-
专题
8
阅读填空
<
/p>
【
2017
·北京卷】第二节
（共
5
小题；每小题
2
分，共
10
分）
根据短文内容，从短文后的七
个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Every animal sleeps, but the reason
for this has remained foggy. When lab rats are not
allowed
to sleep, they die within a
month. 71
One
idea
is
that
sleep
helps
us
strengthen
new
memories. 72 We know
that,
while
awake,
fresh
memories
are
recorded
by
reinforcing
(
加强
)
connections
between
brain
cells,
but
the
memory
processes that take place while we
sleep have been unclear.
Support is
growing for a theory that sleep evolved so that
connections between
neurons(
神
经元
) in
the brain can be weakened overnight, making room
for fresh memories to form the next
day. 73
Now we have
the most direct evidence yet that he is right.
74 The synapses in the mice
taken at
the end of a period of sleep were 18 per cent
smaller than those taken before sleep,
showing that the connections between
neurons weaken while sleeping.
If
Tononi
’
s
theory
is
right,
it
would
explain
why,
when
we
miss
a
night`s,
we
find
it
harder
the next day to
concentrate and learn new information
—
our brains may have
smaller room for
new experiences.
Their research also suggests how we may
build lasting memories over time even though the
synapses become thinner. The team
discovered that some synapses seem to be protected
and stayed
the same size. 75
“
You keep what
matters,
”
Tononi says.
A. We should also try to sleep well the
night before.
B.
It
’
s as if the brain is
preserving its most important memories.
C. Similarly, when people go for a few
days without sleeping, they get sick.
D. The processes take place to stop our
brains becoming loaded with memories.
E. That
’
s why
students do better in tests if they get a chance
to sleep after learning.
F.
“
Sleep is the price we pay
for learning,
”
says Giulio
Tononi, who developed the idea.
G.
Tononi
’
s team measured the
size of these connections, or synapses, in the
brains of 12 mice.
【答案】
71C
72E 73F 74G 75B
【解析】
1
73
.
根据下文中的
he
，可知此处要提到
一个人，以及他的理论，正好
F
项中有，故选
< br>F
。
74.
< br>根据下文中提到的关键词
synapses in the mice
以及整个句子可知，他肯定做了关于老鼠的实验，
G
项有关键词
synapses
，
m
ice
，都与他的实验有关，故答案为
G
。
75.
根据后一句提到的
You
keep what matters,
你记住重要的东西，可知大脑会把最重要的记忆
保存下来，
前后逻辑关系顺畅，故选
B
。
【名师点睛】
1
、先看选项。跟完形填空不一样
，七选五的答案选项较少，并且给出的都是句子，因此，我们可以通
过句子的完整性或者
句子后面的标点符号来判断该句在文章中的位置。另外，通过阅读选项，有可能找出
跟其
他选项表达完全不同意思的句子，这样的话我们就可以直接将该选项排除。
2
、再看空前空后。由于七选五空出
的是整个句子，而这些句子与句子之间，必然有一种联系，因此我们可
以通过选项中某个
名词或动词跟空前或空后的一致性或者相关性来确定这两个句子之间有一种关联性，从
而
选择正确的答案。
3
、注意代词或定冠词。在做这类题目的时候，一定要注意句
子中出现的人称代词或者指示代词，因
为我们知道，代词是指代一个名词或者一个句子的
，然后通过代词在句子中所做的成分我们可以推断出它
指代的句子的类型，我们要做的就
是从选项中找这类句型就可以了。比如第
73
题，代词的作用就
体现的非
常明显，如果看不到下文中的
he
，很难做出判断，但是只要看到了就会马上去设想前面必然会提到某个男
性的人物，
然后根据语境很快就可以锁定选项
F
，答案自然很快就可以确定
。
4
、注意一些特殊疑问词。如果选项中或空前出现特殊疑问词，一定要把这句话仔细读几遍
，因为对
于不同特殊疑问词的回答方式是不一样的，比如对
wh
y
的回答，后面要有
because
等
表原因的词，对
when
的回答，后面要有表时间的状语，对<
/p>
where
的回答，后面要有表地点的名词，对
< br>how
的回答，后面要有方
式状语等。
< br>
5
、注意一些连词。如一
些表示转折的连词，
but
，
Howe
ver
，
yet
，
though
，
nevertheless
等，另外还有
一
些
表
示并
列
关系
的
连词
如
and
，
also
，
aswellas
，
neithernor
，
e
itheror
，
notonly...butalso
，
ononehand....ontheotherhand
等。因为这些连词可以表现句子与句子之间的关系，通过不同的连词我们可
以推知句子与句子之间不同的关系。
2
【
2017
·浙江卷】根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余
选项。
How to Do Man-on-
the-Street Interviews
The man-on-the-
street interview is an interview in which a
reporter hits the streets with
a
cameraman to interview people on the sport.
