, it’s not much fun falling over
in front of everyone. ”
At
the
front
of
the
supermarket
a
charity(
慈善
)group
had
set
up
a
stand
selling
cooked
sausages and flowers
to raise funds. Tenyson suggested that we should
buy the lady a flower. “It
will make
her feel better, ”he said. I was amazed that he’d
come up with this sweet idea.
So we
went over to the flower seller and
asked her if we could buy a flower for the lady to
cheer her up.
“Just take it, ”she
replied. “I can’t take your money for such a
wonderful gesture. ”
By
now
paramedics(
救援
人员
)had
arrived,
and
were
attending
the
injured
woman.
As
we
walked up to her, my son
became intimidated by all the blood and medical
equipment. He said he
was just too
scared to go up to her.
Instead I gave the flower to the
woman’s husband and told
him, “My son was very upset for
your wife and wanted to give her this
flower to make her feel better. ”
At that, the old man started crying and
said, “Thank you so much, you have a wonderful
son.
Happy Mother’s Day to you.
”
The man then bent down and
gave his wife the flower, telling her who it was
from. Though
badly hurt and shaken, the
old lady looked up at Tenyson with love in her
eyes and gave him a
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高考英语阅读理解专项训练
细节理解题
little
smile.
Q: Which of the
following is TRUE according to the passage?
A. The elderly woman was
knocked down by Tenyson.
B.
Tenyson’s idea of buying a flower gained his
mother’s support.
C.
Tenyson’s care for the elderly woman puzzled the
flower seller.
D. The
elderly woman was moved to tears by Tenyson’s
gesture.
【解题思路】
速读文章
,
试找出与四个选项相关的信息句
:
【解题技巧】
1.
“
去伪存真”辨是非
①速览题目所提供的四个选项。
②若各选项针对同一内容
,
则要注意找出各选项之间的差别
,
再带着问题去原文中核实
文章的实际
内容
;
③若各个选项陈述的内容不一致
,
则要根据题干或选项中提供的线索回读原文
,
逐个找
到相关句
,
最后确定答案。
④注意表达“绝对化”的选项一般不是正确答案。
2.
常见命题方式
Which of the following is TRUE
according to the passage?
Which of the following is NOT true
according to. . . ?
【误区纠偏】
1.
扩缩范围：通过改变或去掉限制性词语，将信息中的范围、程度等加以改变，使
该选
项看似正确，
实际上却是错误的。
2.
无中生有：干扰项与所阅读的文章内容没有任何联系。
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