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Unit one
Environmental
Engineering
环境工程
What is this book
about
？
这本书是关于什么的？
The objective of this book is to
introduce engineering and science students to the
interdisciplinary study of environment
problems
；
their
cause
，
why they are of
concern
，
and how we can
control them. The book includes:
这本书的目的
是使理工科的学生了解跨学科间的研究环境问题
;
它们的起因，
为什么它们受到关注，以及我们
怎样控制它们。这本书包括：
?
Description of
what is meant by environment and environmental
systems
描述环境和环境系统意味着什么
?
Information on
the basic causes of environmental disturbances
关于引起环境干扰基础原因的基本信息
?
Basic
scientific
knowledge
necessary
to
understand
the
nature
of
environmental
problems
and
to
be
able
to
quantify
them
理解环境问题本质，并能够定量计算它们所必要的基本科学知识
?
Current state
of the technology of environmental control in its
application to water
，
air and
pollution problems
目前适用于水，空气和环境污染问题的环境控制技术的现状
?
Considerable
gaps
in
our
current
scientific
knowledge
of
understanding
and
controlling
many
of
the
complex
interactions between human activities
and nature
我们目前的科学知识在理解和控制人类活动和自然之间复杂的相
互作用的科学知识上存在相当大的缺陷
?
Many
environmental problems which could be eliminated
or reduced by the application of current
technology
，
but
which
are
not
dealt
with
because
of
society’s
lack
of
will
to
do
so
，
or
in
many
instance
because
of
a
lack
of
resources
to do so.
许多环境问题可以应用现有技术消除或减少，但没有得到处理是因
为社会缺乏这样做的意愿，或者像许多例子
那样因为缺乏资源。
Some important definitions
一些重要的定义
Where
they are first used in this
book
，
definitions are
introduced in block form
，
as
shown here
，
or printed in
bold type.
如果他们是第一次使用这本书，定义介绍采用块形式，像这里显
示的一样，或印成黑体字。
Environment
is the physical
and biotic habitat which surrounds
us
；
that which we can see
，
hear
，
touc
h
，
smell
，
and taste.
环境是围绕在我们周围物质生命的栖息地，在那里我们可以
看到，听到，触到，闻到和品尝到。
System
，
according
to webster’s
dicti
onary
，
is
defined as
“a set or arrangement of
things so related or connected as
to
form a unit or organic whole
；
as
，
a solar
system
，
irrigation
system
，
supply
system
，
the world or
universe”.
系统，依据韦伯斯特的字典，被定义为
“一组或一系列能形成一个整体或者有机整体的相互关联的事物
;
比如，
太阳系统，灌溉系统，供水系统，世界或宇宙”
。
Pollution
can be defined as
an undesirable change in the physical
，<
/p>
chemical
，
or
biological characteristics of the air
，<
/p>
water
，
or land that
can harmfully affect the health
，
survival
，
or activities
of humans or other living organisms.
污染
可以被定义为有害影响健康，生存，活动的人或其它生物体的空气，水，或土地的物理，化学或生物特性
的不应该有的变化，
。
When
the
goal
of
improving
environmental
quanlity
is
taken
to
be
improving
human
wellbeing
，
the
word
“environment”
broadens to
include all kinds of social
，
economic
，
and cultural
aspects. Such broadness is unworkable in
many
real
situations
and
impractical
in
a
text
book
designed
for
a
one
semester
course.
Our
examination
of
environmental problems is therefore
limited by our definition of
“environment”.
当改善环境质量的目标是用来改善人类的福祉，
“环境”
这个词扩大到包括社会，经
济，文化等所有方面的
内容。
这种扩大化在许多实际情况下是不
可行的，
在本被设计为一学期课程的教科书中也是不切实际的。
因此，
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我们对环境问题的考察限于
我们定义的“环境”
。
Interaction of
Systems
互动系统
A
number of different environmental problems are
associated with water, air, or land systems.
许多不同的环境问题
都涉及到水，空
气，或土壤。
Many of these
problems will apply only within one of these
systems, justifying the breakdown into these categ
ories.