_____31_____ But with these tips, your first
man-on-the-street interview experience
can be easy.
?
When your boss or professor sends you
out to do man-on-the-street interviews for a
story,
think about the topic and
develop a list of about ten general questions
relating to it. For
example, if your
topic is about environmental problems in America,
you might
ask, “Why do
you
think environmental protection is important in
America?”
_____32_____
?
Hit the streets
with confidence. _____33_____
Say,
“Excuse me, I work for XYZ News, and I
was wondering if you could share your
opinion about this topic.” This is a
qui
ck way to get
people to
warm up to you.
Move on to the next
person if someone tells you she is not intereste
Don
’t get
discouraged.
●
34
Each
interview
that
you
get
on
the
street
shouldn’t
be
longer
than
ten
minutes.
As
soon
as
you
get
the
answer
you
need,
move
on
to
the
next
person.
Make
sure
that
as
you
go
from
interview
to interview, you are getting a variety
of answers. If everyone is giving you the same
answer,
you won’t be able to use it. A
safe number of interviews to conduct is about six
to ten.
35
●
If
your news station or school requires interviewees
to sign release forms to appear on the
air,
don’t leave work
without them.
A. Limit your
time.
B. As you approach people, be
polite.
C. If you don’t own a camera,
you can buy one.
D. For new
reporters, this can seem like a challenging task.
E. To get good and useful results, ask
them the same question.
F. That number
of interviews should give you all the answers you
need.
G. With a question like this, you
will get more than a “Yes” or “No”
reply.
【解析】
3
33
.B
根据空格后一句所说的很有礼貌的提问，可知这里的建议应该是提问时要注意礼貌，
而选项
B
中的
polite
正好与其相呼应，故选
B.
34.A
根据空格后一句“
Each
interview that you get on the street
shouldn
’
t be longer than ten
minutes.
”可知这一段的建议是要限制采访的时间，故
选
A.
35.F
根据空格前一句“
A
safe number of interviews to conduct is about six
to ten
”
,
而选项
F
中
“
That
number of
interviews
…”正好与其相呼应，故选
F.
【名师点睛】
本文
【小题
34
】
属于七选五阅读中最常见的设空在段首的方法，
通常是段落主题句。
认真阅读后文内容，
根据段落一致性原则，查找同义词或其他相关的词
，推断出主题句。本题我们根据空格后一句“
Each
interview that you get on the street
shouldn
’
t be longer than ten
minutes.
”可知这段要求我们
采访时要限制时间。故<
/p>
A
项为本段主题句。
当七选五阅读设空在句首时，还可能存在以下两种情况：
1.
属于段落间的过渡句。这时要前瞻后望找启示，即
阅读上一段结尾部分，通常正确答案与上一段结
尾有机地衔接起来，并结合下一段内容，
看所选的答案是否将两段内容连贯起来。
2.
与后文是并列、转折、因果关系等。着重阅读后文第一两句，锁定线索信号词，然后在选项中查
找
相关特征词。通常正确答案的最后一句与空白后的第一句在意思上是紧密衔接的，因此
这两句间会
有
某种的衔接手段，尤其当选项是几句话时。比如，如果选项中
出现时间年代时，往往要注意与原
文中年代的前后对应关系。
考点：考查说明文阅读
[2016·全国卷Ⅰ]
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。<
/p>
Secret
codes(
密码
)
keep
messages
private.
