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2019年托福考试阅读理解模拟练习题及答案

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2021-01-30 10:54
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2021年1月30日发(作者:纯血马)


2019


年托福考试阅读理解模拟练习题及答案





Hormones in the Body





Up to the beginning of the twentieth century,the nervous


system was thought to control all communication within the


body and the resulting integration of ists had


determined that nerves ran,essentially,on electrical


impulses were thought to be the engine for


thought,emotion,movement,and internal processes such as


r,experiments by William Bayliss and Ernest


Starling on the chemical secretin,which is produced in the


small intestine when food enters the stomach,eventually


challenged that the small intestine,secretin


travels through the bloodstream to the ,it


stimulates the release of digestive this


fashion,the intestinal cells that produce secretin ultimately


regulate the production of different chemicals in a different


organ,the pancreas.





Such a coordination of processes had been thought to


require control by the nervous system;Bayliss and Starling


showed that it could occur through chemicals


discovery spurred Starling to coin the term hormone to refer


to secretin,taking it from the Greek word hormon,meaning“to


excite”or“to set in motion.”A hormone is a chemical


produced by one tissue to make things happen elsewhere.





As more hormones were discovered,they were


categorized,primarily according to the process by which they


operated on the glands(which make up the endocrine


system)secrete hormones directly into the


glands include the thyroid and the exocrine


system consists of organs and glands that produce substances


that are used outside the bloodstream,primarily for


pancreas is one such organ,although it secretes


some chemicals into the blood and thus is also part of the


endocrine system.





Much has been learned about hormones since their


play such key roles in regulating bodily


processes or behavior that their absence would cause


immediate most abundant hormones have effects that


are less obviously urgent but can be more far-reaching and


difficult to track



They modify moods and affect human


behavior,even some behavior we normally think of as


al systems are very minute


amounts of the right chemicals can suppress appetite,calm


aggression,and change the attitude of a parent toward a


n hormones accelerate the development of the


body,regulating growth and form;others may even define an


individual’s personality quantities and


proportions of hormones produced change with age,so


scientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the


endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating


ailments associated with aging.





In fact,some hormone therapies are already very common.A


combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed


for decades to women who want to reduce mood swings,sudden


changes in body temperature,and other discomforts caused by


lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle


as hormone replacement therapy(HRT),the treatment


was also believed to prevent weakening of the least


one study has linked HRT with a heightened risk of heart


disease and certain types of may also increase the


likelihood that blood clots



dangerous because they could


travel through the bloodstream and block major blood


vessels



will proponents of HRT have tempered their


enthusiasm in the face of this new evidence,recommending it


only to patients whose symptoms interfere with their


abilities to live normal lives.





Human growth hormone may also be given to patients who


are secreting abnormally low amounts on their e of


the complicated effects growth hormone has on the body,such


treatments are generally restricted to children who would be


pathologically small in stature without hormone


affects not just physical size but also the digestion of food


and the aging chers and family physicians tend


to agree that it is foolhardy to dispense it in cases in


which the risks are not clearly outweighed by the benefits.





word engine in the passage is closest in meaning


to





(A)desire





(B)origin





(C)science





(D)chemical





word it in the passage refers to





(A)secretin





(B)small intestine





(C)bloodstream





(D)pancreas





word spurred in the passage is closest in meaning


to





(A)remembered





(B)surprised





(C)invented





(D)motivated





be considered a hormone,a chemical produced in the


body must





(A)be part of the digestive process





(B)influence the operations of the nervous system





(C)affect processes in a different part of the body





(D)regulate attitudes and behavior





glands and organs mentioned in paragraph 3 are


categorized according to





(A)whether scientists understand their function





(B)how frequently they release hormones into the body





(C)whether the hormones they secrete influence the aging


process





(D)whether they secrete chemicals into the blood





Paragraph 3 is marked with an arrow[→]


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