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句子的翻译
英语和
汉语两种语言在语法结构和遣词造句上都有所不同。英语
单词形态变化相对丰富,
集中体现在动词的形态变化上,
形成以动词
变
化为主轴的句法结构模式,
意义紧紧与句法形态相结合;
汉语并
不
通过词本身的形态来表达,而是通过虚词、词序等手段来表达,缺乏
< br>形态变化体系。
英语句子通
常有严谨的主谓结构,这个结构常由名词性短语和动
词性短语构成,形成句子的核心,谓
语动词控制句子主要成分。汉语
主要依赖语序这一重要语法手段,句子各部分之间的位置
也比较固
定。
英语和汉语中的主要成
分如主语、谓语动词、宾语或表语的语序
基本上相同,一般来说,两者的排列顺序都是:
主语
–
动词
–
<
/p>
宾语
(表语)
。但与汉语相比,英语词序
倒置的现象较多:
So small can a
computer be made that it can be carried anytime
翻译时需将倒装语序调整
Why
should we be spending huge sums on trips to outer
space?
翻译时将疑问句中主语位置调整
英语属于形合语言,而汉语属于意合语言。所谓形合,指的是
句
中的词语或成分之间用语言形式手段(如关联词)连接起来,表达语
< br>法意义和逻辑关系;
所谓意合,
指的是词语或分句之间不
用语言形式
手段连接,句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语或分句的含义表达。
英语注重句子形式,注重结构完整,以形显义;汉语注重逻辑顺序,
1
没有英语所常用的那些关系代词
、关系副词、连接代词和连接副词,
介词也很少。
On
earth,
where
fog
or
rain
would
interfere
with
transmission,
lasers
would have to be
beamed through evacuated pipelines to prevent
power
loss
地球上的雾或雨会干扰激光的传播,因
此,为了防止能量的损失,激
光必须从真空管道通过
Nowadays
it
is
understood
that
a
diet
which
contains
nothing
harmful
may result in
serious disease if certain important elements are
missing
如今人们知道,
如果食物中缺少了某些重要成
分,
即使其中不含任何
有害物质,也会引起严重的疾病
汉语常用短句、分句等,按照一定的时间和
逻辑顺序,按照由先
到后、由因到果、由假设到推论、由事实到结论这样的词序排列;而
英语可以借助形态变化和丰富的连接词,
根据句子的意思和结构
的需
要灵活排列,顺序有时与汉语大为不同。
It
is
easy
to
see
what
weight
can
be
overcome
and
what
thrust
is
necessary to maintain flight
译文
1
:这很容易明白要知道应该抵消多大重力并需要多大推
力才能
保持飞行
译文
2
:要知道应该抵消多大重力并需要多大推力才能保持飞行,这
很容易
正因为“形合”与“意合”之间这种差异,所以在翻译时需要对
2
句子中的很多成分、语序等作出必要的调整。
They discovered something unexpected in
their experiment
译文:他们发现实验中出现了出乎预料的情况
Every object, large or small, has a
tendency to move toward every other
object
每一个物体,不论大小,都有向其它物体移动的倾向
In addition to advantage in terms of
cost, safety and ease of use, this kind
of chip increase computer life by 30% -
40%
除了成本低,使用安全、方便等优点外,这类芯片可是计算机使用寿
命延长
30% - 40%
Throughout the world, oil consumption
is growing rapidly
全球的石油消耗正在迅速增长
Some
scientists
believe that the
whale
’
s
brains are the
largest and
most
complex of any of the
earth
’
s inhabitants
有些科学家认为,
在地球上的一切生
物中,鲸类的大脑是最大最复
杂的
Right
now,
organs
taken
from
a
person
who
is
recently
dead
must
be
transplanted to another person within a
very short time
目前,
从刚死的人体内取出
的器官必须在极短时间内移植到他人体内
3
从句的翻译
名词性从句
名词性从句包括主语从句、
宾语从句、
表语从句和同位语从句
等。
这些从句在句中承担主语、宾语、表语或同位语等成分,其功能相当
于名词、名词性词组或短语。一般由关系代词(
what,
whatever,
whoever
)
、关系连词(
that,
which
)和关系副词(
where, why,
when
)
等引导。
1.
