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重庆市北大附中实验学校高三英语语法练习 助动词与情态动词

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2021-02-01 14:49
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2021年2月1日发(作者:卷轴画)


高考英语语法:助动词与情态动词



(一)助动词有


be,


have,


do,


will,


shall


。它们本身没有词义,只和实义动词的一定形式构成复合谓语,


用来 表示时态和语态,构成否定、疑问及加强语气等。




1



be (am, is, are, were, been)


(l)



be + -ing


”构成进 行时态;



2




be +


过去分词”构成被动语态;


3




be +


动词不定式”构成复合


谓语:①表示按计划安排要发 生的事。


The prime minister is to visit Japan next year.


总理将于明年访问


日本。②



用于命令。


You're to do your homework before you watch TV.


你得做完了作业才能看电视。




2



have (has, had)



(1)



have+


过去分词”构成完成时态。如:


Ha ve you seen the film ? (2)



have been + -ing

< br>”构成完成


进行时态。如:


What have you been doing these days?


这些日子你一直在干什么


?


3



do (does, did)


(1)



do not +


动词原形”构成行为动词的否定式。如:His brother doesn’t like playing basket.;


(2)



Do +


主语


+


动词原形”构成行为动词的一般疑问句。


Does he go to school by bike every day? (3)



do +


动词原形”用于祈使句或陈述句中表示加强语气。如:I did go to see him, but he wasn’t in


我确


实去看望他 了,


但他不在家。


Do


do


some


work.


请一定做点什 么;


(4)


代替前面刚出现的动词以避免重复。


My


mother


told me to go to bed early. So I did.


, shall (would, should)



will (shall +


动词原形”构成一般将来时,一般来说


shall

< p>
用于第一人称,


will


用于第二人称或第三人< /p>


(二)情态动词




情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度,可以表示“可能”


< p>
“可以”



“需要”


、< /p>


“必须”或“应当”等


之意。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。但不 能单独作谓语动词用,必须和不带


to


的不定式连用构成谓语动 词。


只有情态动词


ought


要和带< /p>


to


的动词不定式连用,在句中作谓语用。




将情态动词置于主语之前即构成其疑问式,在情态动 词之后加


not


既构成其否定式。现将各情态动词的基本


用法分述如下:



1



can


could (could



can


的过去式


)


的基本用法



(1)


表示能力,如:


He can speak English better than you. (2)


在 疑问句和否定句中表示“怀疑”



“猜测”

或“可能性”


,如:


Can


this


green


bike


be


Liu


Dong's?


(3)


表示“许可”时


can


可以和


may


换用,如:


Y ou


can


(may)


go


home


now.


(4)


如果要表示语气婉转,


可用


could


代替


can



这时


could


不再是


can

< br>的过去式,


如:


Could


you come again tomorrow? (5)can



be able to


都可表示能力,两者在意思上没有什么区别。但是


can


只能< /p>


有现在式和过去式,而


be able to


则有更多的形式,如:


He will be able to do the work better.



2< /p>



may



mi ght (might



may


的过去 式


)


的基本用法



(1)


表示允许或征询对方许可,有“可以”之意,如:


You may use my dictionary.


在回答对方说“可以做


某事”或“不可以做某事”时,一般多不用


may



may


not


,以避免语气生硬或 不容气。而用比较婉转的说法进


行回答。如:


---- May I use this dictionary? ---- Yes, please.



---- Certainly.


在请求对方许可时,


如果


Might I



?


就比用


May I



?


语气更婉转些,如:


May I have a look at your new computer?


但是表示


“阻 止”或“禁止”对方做某事时,要用


must not


代替


may not


,如:


---- May we swim in this lake? ----


No, you mustn’t. It’s t


oo dangerous. (2)may



might


都可以表 示可能性,表示“或许”



“可能”之意,

如果用


might


表示可能性,则语气更加不肯定,如:< /p>


They may (might) be in the library now .


称,口语中常用


will


代替


shll


,如:


We will have a meeting to discuss the problem.


