-
重点
1
Definition of culture
Culture is the
total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values,
institutions
and communication patterns
that are shared, learned and passed through
the generations in an identifiable
group of people.
重点
2 Characteristics of culture(10)
1
、
Culture is shared
Culture is
a system of shared values beliefs or patterns of
behaviors
held in a group ,organization
or society.
It is not property of any
individual.
2
、
culture is cumulative
Human
beliefs, arts etc. are results of many
generations.
Every generations can
discover the new things.
The new
knowledge are added to what was learned in
previous
generations.
3
、
culture is learned
Culture
is not inherent with any people.
Culture can not be genetically and
automatically passed down from
previous generations.
And it should be taught and learned by
people.
4
、
culture is adaptive
Culture
is created by humans. Humans have to adapt the
environment . thus is in development
bears the trait of being adaptive
5
、
culture is dynamic
At the
same time that new culture are added, and the old
ones are
lost because they are no
longer useful.
6
、
culture is symbolic
Symbols
generally serve as communicative tools for a
multitude
purposes, on a persons as
well as culture level.
7
、
culture is
relational
Culture is an organic whole.
All the components of culture are
interlinked.
8
、
culture is
implicit and explicit
Some layers
culture are easy to be observe, like eating ,
dressing,
talking. But the ideas
underlying the behaviors are generally hard to
know.
Many
scholars label the culture as iceberg.
9
、
CuIture is UniVerSal
10
、
CUItUre is
diversified
重点
3
Hall
'
dimensions
High COnteXt
High-C On text
com muni catio n relies heavily On nonv erbal, Con
textual
and
Shared CUItUraI
meanin gs.
The meanings are not fully
expressed.
MeaningS are determined by
how
”
things are Said ,
rather than What
”
is
said.
日本欧洲东部和南部阿拉伯
Collectivism
Low COnteXt
VerbaI codes rather tha n the in
formati on implies
Clear Straight and
to-the-poi nt com muni Cati on
美国德国斯堪的纳维亚
In
dividualism
Monochromic CUItUre
Do one
thing at one time, COnCentrate on the job, take
time SeriOUsly,
low-context and need
information, commit to the job, religiously to the
plans, not disturbing others, seldom
borrow or lend things, emphasize
promptness
Polychromic
culture
Do many things at once, subject
to interruptions, consider time
commitments an objective to be
achieved, high-context and already have
information. Change plans often.
Emphasize the relationships.
重点
4
Triandis
'
s individualism &
collectivism
Individualism
Fosters independence and individual
achievement,
Promotes self-expression
,personal choice, individual thinking
Associated with egalitarian
relationships and flexibility in roles
Understand the physical world as
knowable apart of human life
Collectivism
Interdependence
and group success
Promotes adherence to
norms Associated with stable, hierarchical roles
Shared property, group ownership