Banks,
companies,
and
government
agencies
use
secret
codes
in doing business, especially when information is
sent by computer.
People have used
secret codes for thousands of years. __36__ Code
breaking never
lags(
落
后
)
far
behind
code
making.
The
science
of
creating
and
reading
coded
messages
is
called
4
cryptography.
There are
three main types of cryptography. __37__ For
example, the first
letters of “My
elephant eats too many eels” spell out
the hidden message “Meet me”．
__38__ You might represent each letter
with a number, for example. Let's number the
letters
of the alphabet, in order, from
1 to 26. If we substitute a number for each
letter, the message
“Meet me” would
read “13 5 5 20 13 5.”
A
code uses symbols to replace words, phrases, or
sentences. To read the message of a real
code,
you
must
have
a
code
book.
__39
__
For
example,
“bridge”
might
stand
for
“meet”
and
“out”
might
stand
fo
r
“me”.
The
message
“Bridge
out”
would
actually
mean
“Meet
me”.
__
40__
However,
it is also hard to keep a code book
secret for long. So codes must be changed
frequently.
A
．
It
is very hard to break a code without the code
book.
B
．
In any
language, some letters are used more than others.
C
．
Only people who
know the keyword can read the message.
D
．
As long as
there have been codes, people have tried to break
them.
E
．
You can
hide a message by having the first letters of each
word spell it out.
F
．
With a code
book, you might write down words that would stand
for other words.
G
．
Another
way
to
hide
a
message
is
to
use
symbols
to
stand
for
specific
letters
of
the
alphabet.
38
．
G
考查推理判断及语境理解。根据后面的解释内容可以判断这是介绍密码设置的又一种方法
，故判
断
G
选项符合语境。
39
．
F
考查推理判断及语境理解。根据后面的举例以及前句中的
a
code
book
可以判断该句是介
绍密码书
的使用，故判断
F
选项可以起
到承上启下的作用。
40
．
A
考查推理判断及语境理解。
根据空后内容的转折可知尽管利用密码书可以破译密码，但是一本
密码书也很难长时间的
保密，故判断
A
选项符合语境。
[2016·全国卷Ⅱ]
A
garden that's just right for you
5
Have you ever
visited a garden that seemed just right for you,
where the atmosphere of the
garden
appeared to total more than the
sum(
总和
) of its parts?
__16__. But it doesn't happen by
accident. It starts with looking inside
yourself and understanding who you are with
respect to
the natural world and how
you approach the gardening process.
●
__17__
Some
people may think that a garden is no more than
plants, flowers, patterns and masses of
colour. Others are concerned about
using gardening methods that require less water
and fewer
fertilizers(
肥料
).
__18__. However, there are a number of other
reasons that might explain why
you want
to garden. One of them comes from our earliest
years.
●
Recall
(
回忆
) your childhood memories
Our model of what a garden should be
often goes back to childhood. Grandma's rose
garden and
Dad's
vegetable
garden
might
be
good
or
bad,
but
that's
not
what's
important.
__19__
—
how
being
in those gardens made us feel. If you'd
like to build a powerful bond with your garden,
start
by taking some time to recall the
gardens of your youth. __20__. Then go outside
and work out
a plan to translate your
childhood memories into your grown?up garden. Have
fun.
A. Know why you garden
B. Find a good place for your own
garden
C. It's our experience of the
garden that matters
D. It's delightful
to see so many beautiful flowers
E
．
Still others
may simply enjoy being outdoors and close to
plants
F
．
You can
produce that kind of magical quality in your own
garden, too
G
．
For
each of those gardens, write down the strongest
memory you have
17
．
A
考查语境理解及主题句。综合本段的信息，尤其是“…there
are
a
number
of
other
reasons
that
might explain why you
want to garden.”可知，我们首先要明白自己为什么要建造这个花园，这与
A
的
意义一致。
18
．
E
考查上下文的语境理解。根据空格前面的
“Some
people may think that a garden is no
6
more…Others are concerned
about using gardening methods…”可知，有些人认为花园只是一些花花
草草，另一些人则关心使用更少的水和更少的肥料。因此此处仍然是在说人们对于园艺有着不同
的看法，
这与
E
项的内容一致。
19
．
C
考查上下文的语境理解。根据前句的意思“……那些都不重要”可知本空强调的是在园艺中对我
们来说真正重要的是什么。故
C
项“重
要的是我们搞园艺的经历”符合上下文的语境。
20
．
G
考
查上下文的语境理解。这一部分主要介绍建造属于自己的花园的时候，要回忆一下年幼的时候
看到的那些花园，并分别记录它们各自的优点和缺点，为制订自己的花园计划打下基础，因此选
G
。
[2016·全国卷Ⅲ]
根据短文
内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Everyone
knows
that
fish
is
good
for
health.
