考研英语一新题型历年真题(20052014)分类版

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考研英语

(

一）阅读新题型

全真试题（

2005-201 4

）

Type One Blank-filling

（完形填句）

2005

Part B

Directions:

In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose

the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are

two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER

SHEET 1. (10 points)

Canada

’

s premiers (the leaders of provincial governments), if they have any breath

left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting, might spare a

moment to do something, together, to reduce health-care costs.

They

’

re all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastest-growing component

of which are pharmaceutical costs.

41.

____

What to do? Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health

care -- to say nothing of reports from other experts -- recommended the creation of a

national drug agency. Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs,

bureaucracy, procedures and limited bargaining power, all would pool resources, work

with Ottawa, and create a national institution.

42.

____

But

“

national

”

doesn

’

t have to mean that. < /p>

“

National

”

< br> could mean interprovincial --

provinces combining efforts to create one body.

Either way, one benefit of a

“

national

”

organization would be to negotiate better

prices,

if

possible,

with

drug

manufacturers.

Instead

of

having

one

province

--

or

a

series

of

hospitals

within

a

province

--

negotiate

a

price

for

a

given

drug

on

the

provincial list, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of all provinces.

Rather

than,

say,

Quebec,

negotiating

on

behalf

of

seven

million

people,

the

national

agency

would

negotiate

on

behalf

of

31

million

people.

Basic

economics

suggests the greater the potential consumers, the higher the likelihood of a better price.

43.

____

A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation

of the Canadian Coordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment, funded by

Ottawa and the provinces. Under it, a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial

lists which new drugs should be included. Predictably, and regrettably, Quebec refused

to join.

A

few

premiers

are

suspicious

of

any

federal-provincial

deal-making.

They

(particularly Quebec and Alberta) just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions with

few, if any, strings attached. That

’

s one reason why the idea of a national list hasn

’

t gone

anywhere while drug costs keep rising fast.

44.

0

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Premiers

love

to

quote

Mr.

Romanow

’

s

report

selectively,

especially

the

parts

about more federal money. Perhaps they should read what he had to say about drugs:

“

A

national drug agency would provide governments more influence on pharmaceutical

companies in order to constrain the ever-increasing cost of drugs.

”

45.

________

So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint list,

they should also get cracking about something in their jurisdiction that would help their

budgets and patients.

[A] Quebec

’

s resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology. One of the

first

advocates

for

a

national

list

was

a

researcher

at

Laval

University.

Quebec

’

s

Drug

Insurance

Fund

has

seen

its

costs

skyrocket

with

annual

increases from per cent to per cent!

[B] Or they could read Mr. Kirby

’

s

report: “the

substantial buying power of such

an agency would strengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans to

negotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies.

”

[C]

What

does

“

national

”

mean?

Roy

Romanow

and

Senator

Michael

Kirby

recommended

a

federal-provincial

body

much

like

the

recently

created

National Health Council.

[D] The problem is simple and stark: health-care costs have been, are, and will

continue to increase faster than government revenues.

[E] According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, prescription drug

costs have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending.

Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of

treatments. Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds.

Part of it is higher prices.

[F] So, if the provinces want to run the health-care show, they should prove they

can

run

it,

starting

with

an

interprovincial

health

list

that

would

end

duplication,

save

administrative

costs,

prevent

one

province

from

being

played off against another, and bargain for better drug prices.

[G] Of course the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers;

they can lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs from

one province to another. They can hope that, if one province includes a drug

on its list, the p

ressure will cause others to include it on theirs. They wouldn’t

like a national agency, but self-interest would lead them to deal with it.

2006

Part B

Directions:

In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose

the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are

two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER

SHEET 1. (10 points)

On the north bank of the Ohio River sits Evansville, Ind., home of David Williams,

52, and of a riverboat casino where gambling games are played. During several years of

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gambling

in

that

casino,

Williams,

a

state

auditor

earning

$$35,000

a

year,

lost

approximately $$175,000. He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon

for $$20 worth of gambling.

He visited the casino, lost the $$20 and left. On his second visit he lost $$800. The

casino issued to him, as a good customer, a Fun Card, which when used in the casino

earns points for meals and drinks, and enables the casino to track the user

’

s gambling

activities. For Williams, these activities become what he calls electronic morphine.