3



must


的基本用法



用心



爱心



专心



1


(1)must


表示“必须”



“应该”之意,其否定式


must


not


,缩写形式为


mustn't


,表示“不应该”



“不准”



“不许可”或“禁止”之意,如:


We must study hard and make progress every day. You mustn't touch the


fire. (2)


对 以


must


提出的疑问句,如作否定回答时,要用


needn't


或用


don't (doesn't) have to (





)



回答,而不用


mustn't


,因为


mustn't


表示的是“禁止”或“不许可”之意,如:


----


Must


we


finish


the


work


tomorrow? ---- No, you needn't (don't have to), but you must finish it in three days. (3)


在肯定


句中


must

< p>
可以表示推测,表示“一定”或“必定”之意,如:


---- Whose new bike can it be? ---- It must


be Liu Dong's. I know his father has just bought him a new one.


4



can, could, may, must


后接完成式的用法



(1)can,


could


后接完成 式的用法:①在否定句或疑问句中表示对过去发生过的事情的“怀疑”或“不肯定”


的态 度,


Could he have said so?


②在肯 定句中,可以表示过去可能做到而实际并没做到的事情,有“劝告”


或“责备”的语气。 如:


---- When did you answer her letter? ---- Only yesterday. ---- It's too late.


You could have answered it earlier, I am sure. (2)may, might


后接完成式的用法



①表示 对过去某事的推


测,认为某一件事情在过去可能发生了。如果使用


might


,语气就比较婉转或更加不肯定,如:


Mary


might


have


learned some Chinese before.


②可以表示过去本来可以做到而实



际 没有做到的事情,有“劝告”或“责备”


的语气,如:


You didn't do the work well that day. You might have done it better. (3)must


后接完成


式 的用法:表示对过去某事的推测,认为某事在过去一定做到



了,如:Liu


Dong


isn’t


in


the


classroom.


He


must have gone to the library.


5



have


to


的基本用法:


have


to



must


的意 义相近,只是


must


侧重表示说话人的主观看法,而


have


to


6



ought to


的基本用法



(l)


表示根据某种义务或必要


“应当”


做某事,


语气比


should


强,


例如:


Everyone


ought


to


obey


the


traffic


regulations.


(2)


表示推测,


注意与


mu st


表示推测时的区别:


He


must


be


home


by


now


.(

< br>断定他已到家


)



He


ought


to


be


home


by


now

< p>
.(


不十分肯定


)



This


is


where


the


oil


must


be.(


比较直率


)



This


is


where


the


oil


ought


to


be.


(


比较含蓄


)



(3)



ought


+


have+


过去分词”表示过去应做某事而



实际未做。例如:


You


ought


to


have


helped


him. (but you didn’t)



这时,


ought



should


可以互相换用。注意,在美国英语中


ought to


用于


否定和疑问句时


to


可以省略。例如:


Ought you smoke so much?


You oughtn’t smoke so much.




则表示客观需要,如:


I must study hard. I had to give it up because of illness.


7



dare


的基本用法



(l)dare


(dared


为其过去式


)


作情态动词用时,


主要用于否定句,


疑问句和条 件从句中,


如:


Dared


he


bread


the traffic regulations again? (2)


在现代英语中


dare


常用作行为动词,其变化与一般行为动词相同,如:


S he dares to stay at home alone at night.

8



need


的基本用法



(1)need


作情态动词用时,主要用于否 定句和疑问句中,如:


He needn't worry about us now. (2)need


也可作为行为动词用,可用于肯定句,否定句和疑问句中, 其后可接名词、代词、动名词或带


to


的动词不定式


为其宾语。如:


You need to practise reading aloud every day. (3)needn 't


后接完成式可以表示过去做了


一件本来不必要做的事情,如 :


---- Did you answer the letter yesterday? ---- Yes, I did. ---- But you


needn’t have answered it.



