-
《普通生态学》
一、
Please explain the
following terms (3 points each, 18 points
totally).
（
1
）
I
ntroduction
Ecology
habitat
（
2
）
a
utoecology
niche
（生态位）
fundamental
niche
（基础生态位）
competitive exlusion
principle
（竞争排斥原理）
fitness
（适合度）
environment
（环境）
Liebig
’
s law of
minimum
（利比希最小因子定律）
Shelford’s
law of tolerance
（谢尔福德的
“
耐受性定律
”
）
ecological valence or
amplitude
（生态价、生态幅、耐性限度）
law of limiting
factor
（限制因子定律）
Vant Hoff’s law
（范霍夫定律或
Q
10
定律）
developmental threshold
temperature
（发育起点温度）
law of effective
temperature
（有效积温法则）
（
3
）
population ecology
Population
（种群）
ecological
invasion
（生态入侵）
innate capacity of increase (or
intrinsic rate of
increase)[
内禀增长率
]
density
dependence
（密度制约）
density
independence
（非密度制约）
age
structure
（年龄椎体或年龄金字塔）
Survivorship
curve
（存活曲线）
ecological
natality
（生态出生率）
ecological
mortality
（生态死亡率）
maximum
natality
（最大出生率）
minimum
mortality
（最低死亡率）
ecological
strategy
（生态对策）
<
/p>
（
4
）
comm
unity ecology
pioneer
species
（先锋物种）
climax
（顶级群落）
biotic
community
（生物群落）
community
succession
（群落演替）
growth form
（生长型）
life form
（生活型）
ectone
（群落交错区）
：
edge
effect
（边缘效应）
：
species
diversity
（物种多样性）
：
dominant
species
（优势种）
functional group(guild)
（同资源种
团或功能团）
：
< br>（
5
）
ecosystem
biomass
（生物量）
primary
production
（初级生产）
biogeochemical
cycle
（生物地化循环）
eco
system
（生态系统）
：
biosphere
（生物圈）
：
ecological
pyramid
（生态椎体或生态金字塔）
food chain
（食物链）
food web
（食物网）
trophic
level
（营养级）
Ⅱ
. Put the appropriate
ecological terms into the Blank in order to make
the sentence
meaningful.
[
填空题
]
（
1
）
introduction
Human
being
are
confronted
with
the
five
crisis
such
as
,
food,
,
,
environment.
Divided by the organization levels, the
ecology include molecular ecology, autoecology,
ecology,
ecology,
ecology,
ecology, global ecology.
Divided by the habitat, ecology include
terrestrial ecology,
ecology,
estuary ecology,
ecology, etc.
Divided by the
organisms, ecology include
ecology,
ecology, and
microorganism
ecology.
Classic ecology include
autoecology,
,
,
,
and ecosystem
ecology.
（
2
）
autoeco
logy
The ways of tolerance to extremely
low temperature are
,
,
.
The spatial distribution
patterns of a population
(
种群的空间分布格局
) include even
distribution
(
均匀分布
),
distribution, and
distribution.
（
3
）
population ecology
The types
of natural selection include
, directional
selection,
.
The drives of evolution
include
and
.
The self-
regulation schools include
,
, and
.
The
processes
of
speciation
are
,
,
and
.
The
three
ways of speciation are
,
,
.
According to
the shape of age pyramid, it can be classified
into three types, that is,
,
, and
.
The
inter-specific
relationship
between
lion
and
deer
is
.
The
interaction
between
penicillin
and
bacterium
is
.
Walnut
quinone
secreted
by
walnut
can
inhibit
the
growth
of
its
surrounding
plants,
so
the
relationship
between
walnut
and
its
surrounding
plants
belongs to
.
（
4
）
community ecology
The three
model to explain the succession mechanism
include
,
,
.
<
/p>
（
5
）
ecos
ystem ecology
The function of ecosystem
include
,
,
.
There types of
biogeochemical cycles are
,
,
.
The two main types of food chains are
and
.
,
,
and
are
the
three
functional
groups
that
consist
of
ecosystem.
The maximal
ecosystem in globe is
.
The figure below is a simplified
sketch map (
示意图
)
of food web (
食物网
) in
grassland ecosystem,
please give the
answer for the six questions below according to
this sketch map.
（
1
）
The
number of food chain (
食物链
)
in this food web is
.
（
2
）
The
number of trophic level
(
营养级
) of hawk is
.
（
3
）
The
inter-specific relationship between hawk and fox
is
.
（
4
）
The
life form (
生物
) with the
highest energy among the components of this
ecosystem is
.
The energy
were ultimately transferred to hawk, the efficient
food chain is
.
（
5
）
If
we use DDT to control the pest insect
(
害虫
) that do harm to
grasses, then we can infer that the
life form with the highest
concentration (
浓度
) of DDT is
_______.
（
6
）
If
the hawk, snake, and fox are largely hunted in the
short term, the life form will be seriously
negatively influenced is
.
15.
种间关系包括（举例说明是什么关系）
16.
他感、异种抑制、抗生
17.
趋同进化等
18.
生态型、生活型（举例）
19.
演替
Ⅲ
True or false.
[
是非题
]
（
1
）
introduction
(
)
32. Population ecology,
community ecology, ecosystem ecology, and
landscape ecology
all belong to
research content of the classic ecology.
(
)
35. Molecular
ecology belongs to the research domain of classic
ecology.