许
多这些问题只适用于在其中一个系统，这为这些
种类中的细目分类提供了充分的理由。
Such a
classification is also useful for easier
comprehension of related problems within one syste
m.
这种分类也有助于
更容易理解一个系统里的相关问题。
Moreover, it is sensible
because, for manager and administrative reasons,
such subfields as air pollution, water supply,
wastewater disposal, and solid waste
disposal are often dealt with separately by
governmental agencies.
此外，这样做是明智的，因为是行政
管理的原因，空气污染，水供应，固体废物处置和废水处理，往往是由政
府机构分别处理
的。
Unfortunately, many
important environmental problems are not confined
to an air, water, or land system, but involve
interactions between systems.
很遗憾的是，许多重要的环境问题不只局限于一个空气，水，或土壤系统，更涉及
系统
之间的相互作用。
A current example
is the acid rain problem stemming from the
emission of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide
gases into
the atmosphere from the
stacks of generating stations, smelters, and
automobile exhausts
。
目前的一个例子是
酸雨问
题，根源是许多发电站，冶炼，汽车排出的废气中进入大气的二氧化硫和氮氧化物
气体。
These gases are then
transported by air currents over wide
regions.
这些气体被气流运送到广阔的区域。
Rainfall “washes them out”,
creating acid rain which is harmful to aquatic
life, forests, and agricultural crops.
雨
水“将
它们洗去”
，
产生了对水生生物
，
森林和农作物有害的酸雨。
Two examples of
interaction between systems that cause
major environmental disturbances are
presented-the buildup of atmospheric carbon
dioxide, a global problem, and the
acid
rain problem, normally of regional nature.
两个有关于系统间相互作用引起的环境问题有：
空气中的二氧化碳的增加的全球
性问题以及具有地域性质的酸
雨问题。
Environmental
Disturbances
环境扰乱
Many major improvements to our standard
of living can be attributed to the application of
science and technology.
我们的生活水平的许多重大改进，
可以归因于科学和技术的应用。
A few
examples are noted here. Can you think of others?
这里举几个例子，你可以想到其他例子吗？
●
The production of more and
better quality food
生产更多更好的优质食品
●
The creation of housing as
protection from extremes from climates and as
living space
创造能避免极端的气候的保护所和生活空间
●
The building of fast and
reliable means of transportation
建设快速和可靠的运输方式
●
The invention of various
systems of communication
发明各种通信系统
●
The invention of machines
to replace human or animal power
发明机器来取代人类或动物体力
●
The supply of safe water
and the disposal of wastes
安全水的供应和废物处理
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●
The elimination of many
infectious diseases
消灭多种传染疾病
●
The elimination of most
waterborne diseases in the developed world through
improved water technology
在多数发达国家中通过改善水技术来消除大部分水源性疾病
●
The availability of leisure
time through greater productivity, providing the
opportunity for cultural and recreational
activities
通过提高生产力，腾出闲暇时间，为进
行文化和娱乐活动提供机会
●
The
protection
from
the
worst
effects
of
natural
disasters
such
as
floods,
droughts,
earthquakes,
and
volcanic
eruptions.
防止最严重的自然灾害的影响，如洪水，干旱，地震和火山爆发
With these improvements, however, have
come disturbing side effects, such as lost arable
land, disappearing forests,
environmental pollution, and new
organisms resistant to controls.
然而
,
随着
(
科学技术的
)
发展
,
产生了不
良的副作
用
,
比如
,
可耕地丢失
,
森林消失
,
环境污染
,
微生物滋
长
.
Many effects
originally considered to be just nuisances are now
recognized as potential threats to nature and to h
umans.
起初只是让我们觉得讨厌的许多事物现在被认为对自然和人类存在的潜在威
胁。
In an agrarian society,
people lived essentially in harmony with mature,
raising food, gathering firewood, and making
clothing and tools from the land.
在农业社会，
人们基本上能与自然和谐地相处
,
他们在陆地上种植食物
,
收集木材
,
做衣服和工具。
The wastes from animals and humans were
returned to the soil as fertilizer. Few, if any,
problems of water, land, or air
pollution
occurred.
