-
·
Verbal Intercultural
Communication
非言语行为
:People
from different cultural
backgrounds
communicate with other people through
language.
·
Social
cultural elements:
①
cultural values
②
worldview
③
social
organization
·
glo
balization
：
①
refer
s
to
the
establishment
of
a
world
economy,
in
which
national
borders
are
becoming
less
and
less
important
as
transnational
corporations,
existing
everywhere and
nowhere ,do business in a global market.
②
also refers to what is
called
time-
spacecompression.(the
increasing
global
mobility
of
people/
the
impact
of new electronic
media on human communication)
·
human needs:
①
physiological
（
funda
mental need
）②
safty
③
the belongingness
(love,affection)
④
the
esteem(respect)
⑤
self-actualization(reach
one
’
s
potential)
·文化冰山理论（
Edward T
Hall
）
:
Culture
like an iceberg can be divided into two
parts: culture above the waterline and
culture below the waterline. Culture above
the waterline is explicit, visible,
tangible, easy to change with time, a tip of
the iceberg. Culture below the
waterline is implicit, invisible, intangible, hard
to change with time, the
majority.
·
culture:
can
be
defined
as
the
coherent,
learned,
shared
view
of
a
group
of
people
about
life
’
s
concerns
that
ranks
what
is
important,
furnishes
attitudes
about
what
things are appropriate,
and dictates behavior.
·
language and culture:
①
language reflects the
environment in which we live.
②
reflects
cultural
values
③
language
lives,
it
changes
over
time.
④
language
–
and-cultural
is
embedded
in
cultural
products,
practices,
perspectives,
communities,
and
persons.
language
–
and-cultural
are
two
sides
of
the
same
coin,
members of the culture use their
language to portray their culture, to put their
cultural
perspectives
into
practice.
Language
unites
products,
practices,
perspectives, communities, and
persons.
·
文
化
维
度
cultural
dimensions
(Geert
Hofstede)
:
individualism-
collectivism
，
uncertainy
avoidance
，
power
distance
，
masculinity-
femininity
，
long-term vs
short-term.
·
communication:
<
/p>
①
元
素
：
context,
participants(
affecting
aspects
are
relationship,
gender,
culture
),
messages(
meaning,
symbols,
encoding
and
decoding
),
channels(
sound and
sight
), noise(
external,
internal, semantic
), feedback.
②过
程，本质：
dynamic
process
不断变化
;
symbolic
象征的
;
systemic
影响全局
; complex;
involves making inferences; has a
consequence.
③作用：
communication is a
process
involving the exchange of
messages and the creation of meaning. It is
effective to
the extent that we are
able to minimize misunderstanding. Generally, the
greater
our cultural and linguistic
knowledge, and the more our beliefs overlap with
the
people
with
whom
we
communicate,
the
less
likelihood
there
will
be
misunderstandings.
④方式：
high
involvem
ent
高度卷入
(Talk
more,
Interrupt
more,
Expect
to
be
interrupt.
Talk
more
loudly
at
times,
Talk
more
quickly
than
those
from
cultures
favoring
“hig
h
considerate
ness”
)
。
。
high
considerateness
高
度
体
谅
⑤
言
语
交
际
方
式
:1
）
person-oriented
/status-
oriented
verbal
styles
：
=individual-centered
verbal
mode
，
emphasizes
the
importance
of
informality
&
role
suspension
symmetrical
interaction
respecting
unique,
personal
identity
/
=
role-centered
verbal
mode
，
formality&
large
power
dista
nce
，
asymmetrical
，
honoring
prescribed
power-based
membership
identities
2
）
Self-
enhancement
(boasting
about
one
’
s
accomplishments
and
abilities)
/
Self-
effacement
(emphasizes
the
importance
of
humbling
verbal
restraints,
modest
talk)
⑥非言
语交际作用
:
repeating,
complementing,
substituting,
regulating,
contradicting
。
。
nonverbal
behavior
functions
as
a
culturally
rule-governed
communication
system.
The
rules
are
governed
by
culture,and
the
rules
and
nonverbal
behavior differ
among cultures.