(41) ________. In 1997 he lost $$21,000 to one slot machine in two days. In March

1997 he lost $$72,186. He sometimes played two slot machines at a time, all night, until

the boat locked at 5 ., then went back aboard when the casino opened at 9 . Now he is

suing the casino, charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he

was addicted. It did know he had a problem.

In

March

1998,

a

friend

of

Williams

’

s

got

him

involuntarily

confined

to

a

treatment center for addictions, and wrote to inform the casino of Williams

’

s gambling

problems. The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers,

and wrote to him a

“cease admissions” letter

. Noting the medical/psychological nature

of

problem

gambling

behaviors,

the

letter

said

that

before

being

readmitted

to

the

casino he would have to present medical/psychological information demonstrating that

patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well-being.

(42) ________.

The Wall Street Journal

reports that the casino has 20 signs warning:

“

Enjoy the

fun... and always bet with your head, not over it

.”

Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free

number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health. Nevertheless,

Williams’s

suit

charges

that

the

casino,

knowing

he

was

“helplessly

addicted

to

gambling,

” intentionally worked to “l

ur

e” him to “engage in conduct against his will

.

”

Well.

(43) ________.

The fourth edition of

the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

(DSM-IV)

says

“

pathological

gambling

”

involves

persistent,

recurring

and

uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of thrill of taking risks in quest of a windfall.

(44)

________.

Pushed

by

science,

or

what

claims

to

be

science,

society

is

reclassifying

what

once

were

considered

character

flaws

or

moral

failings

as

personality disorders akin to physical disabilities.

(45) ________.

Forty-four states have lotteries, 29 have casinos, and most of these states are to

varying degrees dependent on -- you might say addicted to -- revenues from wagering.

And

since

the

first

Internet

gambling

site

was

created

in

1995,

competition

for

gambler

s’ dollars has become intense. The Oct. 28 issue of

Newsweek

reported that 2

million gamblers patronize 1,800 virtual casinos every week. With $$ billion being lost

on

Internet

wagers

this

year,

gambling

has

passed

pornography

as

the

Web’s

most

profitable business.

[A] Although no such evidence was presented, the casino

’

s marketing department

continued to pepper him with mailings. And he entered the casino and used

his Fun Card without being detected.

[B] It is unclear what luring was required, given his compulsive behavior. And in

what sense was his will operative?

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[C] By the time he had lost $$5,000 he said to himself that if he could get back to

even, he would quit. One night he won $$5,500, but he did not quit.

[D] Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever, but for a long

time it was broadly considered a sin, or a social disease. Now it is a social

policy: the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in America

is government.

[E] David Williams

’

s suit should trouble this gambling nation. But don

’

t bet on it.

[F]

It

is

worrisome

that

society

is

medicalizing

more

and

more

behavioral

problems,

often

defining

as

addictions

what

earlier,

sterner

generations

explained as weakness of will.

[G] The anonymous, lonely, undistracted nature of online gambling is especially

conductive to compulsive behavior. But even if the government knew how to

move against Internet gambling, what would be its grounds for doing so?

2008

Part B

Directions:

In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose

the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are

two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER

SHEET 1. (10 points)

The time for sharpening pencils, arranging your desk, and doing almost anything else

instead of writing has ended. The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop

avoiding the inevitable and sit, and stand up, or lie down to write. (41) __________.

Be flexible. Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next,

but do not permit it to railroad you. If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now,

work it into the draft. (42) ________Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until

you revise. Concentrate on what you are saying. Good writing most often occurs when

you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors.

(43) ________Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way, and ,if you have to

clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere, you will not lose any writing on the other side.

It you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to

make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few

simple

keyboard

commands.

Some

software

programs

can

also

check

spelling

and

certain

grammatical

elements

in

your

writing.

(44)

________ .These

printouts

also

easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions.

Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete material that is unrelated to

your thesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper

convincing. The students who wrote

“

The A & P as a State of Mind

”

wisely dropped a

paragraph

that

questioned

whether

Sammy

displays

chauvinistic

attitudes

toward

women. (45) ________

Remember that

your initial draft is only that. You should go through the paper

many times

“

and then again

”

working to substantiate an clarify your ideas. You may

even end up with several entire versions of the paper. Rewrite. The sentences within

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each

paragraph

should

be

related

to

a

single

topic.