动物和人类排放的废物作为肥料又返到土地中。很少有水污染、土地污染、和空气污染问题
< br>产生。
The cities of ancient
times,
particularly those of the Roman
Empire, had systems to supply water and to dispose
of
wastes.
在古代的城市，特别是像罗马帝国那类，
就已经存在供水系统和处置废物系统。
The
aqueducts
supplying
the
ancient
city
of
Rome
(population
about
1
million)
with
safe
water
from
the
Cloaca
Maxima, the best known and one of the
earliest sewers to be built, are examples of such
systems.
从一个最早建成之一
且最有名的污水管
-----
古罗马大排泄沟，向古代的罗马城市提供安全的水的渠道，
就是这样的系统的例子。
The municipal
technology of ancient cities seems to have been
forgotten for many centuries by those who built
cities
throughout Europe.
古代的
城市的市政技术似乎已经被那些在整个欧洲建设城市的人遗忘了许多个世纪。
Water
supply
and
waste
disposal
were
neglected,
resulting
in
many
outbreaks
of
the
nineteenth
century,
it
was
not
realized that improper wastes disposal
polluted water supplies with disease-carrying orga
nisms.
供水和废物处置的忽
略，导致爆发了许多疾病，如
痢疾、霍乱、伤寒和其它水传染的疾病。
The
industrial
revolution
in
nineteenth-century
Britain,
Europe,
and
North
America
aggravated
the
environmental
problems since
it brought increased urbanization.
直到
19
世纪中期，
人们才意识到废物的不正确处
置导致引起疾病
的微生物污染了供水。
Both phenomena, urbanization and
industrialization, were and are fundamental cause
of water and air pollution which
the
cities of that time were unable to
handle.
19
世纪在英国、欧洲和北美的工业革命带来
了工业化和城市化的增
加，也加重了环境问题。城市化和工业化在过去和现在都是引起水
和空气污染的根本原因，这在当时的城市还
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不能够处理。
Rapid
advances
in
technology
for
the
treatment
of
water
and
the
partial
treatment
of
wastewater
took
place
in
the
developed countries over
the next few decades. This led to a dramatic
decrease in the incidence of waterborne diseases.<
/p>
在接下来的几十年，水处理和废水的部分处理技术在发达国家快速发展，这导致水传染疾病
的发生率大量地减
少。
Note that all
wastes discharge into environment, and thus
pollute out water, air, and land system.
注意，所有的废
物排放到环境中都会污染我们的水、空气和土地系统。
Unit Two
Historical
Overview of Hazardous Substance Disposal in the
USA
回顾美国处置危险物品的历史
Hazardous substance disposal practices
in the United States have traveled full circle.
在美国，处理危险物品的做法走
过了迂回的道路。
Prior to 1978 there were few if any
regulations regarding the disposal of these
materials.
1978
年之
前，很少有任何关
于如何处置这些物品的法规。
Improper
disposal
of
many
of
these
chemicals
resulted
in
health
problems
for
many
citizens,
contaminated
water
supplies, and
destruction of wildlife.
这些化学物品的不当处置使市民
陷入健康问题，
水供应受污染和野生生物死
亡。
With the enactment of the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1978,
manufacturing facilities now
have an
obligation to account for all waste materials that
are generated by the facility.
随着《资源回收法
》
（
1978
年）
的颁布，工厂有责任处置生产设施所产生的所有废弃材料
。
Implementation
of RCRA has been slow.
但是《资源回收法》的实施一直进展缓慢。
From the very early industrial period
in the United States, which started about 1920,
until several years after the Second
World
War,
there
was
little
concern
for
the
proper
methods
of
disposal
of
waste
materials
that
were
generated
as
by-products during manufacturing
processes.
在美国，从大约
1920
年开始的早期工业时代，到第二次世界大战结
束后几
年里，
几乎没人关注处理在生产过程中作为副产品产生的废弃材料的合理方法。
Up until the 1960
’
s
it was
quite common to find fresh water
rivers and streams fouled with waste chemicals
from manufacturing, salt water from
oil
production wells and waste acids from steel mill
activities.