9



shall


的 基本用法



(1)shall


用作情态 动词时,用于第二、三人称,表示说活人的意愿,可表示“命令”


“警告”



“强制”


< p>
“威


胁”或“允诺”等意,如:


He shall go first, whether he wants to or not. (2)

在疑问句中,


shall


用于第


一 、三人称,表示说话人的征询对方意见或请求指示,如:


Shall I open the door?


10



shou ld


的基本用法



用心



爱心



专心



2


( 1)should


作为情态动词可以表示“建议”或“劝告”


, 有“应该”之意,如:


You


should


learn


from


each


other. (2)should


后接完成式表示过去没有做 到本来应该做的事情,或是做了本来不应该做的事情。如:


You


should have give him more help.


11



will


的基本用法



(1)


用于各人称,可以表示“意志 ”或“决心”


,如:


I have told him again and again to stop smoking,


but he will not listen. (2)


在疑问句中用于第二人称,表示说话人向对 方提出请求或询问对方的意愿,如:


Will you please tell me how to get to the Capital Gymnasium? (3)will


可以表示一种习惯性的动作,有


“总是”或“会要”之意,如:


Every morning he will have a walk along this river.


12



would


的基本用法



(1)would< /p>


作为


will


的过去式,可用于各人称, 表示过去时间的“意志”或“决心”


,如:


He


promised he


would never smoke again. (2)


在疑问句中,用于第二人称,表示说话人向对方提出 请求或许问对方的意愿时,


比用


will


的气更加婉转,如:


Would


you


like


some


more


coffee?


(3)


在日常生活中,学用“


I


would


like


to


…”


表示“我想要”或“我愿意”之意,以使语气婉转,如:

< p>
I would like to do Ex.2 first. (4)would

< p>
可以表示


过去的习惯动作,比


used


to


正式,并没有“现已无此习惯”的含义。如:


Last


year


our


English


teacher


would


sometimes tell


us stories in English after class. / During the vacation


he would visit me every


week.


(5)


表料想或猜想,如:


It


would


be


about


ten


when


he


left


home./


What


would


she


be


doing


there?/


I


thought


he would have told you about it.


13



used to, had better, would rather


的用法



(1)used


to


表示过去的习惯 动作或状态,现在已不存在,在间接引语中,其形式可不变,例如:


He


told


us


he used to play foot ball when he was young.


在疑 问句、否定句、否定疑问句或强调句中,可有两种形式。


疑问句:


Did you use to/ Used you to go to the same school as your brother?


否定句:


I


usedn’t to /


didn’t use to go there. (usedn’t 也可写作


usen’t);否定疑问句:Usen’t you to/ Didn’t you use to


be interested in the theatre?


强调句:


I certainly used to/ did use to smoke, but it was a long time


ago.


;其反意疑问句或简略回答中,也有两种形式:She


used


to


be


very


fat.


didn’t


she?/


use(d)n’t


she?


Did you use to play chess? Yes, I did./ Used you to get up early in the morning? Yes, I did./ used


to. (2)had better


意为“最好”


,后接不带


to


的不定式,例如:


---- We had better go now . ---- Yes, we


had (we'd better/ we had better).


/ Hadn’t we better stop now? (Had we better not stop now?)/ I think


I’d better be going.


(


用于进行时态,表“最好立即”


)/ You had better have done that (


用于完成时态,


表未完成动作


)


注:


had better


用于同辈或 小辈,对长辈不可用。


(3)would rather


意为“ 宁愿”


,表选择,后


接不带


to


的不定式,例如:I’d


rather


not


say


anything./


Would


you


rather


work


on


a


farm?/


----


Wouldn’t


you rather stay here? ----


No, I would not. I’d rather go there. 由于


would rather


表选择,因



而后


可接


than


,例如:


I would rather work on a farm than in a factory. / I would rather watch TV than go


to see the film/ I would rather lose a dozen cherry trees than that you should tell me one lie./ I’d


rather you didn’t talk about this to anyone.


(


句中的


'd rather


不是情态动词,


would


在此是表愿望的


实义动词


)



用心



爱心



专心



3

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