主语从句
一般而论,主语从句有两种:一种是主语从句位于主句之前;
一
种是位于之后。
由以上连接词引导的句子一般位于句首,
p>
而又先行词
“
it
”引导的特殊句子位于句尾。翻译时因具体情况不同,也需有所
不同
(1)
顺序译法
顺序译法是一般情况下说采取的翻译方式,无需改变句子结构
。
通常先译从句再译主句,
如由
wha
t, whatever, whoever
等引导的句型。
而
it
引导的特殊句型可先译主句,再译从句
Whether
that
UFO
was
a
spaceship
from
outer
space
or
just
a
flock
of
flying birds still
remains a puzzle
那个不明飞行物究竟是来自外层空间的宇宙飞船还
是只是一群飞鸟,
这还是个谜
Last
of
all
the
lubricating
oils
of
various
grads
are
produced.
What
remains is heavy oil that is used as
fuel.
4
最后生成的是各种等级的润滑油。剩下的便是重油,可以用作燃料
It
is
stated
that
there
may
be
as
many
as
100,000
different
sorts
of
proteins in a
man
’
s body
据说人体内不
同种类的蛋白质多达
10
万种
(2)
逆序译法
逆序译法也还是英语从句中经常采用的一种翻译方法。在翻译
以
it
为形式主语、形式宾语的从句时,语序往往需要颠倒过来
处理。此
外,如果主句为被动句时,也可以将其译为主动句。如:
It is not surprising that among
scientists there are differences of opinion
科学家之间也存在意见分歧,这并不奇怪
It does not matter, for this
discussion, what the temperature of the tank is,
or even what is in the tank
这个箱子的温度是多少,甚至箱内有什么,对这场讨论都无关紧要
It seemed inconceivable that the pilot
could have survived the crash
驾驶员在飞机坠毁之后,竟然还活着,简直不可思议
(3)
综合译法
英语句型具有简单句和复合句。有时为了需要,我们也可以在
简
单句和复合句之间进行转换。
在翻译过程中,
如果采取顺序法和逆序
法都行不通,
这时可以考虑综合
法,
把主句和从句处理成一个简单句
的成分
It seems possible that the earth
might not be the unique planet with life
译文:
5
It
is
one
of
the
advantages
of
automation
that
the
output
may
be
kept
constant
both in quality and in quantity
自动化的优点之一就是可使产品的质量和数量都保持稳定
(4)
分译法
英语中的一些固定用法,为了保持原有的句式结构,可以采取
分
译的处理方法,将其译为无主语的单独句
It
is
expected
that
scientists
will
use
it
to
examine
the
world
’
s
weather
system and to make
chemical and biological studies
预计,
科学家会使用这台计算机来研究世界气候系统,
同时也可进行
化学和生物学研究
It should be
realized that magnetic forces and electric forces
are not the
same
应该认识到,磁力和电力是不相同的
It is estimated that one in every 800
hearts in the United States is under
artificial control
据估计,在美国,每
800
个人中就有一个人的心脏由人工设备控制
Translation
6
1.
It
cannot
be
denied
that
energy
cannot
be
destroyed;
it
can
only
be
changed
into other forms
2.
What
he
emphasized
over
and
over
again
was
that,
no
matter
how
difficult it might be, they should
never retreat even for an inch
3. What
is less well-known is that English is also the
mother tongue in
countries such as the
Republic of Ireland, Jamaica and Guyana
4. It is common knowledge that the moon
itself doesn
’
t give off
light
5. It was generally thought that
the world was flat
6. It turns out that
he didn
’
t steal her money
7. It makes no difference whether he
will come or not
8. What happened on
Sept 11, 2000 will be forever etched in our memory
9. It never occurs to me that I have
been looked down on by them
10. This is
a universally accepted principle of
international law that the
territory sovereignty
doesn
’
t admit of
infringement
12. My point is that the
frequent complaint of one generation about the
one immediately following it is
inevitable
13.
接着就出现了我们去哪找食物的问题
14.
在期末考试前把所学过的内容都复习一遍,这很有必要
15.
必须指出,阅读在英语学习中有很大的作用
16.
小偷是如何进入房间的,这点还不清楚
17.
与其向他解释这事,不如自己动手,这会更简单
18.
你有必要对他的损失作出补偿
7
19.
这起案件的奇怪之处就在于,每个涉案的人似乎都是无辜的
13. Then arose
the question where we were to find food
14. It is quite essential that you
should look over all that you have learned
15. It must be pointed out that reading
plays a significant role in English
learning
16. It is not clear
how the thief entered the room
17. It
is easier to do it yourself than to explain it to
him
18. It is necessary that you should
make up for his loss
19. What was
special about the case was that everyone involved
seemed
innocent
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