直到
1920
年，
随处可见被生产过程产生的废化学品、
油井排出的盐水和
炼钢厂排出的废酸所污染的淡水河流和溪涧。
Virtually every conceivable waste oil,
solvent, or resin waste could be found in the rive
rs.
事实上，所有能够想象到的
废物如废油、溶剂、废树脂都
可以在河流里面找到。
The
laws of the time were either non-existent or not
enforced.
然而当时的相关法律要么不存在，要么是没有被实
施。
The literature has
many examples of health problems of individuals as
well as destruction of fish and wildlife habitat.
文献记载了许多关于个体的健康问题以及鱼类、野生动物栖息地被破坏的例子。
Many other cases occurred that
were not reported in the literature.
许多其
他发生的事件并未记载在文献上。
Other waste
materials were dumped haphazardly in makeshift
excavations either at the factory side or
throughout the
country side.
其他废弃物质被草率地埋在临时挖掘在工厂还有乡村旁边的坑洞里面。
Because
of
ignorance
and
lack
of
economic
incentives
to
do
so,
the
factories
made
no
attempt
to
prevent
contamination of underground water
supplies by the chemicals that were disposed of. <
/p>
因为对环境的忽视以及缺少经
济刺激，各企业完全没有意识来保护
被化学物质污染的地下水供应。
In
fact,
knowledgeable
scientists
of
the
time
accepted
land
irrigation
and
percolation
into
the
porous
underground
formations as
methods of waste treatment.
事实上，当代有见识的科
学家，已经接受了土地清洗以及过滤可渗透
地底层这两种可作为处理废弃物治理的方法。
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Although
these
treatment
methods
may
have
been
intended
for
non-hazardous
materials,
they
were
employed
for
hazardous materials as well.
尽管这些治理方法或许用于无毒害的物质，同时也可用于有毒害的物质。
Again, there were no governmental
regulations protecting the underground aquifers
from these practices.
再者，
并没有
政府法规因保护地下蓄水层而禁止这些处理方法。
The problem of disposal of
hazardous chemicals did not improve
with
the creation of the
Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA)
in the 1996.
处理有毒化学物品的问题并没有因为在
1996
年环境保护局的成立而有所改善。
The first task of the new
agency was to clean up rivers and streams.
此新兴机构的首要任务是清理干净河流水道。
Unfortunately, no one in
power in the government at the time had insight
into the problems that were to be created by
the new agency.
不幸的是，当时政府的执政
人员没有一个洞察到那个新兴机构带来的问题。
The
EPA was quite successful in those early days in
the enforcement of the many water pollution laws
that evolved.
环
境保
护局在早些年的时候，对于强制执行污染法的发展还是做的相当成功的。
As
the
practice
of
the
dumping
of
hazardous
materials
into
the
rivers
and
streams
was
eliminated,
those
same
materials created other
disposal problems.
随着往河道排放有毒物质的习惯的消除，
但这些相同的物质造成了其他
处理问题。
Many of the chemicals saved from the
sewer were either worthless or of such a low value
as to render recovery
uneconomical.
在下水
道中回收到的物质不是没价值的就是低廉到不足以恢复利用
.
In
some
cases,
recovery
was
technically
impossible.
As
a
result,
the
waste
chemicals
were
disposed
of
by
any
convenient
method.
一些情况下
,
回收在技术层面上是不可能的
.
所以
,
很多废弃的化学药物都被很简单地扔掉了
.<
/p>
The makeshift
dumps sites were expanded. Because there were no
regulations regarding disposal,
临时的垃圾场已
经
不得不扩大
,
因为没有任何关于废物
丢弃的法规
.
persons with no
technical expertise entered into the business of
waste disposal. The profits were high because
these
individuals
did
not
treat
the
chemicals.
很多不具备专业技术知识的人就进入了
废物处理的行业
,
由于这些人并没
有真
正处理掉化学药物，所以这个行业的利润相当高。
In
most cases, the waste materials were transported
to impounding areas located on privately owned
land.
很多情况下
,
废弃的化学物品会被运到私有土地上的贮物地
.