Transitions

should

connect

one

paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts. Awkward or wordy

phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded

into shape.

A)

To make revising easier, leave wide margins and extra space between lines

so that you can easily add words, sentences, and corrections. Write on only

one side of the paper.

After you have clearly and adequately, developed the body of your paper,

pay particular attention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs. It

’

s

probably best to write the introduction last, after you know precisely what

you

are

introducing.

Concluding

paragraphs

demand

equal

attention

because they leave the reader with a final impression.

It

’

s

worth

remembering,

however,

that

though

a

clean

copy

fresh

off

a

printer may look terrific, it will read only as well as the thinking and writing

that have gone into it. Many writers prudently store their data on disks and

print their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material

because of power failures or other problems.

It make no difference how you write, just so you do. Now that you have

developed a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes an

begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made.

Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis,

which explains how the setting influences Sammy

’

s decision to quit his job.

Instead of including that paragraph, she added one that described crabbed

response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A & P

“

policy

”

he

enforces.

In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in

“

A & P

”

, the

student brings together the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his

refusal to accept store policies.

By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say,

you will very likely discover more than

your notes originally

suggested.

Plenty

of

good

writers

don

’

t

use

outlines

at

all

but

discover

ordering

principles as they write. Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft

the first time around.

2009

Part B

B)

C)

D)

E)

F)

G)

Directions:

In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose

the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are

two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER

SHEET 1. (10 points)

Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by

British

naturalist

Charles

Darwin

in

the

1860s,

British

social

philosopher

Herbert

Spencer

put

forward

his

own

theory

of

biological

and

cultural

evolution.

Spencer

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argued

that

all

worldly

phenomena,

including

human

societies,

changed

over

time,

advancing toward perfection. .

American

social

scientist

Lewis

Henry

Morgan

introduced

another

theory

of

cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders

of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture

changed together in the evolution of the early 1900s in North America, German-born

American

anthropologist

Franz

Boas

developed

a

new

theory

of

culture

known

as

historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of

all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. .

Boas

felt

that

the

culture

of

any

society

must

be

understood

as

the

result

of

a

unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary

stage or type of culture. .

Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in

American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a

number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of

culture

in

favor

of

diffusionism.

Some

attributed

virtually

every

important

cultural

achievement

to

the

inventions

of

a

few,

especially

gifted

peoples

that,

according

to

diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. .

Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist ?mile Durkheim developed a theory of

culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious

beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between

the function of society and culture

—

known as functionalism

—

became a major theme

in European, and especially British, anthropology.

[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions,

had

a

single

origin

and

passed

from

society

to

society.

This

theory

was

known

as

diffusionism.

In

order

to

study

particular

cultures

as

completely

as

possible,

Boas

became

skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of

human biology and anatomy.

[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the

“survival

of

the

fittest,”

in

which

weaker

races

and

societies

must

eventually

be

replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.

[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people’s

social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children’s entrance

into adulthood.

[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families,

forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government,

technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.

[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work

together to keep a society functioning.

[G]

For

example,

British

anthropologists

Grafton

Elliot

Smith

and

W.

J.

Perry

incorrectly

suggested,

on

the

basis

of

inadequate

information,

that

farming,

pottery

making,

and

metallurgy

all

originated

in

ancient

Egypt

and

diffused

throughout

the

world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times

in many parts of the world.

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2012

Part B

Directions:

In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose

the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are

two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER

SHEET 1. (10 points)

Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and

realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a

brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or

two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.

The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors,

entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as

a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and

radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)

The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves

as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise

and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine.

But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with

caution. (42)I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that

there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption

mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not

even aware of the significance of what they are doing.

All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make

nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading.

Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use

them to create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and

superfluous experiences - music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43)

For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in

download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of

production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger

group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining

content to just consume. (44)

Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that

television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.

(45)

What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept

of

[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture

and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires

great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining

constituent of humanity.

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