跨文化交际英语教程课后答案

2021年2月1日发(作者：九点一刻)

跨文化交际英语教程课后答案

【篇一：新编跨文化交际英语教程

_

参考答案

unit 6

】

ture and nonverbal communication

reading i

an overview of nonverbal communication

comprehension questions

1. can you speak each of the following sentences in different

ways to mean differently?

1) she is my best friend.

2) you?ve done really good job.

3) come here, please.

4) that?s all right.

speaking the same sentence with the stress on different

words may mean different things. for instance, if the stress

falls on “she” in the first sente

nce, it means it is she, not you

or somebody else, that is my best friend. but if the stress falls

on “my”, it implies that she is my, not your or somebody?s

best friend.

2. speakers of british english use loudness only when they

are angry, speakers of indian english use it to get the floor, a

chance to speak. so when an indian speaker is trying to get the

floor, what would the british speaker think of the indian and

what would the british behave in response?

the british speaker may think that the indian gets angry with

him or behaves rudely towards him, so he may complain about

the indian?s rudeness or even return his rudeness as a

response.

3. what differences in body language use have you noticed

between your chinese teachers and foreign teachers?

there are really some differences between chinese teachers

and foreign teachers in their use of body language. for

instance, chinese teachers in general do not use gestures as

much as foreign teachers do, and their facial expressions often

seem to be less varied than those of many foreign teachers.

4. do you know any gestures we often use that might be

misunderstood by people from other cultures?

for example, the way we chinese motion to others to come

over might be misunderstood by people from some western

countries to mean bye-bye.

5. how do we chinese people use eye contact in

communication?

during a conversation between two chinese, it seems that the

speaker and the hearer would usually look at each other (not

necessarily in the eye) from time to time. how much eye-

contact there is may depend on the relationship between the

speaker and hearer and the situation they find themselves in.

6. how will you eye them when you are communicating with

people from the united states or people from japan?

while talking with americans, we should look directly into the

eyes of the person with whom we are talking. however; while

talking with japanese, we are not expected to look at them in

the eye but at a position around the adam?s apple.

7. do you often smile at others? why or why not?

it depends. for instance, it seems that we chinese, as well as

people of other eastern asian countries, do not usually smile at

strangers as much as americans.

8. what function(s) may laughter serve in our culture? does it

sometimes cause intercultural misunderstanding?

laughter in our culture may serve various functions.

sometimes, it is used to express amusement or ridicule, and

sometimes it is simply used to make one feel less

embarrassed.

9. do you often touch others while talking with them? whom

do you touch more than others?

we chinese generally do not often touch others while talking

with them unless they are our intimate friends or younger

children.

10. in small groups or in pairs, demonstrate all the possible

ways you can think of to greet another person. is touching

always part of a greeting?

no. touching is not always part of a greeting in our culture as

in some other cultures.

11. will you apologize if you accidentally touch other people

in public places? why or why not?

many people will apologize if they accidentally touch other

people in public places since in our culture people who are

strangers to each other should not touch. however, whether

people will apologize or not depends on the situations. if a

person accidentally touches a stranger in a very crowded

place, he or she may not apologize for it.

reading ii

gender and nonverbal communication

comprehension questions

1. what may often happen to those who do not conform to

their culture?s accepted gender “script”?

there are often severe social penalties for those who act in

violation of their culture?s accepted gender ―script.

2. does touch have any connotation in different situations?

can you give some specific examples?

touch, like physical closeness, may be considered an

expression of affection, support, or sexual attraction. for

instance, in some cultures, it may be all right for women

friends and relatives to walk arm-in- arm, dance together, and

hug one another, but if men do so, they may be frowned upon,

for it would be considered as having the connotation of being

homosexual.

3. what will possibly happen to a woman who is appreciably

taller than the man?

taller women may attempt to diminish themselves, to slouch

and round their shoulders so as to retreat or to occupy as little

space as possible.

4. are men and women required to have the same facial

expressions? does smile mean the same things to both men

and women?

men and women are not usually required to have the same

facial expressions. smile may mean different things to men

and women. for females smile functions as an expression of

pleasure, pleasantness, or a desire for approval, while males

may resist any nonverbal display of expression to others in

order to appear more masculine, because being facially

expressive is often seen as a marker of ―femininity.