The factories that generated the waste
felt secure in the belief that the waste
transporter was disposing of the materials
in
an
acceptable
manner.
那些产生废弃物的厂家之所以感到安心是因为
他们相信废物处理者会用一种合理的方
法来处置掉废物
.
In most cases, this was not a correct
assumption.
但很多情况下
,
事实并非如此
.
The
unregulated dumps grew both in size and
complexity.
乱堆放的大小规模和复杂度上都在增长
.
When the dumps were in
close proximity to populated areas or public water
supplies, a series of problems begin to
develop.
当垃圾场很接近居住区或公共水源的话
,
一系列的问题将会开始产生
.
Citizens
in
the
vicinity
of
some
of
the
dumps
began
to
experience
adverse
health
problems
such
as
skin
rashes,
paralysis,
cancer,
and
birth
defects.
在一些垃圾场附近
的居民会开始遇到一些像皮肤疹
.
麻痹
.
癌症
.
先天缺陷等不
利的健康问题
.
In some cases, these problems have been
attributed to contamination from the
chemicals.
有时候
,
这些问题会归属于
受到化学药物的污染而产生的
.
Because
of
these
concerns
,
the
United
States
Congress
enacted
a
new
legislation
that
dealt
with
the
issues
of
disposal of hazardous
wastes.
由于这些担心，美国国会通过了一个新的处理
有害废物过程中出现问题的法规。
This was the
Resource Conversation and Recovery Act of 1987.
这就是
1987
年的资源回收保护法。
The purpose of the Act was to
allow regulation of hazardous substance disposal.
这项法案的目的是同意有害物质处
理的方法。
< br>
As a result, industries that
generated large quantities of these waste
materials now had to ensure that the materials
were
disposed of in the a manner that
was safe for the environment.
结果导致产生大量废物
的企业现在不得不确保这些物
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质被以对环境安全的方法处理。
Many of the improper dumps that were
created prior to the RCRA legislation were created
by persons with little or no
financial
resources.
在资源回收保护法由很少或者没有经济资源的人确立之前
，很多不合理的堆放已经造成。
As a result, the cleanup of the old
sites has been taken over by the government under
legislation.
使得清理旧的堆放
点的工作由政府接管。
As of this
time, the results of these clean up efforts have
been ineffective.
在这一时期，这些清理的努力效率不高。
Because
of
the
abuses
and
problems
of
the
past,
regulations
have
been
enacted
that
force
American
industry
to
be
responsible
for hazardous waste disposal.
由于过去的这些问题，
强制美国工业承担有害物质处理的责任的相关法
规已经颁布。
The problems were brought about by a
lack of economic indentives to the industrial comm
unity.
这些问题是由对工业
界缺少经济动力带来的。
The
problems
were
compounded
by
the
inexperience
and
lack
of
insight
by
elected
governmental
officials
and
the
governmental agencies charged with the
task of regulation.
政府官员缺乏经验和洞察力以及政府机构对法
规的控制
任务使得问题复杂化。
Although
sufficient legislation is now in place to solve
the problem of hazardous waste
disposal,
it is unlikely
that a true solution will be achieved for 20 years
or longer.
尽管现在有足够的法规来解决有害物质的处
理问题，但是在二十年或更长的时间内是不可能真正的解决的。
Only through interaction between
industry scientists, and government regulators
will true solutions be finally realized.
只有通过工业界，科学家和政府部门的共同努力，才能最终得到解决。
Unit 3
What is Waste
Reduction/Waste Minimization?
什么是废物减量化，废物最少化
A great amount of time has been spent
in the U.S. discussing the terminology of such
words as source reduction,
waste
minimization, recycling and pollution prevention.
EPA has provided the following definitions.
美国花费了大量
的时间在讨论像资源减量化，废物最小化，循环和阻止污染这些
术语上，
EPA
已经提供了以下的定义。
Source reduction: Any action that
reduces the amount of waste exiting a
process.
资源减量化：减少在于一个过程
中的大量废物的任何行为。
This
includes, for example, process changes, feedstock
changes, improved housekeeping/management, and in-
process
recycling.
