西方翻译理论

一．

The North American Translation Workshop(

早期北美翻译学

派

)

Development:

①

The

North

American

Translation

Workshop

began

to

study

the

human’s

brain

function in the translation .

②

It also put forward the nature and the definition of the translation

③

It

purposed

many

questions

about

epistemology

which

made

a

difference

in

the

translation study and practice.

④

It also doubt the standard of translation evaluation.

⑤

The

scholars

in

NATW

subverted

many

traditional

translation

school

and

expressive form.

⑥

It believed that translation is a kind of literary criticism.

While opening up new

perspectives, the

general approach

as

practiced in the North

American

Translation

Workshop

might

be

characterized

by

a

theoretical

naive

and

subjective methodologies that tend to reinforce whatever theoretical values individual

translators hold.

1.

I. A. Richards

Richards is a critic, linguist, poet, founder of New Criticism. He is often labeled as the

father of the New Criticism, largely because of the influence of his first two books of

critical theory, The Principles of Literary Criticism and Practical Criticism.

Richards

’

s

initial

premises

remain

intact:

he

still

believed

that

the

field

consists

of

texts

containing

a

primary

body

of

experience

that

readers

could

discern;

with

the

proper training, a consensus could be reached regarding what that experience might

be.

Richards

’

s

aims

were

threefold:

(1)

to

introduce

a

new

kind

of

documentation

into

contemporary

American

culture;

(2)

to

provide

a

new

technique

for

individuals

to

discover for themselves what they think about poetry; (3) to discover new educational

methods.

2. Ezra Pound

Ezra Pound’

s theory of translation focused upon

the precise rendering of

details,

of

individual words and of single or even fragmented images;

Pound’

s

theoretical

writing

fall

into

two

periods:

an

early

imagist

phase

that,

while

departing

from

traditional

forms

of

logic,

still

occasionally

contained

abstract

concepts and impressions; and a second late imagist or vorticist phase that was based

on words in action and luminous details;

Pound's

emphasis

was

less

on

the

of

the

translated

text

or

even

on

the

meaning

of

specific

words.

Instead,

he

emphasized

the

rhythm,

diction,

and

movement of words;

Pound supposes that we can have a creative translation besides literal translation and

free translation.

ic Will

Meaning is redefined by Will as thrust or energy. Meaning is redefined by Will not as

something behind

the words or text, not

as

an essence in

a traditional metaphysical

sense,

but

as

different,

as

thrust

of

energy,

something

which

is

at

the

same

time

indeterminate and groundless and universal and originary. Translation is possible both

because dynamic universals constantly and continually thrust and because language is

impenetrable.

In

translation

Will

seems

to

find

a

possible

/

impossible

paradox

of

language which not only defines the translation process, but defines how we come to

know ourselves through language.

ce Venuti

An influential scholar among those who have broadened translation studies within the

social- cultural

framework

is

Lawrence

Venuti.

He

put

forward

two

translation

strategies: Demesticating translation and Foreignising translation.

Lawrence

Venuti

’

s

contribution

to

translation

studies

are

multiple:

He

criticizes

the

humanistic underpinning of much literary translation in the United States and shows

how it reinforces prevailing domestic beliefs and ideologies;

He Provides a new set of terms and methods for analyzing translations;

He offers a set of alternative strategies he would like translators to try.

二．

The Science of Translation (

翻译科学派

)

Development:

North

American translation

workshop might be

characterized by

a theoretical

naive

and subjective;

The problem is not just a contemporary phenomenon in North America, but one that

has troubled translation theory historically;

People practiced translation, but they were never quite sure what they were practicing.

Until early sixties, linguists has been characterized by largely descriptive research in

which

individual

grammars

were

detailed.

Generative

transformational

grammar

along with its legitimacy within the field of linguistics, lent credence and influence to

Nida

’

s science of translation.

1.

Noam Chomsky

The phrase structure rules generate the deep structure of a sentence, which contained

all the syntactic and semantic information that determine its meaning;

Chomsky

’

s

empirical

evidence

of

language

structure

is

not

based

upon

living

language but on sentences found only in an ideal state;

He does not claim that the deep structure are universal.

The form of a particular language does not necessarily equal the form of another.

2.

Nida

He proposed formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence;

He tries to lay the ground work for a larger audience;

Nida

simplifies

Chomsky

’

s

transformation-generative

grammar

and

adopt

only

the

later two part of the model in order to validate his science.

3.

Wolfram Wilss

Wilss

’

s

science

of

translation

is

divided

into

three

related

but

separate

branches

of

research:

(1)

a

description

of

a

“

general

science

”

of

translation

which

involves

translation

theory.

(2)

“

descriptive

studies

”

of

translation

relating

empirical

phenomenon of translation equivalence; (3)

“

applied research

”

in translation point out

particular translation difficulties and ways of solving specific problems.

Wilss

’

s argument is based less on scientific argument and more on intuition.

Wilss

’

s

work

has

evolved

over

the

course

of

the

past

two

decades,especially

his

descriptive

studies,

which

works

with

pair- bound

cases

and

explores

the

various

possibilities for their translation.

4.

Functionalist theories in German language countries:

Katharina Reiss; Hans Vermeer; Christiane Nord

三．

The Early Translation Studies

（早期翻译学派）

Development:

P77

（包括挑战、特点、目标、研究方法、影响）

Holmes:

（

如果全面解释的话，

就找书

91

页

）

or

（如果只是

简要

概括，

就可以直接从

9 1

页开始

找点

）

d

Van

den

Broeck:

Who

addressed

the

problem

of

equivalence

in

translation from the perspective of translation studies.

é

Lefevere

:

Rewriting-Translation

is

a

rewriting

of

an

original

text.

All

rewritings,

whatever

their

intention,

reflect

a

certain

ideology

and

a

poetics

and

as

such manipulate literature to function in a given society in a given way.

Rewriting

is

manipulation,

undertaken

in

the

service

of

power,

and

in

its

positive

aspect can help in the evolution of a literature and a society. Rewritings can introduce

new

concepts,

new

genres,

new

devices.

But

rewriting

can

also

repress

innovation,

distort and contain.

4.

Ji

?

í

Lev?

:

Levy

’

s theory also reinforced a by product of Formalism: in addition to

the awareness of the correspondence of sign to object, there is the necessary opposite

function

simultaneously

in

process,

namely

that

the

relationship

between

sign

and

object is always inadequate.

tt

Bassnett divides Translation Studies into four categories:

History of translation;

Translation in the TLculture

Translation and linguistics

Translation and poetic

四．

Polysystem Theory

（多元系统学派）