5. why are the african-american women less deferential than

white women and less inclined to smile?

african- american women are found to be less deferential than

white women and, therefore, less inclined to smile, simply

because it is expected of them to be so in their culture.

6. in what ways may direct eye contact between individuals

be interpreted?

looking directly into another person?s eyes can connote an

aggressive threat, a sexual invitation, or a desire for honest

and open communication.

7. what was found in a study of nonverbal communication

among hispanic couples? in a study of nonverbal

communication among hispanic couples, it was found that

many puerto rican wives never looked directly at their

husbands.

8. how does clothing manifest and promote cultural

definitions of masculinity and femininity?

through clothing and make-up, the body is more or less

marked, constituted as an appropriate, or, as the case may be,

inappropriate body for its cultural requirements. males and

females have to dress themselves appropriately according to

their cultural definitions of masculinity and femininity.

case study

case 21

sometimes our best intentions can lead to breakdowns (

故障

)

in cross- cultural communication. for example, one of the very

common manners of touching --- handshaking --- may result in

conflict when performed with no consideration of cultural

differences. among middle-class north american men, it is

customary to shake hands as a gesture of friendship. when

wanting to communicate extra friendliness, a male in the

united states may, while shaking hands, grasp with his left

hand his friend?s right arm. however, to people of middle

eastern countries, the left hand is profane (

亵渎的

) and

touching someone with it is highly offensive. therefore, in

vernon?s eyes, kenneth was actually an extremely offensive

message to him.

case 22

in puerto rican culture, as in some other latin american and

eastern cultures, it is not right for a child to keep an eye-

contact with an adult who is accusing him or her, while in the

united states, failing of meeting other person?s eye accusing

him or her would be taken as a sign of guiltiness. as the

principal knew little about this cultural difference in using eye-

contact, he decided that the girl must be guilty. generally

speaking, avoiding eye-contact with the other(s) is often

considered as an insult in some cultures, but may signify

respect for authority and obedience in other cultures.

case 23

just like smile, laughing does not always serve the same

function in different cultures.

interestingly, for us chinese, laughing often has a special

function on some tense social occasions. people may laugh to

release the tension or embarrassment, to express their

concern about you, their intention to put you at ease or to help

you come out of the embarrassment. in this case, the people

there were actually wishing to laugh with the american rather

than laugh at her. their laughing seemed to convey a number

of messages: don?t take it so seriously; laugh it off, it?s

nothing; such things can happen to any of us, etc.

unfortunately the american was unaware of this. she thought

they were laughing at her, which made her feel more badly and

angry, for in her culture laughing on such an occasion would

be interpreted as an insulting response, humiliating and

negative.

case 24

it is obvious that there exists some difference between the

british and germans in their use of touch. the lack of touch that

seems to be natural in britain may be considered strange by

germans. what is required (in this case, shaking hands with

each other) in one country could be taken as unnecessary in

another.

the appropriateness of contact between people varies from

country to country. figures from a study offer some interesting

insight into this matter. pairs of individuals sitting and chatting

in college shops in different countries were observed for at

least one hour each. the number of times that either one

touched the other in that one hour was recorded, as follows: in

london, 0; in florida, 2; in paris, 10; in puerto rico, 180. these

figures indicate that touch is used very differently in different

cultures.

【篇二：新编跨文化交际英语教程答案详解】

很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交 往比以前多了，这迫切要求我们

共同努力，去理解有

着不同信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相

处。通过加深认识和理解， 我们能够与生活方

式、价值观念不同的

人们和平共处；这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定，也是维护世界

和平

的决定性因素。

2 translation

文化有时 候被称为我们的心智程序，我们

“

头脑的软件

< br>”

。但是，我

们可以进一步引申

这个用电脑所做的类比，把文化看作是支持运行

的操作环境。文 化就像电脑使用的

dos

或者

unix

或者

“

< br>视窗

”

（

windows

）等操作系统一样，使我们能在各种各样的实际应用中

处理信

息。

用

< p>
“

视窗

”