(
)
36. Modern ecology include molecular
ecology, global ecology, and classic ecology.
（
2
）
autoecology
(
)
4. Solar radiation is a condition for
an insect, but a resource for a plant.
(
)
4. Water is
the resource for one plant at any time.
(
)
17. For any organism, the value of
increase in heartbeat frequency
(
心跳次数
) by a
10
℃
rise in
temperature is two to three.
(
)
22. If the ecological niche
of two species are the same, it is sure that one
species among
the two species destined
(
注定
) to go to extinction
(
灭绝
).
(
)
21.
Organisms
in
the
Tropical
Zone
（热带）
are
able
to
tolerate(
耐受
)
much
higher
temperature than those in Temperate
Zone
（
温带）
and
Frigid Zone
（
寒带）
,
so organisms
in
Tropical
Zone are
eurytherms
(
广温生物
)
while
organisms
in
Temperate
Zone
are
stenotherms
(
狭温生物
).
< br>（
3
）
population
ecology
(
)
1.
Most animals belong to unitary organism
(
单体生物
).
(
)
1. The most plants belong
to modular organism (
构件生物
).
(
)
2. One species
maybe obtains some benefits from the other one
when they compete each
other for
resources.
(
)
2.
In the broad sense (
广义上说
),
parasitism is one kind of predation.
(
)
3.
Time-specific
life
table
is
drawn
up
using
the
data
on
mortality
(
死亡
)
over
time
obtained through observing a cohort
(
同生群
).
(
)
3.
Age-specific
life
table
is
drawn
up
using
the
data
on
mortality
(
死亡
)
over
time
obtained through observing a cohort
(
同生群
).
(
)
15. Self regulation school
belongs to endogenous regulation theory.
(
)
16.
According
to
Hardy-
Winberg
’
s
law,
the
gene
and
genotype
frequency
in
each
generations will retain constant in a
small population.
(
)
19. Ecological factors
(
生态因子
) can be divided into
density-dependent (
密度制约
) and
density-independent
(
非
密
度
制
约
)
factors,
light
and
temperature
are
density-independent factors, while food
is density-dependent.
(
)
20.
Parasites and
their host are in co-evolution
(
协同进化
) .
(
)
23. Realized (ecological)
natality is not only determined by actual
ecological conditions,
but also
restrained (
限制
) by
physiological conditions.
(
)
24. The result of static life table are
more reliable (
可靠的
) than
that of dynamic table
life.
(
)
25. There are
more specialists in stable conditions than
generalists in capricious
(
变化无
常的
)
conditions.
(
)
27. Antibiosis belongs to amensalism.
(
)
28. The
inter-specific
relationship
between
black
carp
(
鳙鱼
)
and
silver
carp
(
鲢鱼
)
is
mutualism.
(
)
31.
The
interaction
between
termite
and
flagellate
(
鞭
毛
虫
)
in
its
intestine
is
commensalisms.
(
)
34
That
1000
kg
silver
carps
have
fished
per
unit
fishing
effort
stands
for
relative
density.
（
4
）
community ecology
(
)
18.
Species
diversity
(
物种多样性
)
in
Tropical
Zone
(
热带地区
)
is
lower
than
in
Temperate Zone
(
温带地区
).
(
)
5. The succession direction of
facilitation model is predictable.
(
)
5. Polyclimax hypothesis argue that the
climax of a community is determined only by the
climate.
(
)
6.
The
ecologists
of
the
organismic
school
argue
that
there
are
not
obvious
borderline
between two communities.
(
)
6. One of the succession viewpoint
(
演替观
) of individualistic
school is that it is difficult
to
predict the succession direction of a community.
(
)
7. We can classified trees
(
乔木
) into broad-leaved and
needle-leaved in term of growth
form.
(
)
8. There are two
communities A and B, and each of them has 100
individuals. Community
A has two
species each with 50 individuals. Community B has
ten species, but the each
of which has
10 individuals, respectively
(
分别地
). So we can conclude
that the species
biodiversity of
community A is higher than that of community B.
(
)
9. After a forest is logged
by the way of clear cutting
(
皆伐
) , there will occur
secondary
succession.
(
)
14. It will
not incur (
招致
,
引起
) any negative effects on
a community to remove all the
redundant
species (
冗余种
) from this
community.
(
)
29. Plants can be classified into
trees, lianas (
藤本植物
),
shrubs, epiphytes (
附生植物
),
herbs, thallophytes
(
菌藻植物
) in terms of life
growth.
（
5
）
ecosystem ecology
(
)
11. The biomass of the lower of trophic
level must be higher than that of the higher
trophic
level.
(
)
12. The energy decreases with increase
of trophic level.
(
)
13. Sulfur cycle
(
硫循环
) belongs to sedimentary
cycle (
沉积型循环
) and
doesn
’
t belong
to
gaseous cycle.
(
)
26. The more the production of rice is,
the more is the biomass of it.
(
)
10. There are 158 000 kg of bighead
carp (
鳙鱼
) in a lake with
area of 100 km
2
in a given
time (
某一时刻
), so
the biomass of the bighead carp can be calculated.
(
)
33. The number
of trophic level of the ecosystem is generally
less than seven to eight.
Ⅳ
. To make the right choice
[
选择题
]
（
1
）
int
roduction
8. The ecologist who firstly
gave definition for ecology is (
).
A. Hackel
B. Clements
C. Tansley
D. Lack
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