__16__
But
it
seems
that
many
people
don't
cook
fish at home. Americans eat only about
fifteen pounds of fish per person per year, but we
eat
twice as much fish in restaurants
as at home. Buying, storing, and cooking fish
isn't difficult.
__17__ This text is
about how to buy and cook fish in an easy way.
__18__ Fresh fish should smell sweet:
you should feel that you're standing at the
ocean's
edge. Any fishy or strong smell
means the fish isn't fresh. __19__ When you have
bought a fish
and
arrive
home,
you'd
better
store
the
fish
in
the
refrigerator
if
you
don't
cook
it
immediately,
but fresh fish should be stored in your
fridge for only a day or two. Frozen fish isn't as
tasty
as the fresh one.
There are many common
methods used to cook fish. __20__
First, clean
it and season it with
your choice of
spices(
调料
). Put the whole
fish on a plate and steam it in a steam pot for 8
to
10 minutes if it weighs about one
pound. (A larger one will take more time.) Then,
it's ready
to serve.
A. Do
not buy it.
B. The easiest is to steam
it.
C. This is how you can do it.
D. It just requires a little knowledge.
E
．
The fish will
go bad within hours.
F
．
When buying
fish, you should first smell it.
G
．
The fats in
fish are thought to help prevent heart disease.
【文章大意】
这是一篇说明文，介绍
了吃鱼对人的好处，以及新鲜鱼的挑选及烹饪方法。
7
18. F
由空格后的句子说“新鲜的鱼闻起来应该味道鲜美”可知上一
句应该是说“你买鱼的时候应该首
先闻一闻”。故选
F
项。
19. A
由
上一句说“任何鱼腥味或者难闻的腥臭味都意味着鱼不新鲜了”可知下一句应该是说“不要买这
< br>样的鱼”。故选
A
项。
20. B
空格前的句子说“烹饪鱼有多种常见的方
法”
，后面介绍蒸鱼的步骤，由此可知空格处的句子
应该是关于
蒸鱼的。故选
B
项。
[2015·全国卷Ⅱ]
Training for a marathon requires
careful preparation and
steady
，
gradual increases in
the
length of the
runs.__36__
，
buy the best
?
fitting
，best?b
uilt running shoes you can one
can say which brand will work best for
you or feel best on your
feet
，
so you have to rely on
your
experience and on the feel of each
pair as you you have found shoes that seem
right
，
walk in them for a few
day
s to double?check the
fit.__
37__
．
As
always
，
you should
stretch(
伸
展
) at
least ten minutes before each run to prevent
injuries.
During
the
first
week
，
do
not
think
about
distance
，
but
run
five
minutes
longer
each
day.__38__
，
it is
wise to take a
day
off
to
during
the next
week
，
set
a
goal of
at least
a mile and a half per
run.__39__
．
After two
weeks
，
start timing
yourself.__40__
．
Depending on
the kind of race you plan to
enter
，
you can set up a
timetable for the remaining weeks before
the race.
A
．
After six days
B
．
For a good
marathon runner
C
．
Before you
begin your training
D
．
With each
day
，
increase the distance by
a half mile
E
．
If
they still feel good
，
you can
begin running in them
F
．
Time spent for
preparation raises the quality of training
G
．
Now you are
ready to figure out a goal of improving distance
and time
【文章大意】
本
文主要介绍了进行马拉松训练的具体做法。首先要为训练做好准备：准备好跑鞋以及训练
8