这个比喻来描述 文化似乎也很有吸引力。文化

就是我们心灵的视窗，透过它

< /p>

我们审视生活的方方面面。一个社会

中不同个体的视窗是不大一样 的，但都有着一些重要的

共同特征。

文化就好像是鱼畅游于其中的水一般，人们想当然地把文化看 成是

客观存在的事实，因

而很少去研 究它。文化存在于我们所呼吸的空

气之中，文化对于我们了解我们自身之为何物

是必不可少的，就正

如生命离不开空气一样。 文化是特定群体的共有财产，而不单是个

体的

特征。社会按照文化设定的程序运作，这种程序来自于相似的

生活体验以及对这 种生活体验

之含义的相似阐释。

如果文化是一种心智程序，那么它也是现实的心灵地图。从我 们很

小的时候开始，文化

就告诉我们 应该看重什么、偏好什么、规避什

么和做些什么，文化还告诉我们事物应该是什

么样。文化为我们提

供超越个体经验可能的理 想典范，帮助我们决定应该优先考虑的人

或事。

文化为我们建立起行为准则，并视遵守这些准则的行为为正

当、合法。

3 translation

虽然，我们每个人都有各自一套独特的价值观，但在每一文化 里，

总有弥漫于整个文化

之中的普遍的价值观。这些被称作文化价值观

文化价值观通常是规范性的，它使文化的成员知道什么是好的 和坏

的、什么是正确的和

错误的、什 么是真的和假的、什么是积极的和

消极的，等等。文化价值规定了什么是值得为

之献身的，什么是值

得维护的，什么会危及人 们及其社会制度，什么是学习的恰当内容，

什

么是可讽刺嘲笑的，什么是形成群体团结的途径。文化价值观也

指明了文化中的 什么行为是

举足轻重的，哪些是应当尽力避免的。

< p>
价值观是人们在做出抉择和解决争端时作为依据的一

种习得的规则

体系。

跨文化交际的参与者所具有的价值观是十分重要的，因为价值 观产

生出决定何为正当或

不正当社会 行为的标准。换言之，价值观有助

于人们决定他们的行为方式，以符合他们的价

值系统所期望的行为

准则。由于文化价值系统 之间存在差异，我们可以预见，在相似的

情境

中，跨文化交际的参与者会表现出并期待着不同的行为。

4 translation

< /p>

我们说语言总是模糊的，指的是我们所说所写的东西总不能完全表

达我们的意图。我们

通过说话和写作所传达的意思不仅仅由词 语和

句子本身决定，听众和读者的理解也起到了一

< p>
定的作用。换言之，

是交际双方共同创造了语言所表达的意思。

< p>

（

1

）他们所使用的语言；（

2

）我们的世界知识。这种知 识包括能

够预知在某种特定语境下人

们通常会说些什么。

语言是模糊的。这意味着无论是读或写，我们永远无法完全地领会

他人的意思 。换言之，

语言永远无法完全地表达我们的意思。然而，

这对跨文化交际意味着什么呢？

首先必须明白，如果交际参与者拥有更多共同的预期和世界知识，

交际 便会有比较好的

效果。共同的背景、历史和经历使得人们之间

的交际较为容易，因为任何一方对另一方用意

的推测都基于共同的

经验和知识。来自同一个村子、同一个家庭的两个人当然要 比来自

地球

不同半球不同城市的两个 人少犯交际上的错误，至少不会在推

测对方用意上闹笑话。

5 translation

在我们的 日常活动中，感知差异常常出现在不同的群体之间。不同

年代的人、不同少数

< p>

民族、不同职业和不同文化有着相冲突的价值

观 念和目标，这些都影响着他们对于现实的感

知和解释。

我们的文化是导致感知不一致的主要因素。文化影响着我们对于现

实看法的形成。因此 ，

它在跨文化交际中起着一种主导作用。我们

的文化以各种方式告诉我们，怎样去判断别人，

使用 什么标准去做

判断。这样评价的危险在于它们常常是不真实的，武断的并导致误

解的。

相信并在行为中表现出仿佛只有我们和 我们的文化才发现了

最真实而且是唯一的标准，对世

界持这样的看法是极其天真幼稚的。

6 translation

由于 在性别、年龄、种族或文化群体、教育、国家或城市的地域、

收入或职业群体、个

人经历等各方面的差异，人们分属不同的语言

群体，这些差异使我们很难完全领会另一个群

体成员所表达的意思。

< p>
在当今世界的跨文化交际中，人们之间的差异是相当大的。人们每

天要与来 自世界各地

不同文化背景、不同群体的人交往，成功交际