·高低语境
high-
context
(Mexico,
Japan,
the
Middle
East)
/
low-
context
(Germany,
UK,
US)
:
①定义：
A
high-
context
(HC)
communication
or
message
is
one
in
which
most
of
the
information
is
either
in
the
physical
context
or
internalized
in
the
person,
while
very
little
is
in
the
coded,
explicit,
transmitted
part
of
the
massage.
A
low-context
(LC) communication is just the
opposite; ., the mass of information is vested in
the
explicit
code.
②
features<
/p>
：
low-context
emphasizes
direct
talk,
person-oriented
focus, self-enhancement mode, and the
importance of
talk.
·孔子
confucianism:
is
not a religion but a set
of practical principles and ethical rules for
daily life.
①
social
order
and
stability
are
based
on
unequal
relationships
between
people.(leader and follower, father and
son, husband and wife, older brother and
younger
brother,
friends)
②
the
family
is
the
prototype
for
all
social
relationships
③
proper social behavior
consists of not treating others as you would not
like to
be treated yourself
④
people should be skilled,
educated, hardworking, thrity,
modest,
patient, and persevering.
·
the
Sapir-Whorf
Hypothesis:
A
hypothesis
holding
that
the
structure
of
a
language
affects
the
perceptions
of
reality
of
its
speakers
and
thus
influences
their
thought
patterns and worldviews. It alerted
people to the fact that language is keyed to
the total culture, and that it reveals
a people
’
s view of its total
environment.
·
stereotype:
is a
fixed notion about persons in a certain category,
with no
distinctions made among
individuals. In other words, it is an
overgeneralized and
oversimplified
belief we use to categorize a group of
people.
·
prejudice:
an
attitude based on erroneous beliefs or
preconceptions.
包括
verbal
abuse, physical avoidance,
discrimination, physical attack, massacre.
如何解决：
we suggest that empathy
is the main communication skill we should learn.
Empathic
persons
know
how
to
show
understanding
by
projecting
themselves
into
their
partner
’
s
position. This means that to be empathic in
intercultural interactions
we need to
be openminded in terms of information sharings, to
be imaginative in
correctly drawing the
picture of other
’
s
situation, and to show a commitment or
strong willingness to understand our
culturally different partners in any kind of
situation.
·适应新文化：
adapting
to
new
cultures
involves
first
working
through
culture
shock.
①
do
not
become
over-reactionary
②
meet
new
people
③
try
new
things
④
give
yourself
periods
of
rest
and
thought
⑤
work
on
your
self-concept
⑥
write
⑦
observe
body
language
⑧
learn the verbal
language.
·
ethnocentrism:
belief in the intrinsic superiority of
the nation, culture, or
group to which
one belongs, often accompainied by feelings of
dislike for other
groups.
<
/p>
如
何
克
服
：
①
to
avoid
complicating
the
already
difficult
task
of
intercultural communication,
participants in a cross-cultural situation need to
consider first the possibility that a
negative evaluation might be based on an
unrecognized cultural difference. Each
person needs to be aware that he or she is
evaluating
the
other,
often
on
similarly
ethnocentric
grounds.
②
cultural
self-
awareness is necessary, as is some knowledge of
predominant patterns in the
target
culture and their variations.
·
Identify
the
contrast
between
high-context
and
low-context
culture
and
then
use it to interpret the difference between
American and Japanese
or Chinese
negotiating style
①
Negotiation atmosphere
。
American
: efficient,
professionalism
（职业
精神）
and
compromise(
妥协，
让步
)
Japanese:
socializing,
trust
Chinese:
socialization
②
Detail
。
American:
the
facts,
written
agreements
or
contrast
Japanese:
fewer
specific
issues
and
less
detail
oriented,
brief
written
agreements
Chinese:
general written
agreements
③
Communication
style
。
American:
more interested in logical arguments
than in the people they are dealing
with dislike silence
Japanese:
encourage covert,
fragmented
Chinese:
avoid
openly confront conflict
④
Cultural
variations in selecting
negotiators
。
American:
technical
expertise
:younger
negotiators
are
common;
women
are
included;
having
full
authority
to
make
decisions
Japanese:(Chinese):
Status,
knowledge, age, seniority
⑤
Problem-solving
Process
。
American:
universal
problem
solvers;
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