它包括，例如，过程调
整，原料调整，提高管理和回收内在循环。
Waste
minimization: The reduction to the extent
feasible, of waste that is generated or
subsequently treated, stored,
or
disposed of.
废物最少化：产生的废物最大程度
减少，然后处理，存储，或者处置。
It includes
any source reduction or recycling activity of
waste or the reduction in the toxicity of waste
(or both) as long
as
the
reduction
is
consistent
with
the
goal
of
minimization
of
present
and
future
threats
to
human
health
and
the
environment.
它
包括了被导致了只要减量化与现在或将来威胁到人类健康和环境的最小化的目标一致的总容量
或废物数量的减少或者废物毒性的减少，或者两方面兼备的发生器承担任何资源减量化或循环的活动。
Recycling : The use or reuse
of a waste as a substitute for a commercial
product or as a feedstock to an industrial
process.
回收：
作为一个商业产品的代替品，
或作为一个工业过程的原料的利用或再利用。
This includes the on-or
off-
site reclamation of useful fractions of a waste or
the removal of contaminants from a waste to allow
reuse.
它包括了
废物的有用的小部分或来自允许再用的去
除了污染物的废物的在现场或离开现场的回收利用。
Pollution
prevention:
Pollution
may
be
generated
during
manufacturing,
or
when
certain
products
are
used
commercially or by
consumers.
污染的防止：
污染可能在生产过程之中产生，
或者在当一个产品被用作商业用途
或被消费者使用的时候产生。
This
may
be
prevented
in
three
ways:
changing
inputs/reducing
reliance
on
toxic
or
hazardous
raw
materials;
process
changes
/increasing
efficiency/improved
maintenance
such
as
equipment
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modifications, better housekeeping, in-
process closed-loop recycling; or changing
outputs/reducing reliance on toxic or
hazardous products.
这样可能在三个方式
上被阻止：改变投入
/
减少依赖有毒物或有害的原材料；改变过
程
/
增加
效率
/
提高类似设备修改的维修保养，更好的管理，在过程中闭环循环；或者改变产出
/
减小对有毒或者有害产
品的依赖。
With the passage of the
Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments to the
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act in
1984,
the
U.S.
Congress
established
a
national
policy
declaring
the
importance
of
reducing
or
eliminating
the
generation of hazardous waste.
随着
1984
年危险废物和固体废物修正案资源保护和恢复
法的通过，美国国会建立
一个国家政策来表明回收或消除危险废物的产生重要性。
The Congress
hereby declares it to be a national policy of
United States that wherever feasible, the
generation of
hazardous waste is to be
reduced or eliminated as expeditiously as
possible.
美国国会宣称它是一项无论在美国哪里<
/p>
都可行的国家政策，要尽可能迅速地回收或消除危险废物的产生。
Waste that is nevertheless generated should be
treated, stored, or disposed of so as
to minimize present and future threat to human
health and the environment.
然而产
生的废物还是应被处理、储存或处置，从而尽量减少现在和将来对人类健康和环境的威胁。
< br>
In 1990, the U.S. Congress passed
the Pollution Prevention Act, establishing a
hierarchy of waste management as
national policy; stating that first
pollution should be prevented or reduced wherever
feasible;
在
1990
年，美国国会通
过污染防治法，
建立了一个
全国废物管理政策。
表明第一污染应该被预防或回收；
seco
nd, waste should be recycled
in
an
environmentally
safe
manner;
第二，废物
应该用一种环保安全的方式进行循环利用；
third,
waste
should
be
treated;
第三，废物应该被处理
;
and
as a last resort, waste should be disposed of or
released to the environment.
最
后，
废物应该被除去或降解到环境。
With the passage of these and other environmental
laws, waste minimization has
become an
important operating philosophy in the United State
s.
在美国，随着这些和其他环境法规的通过，废物最
少化成为
一种重要的工作理念
.
Waste
Reduction/Waste Minimization Techniques
废物回收
/
废物最少化技术
While, for any particular plant, waste
minimization is certainly plant or site specific,
the techniques used can be
grouped into
a variety of major categories:
同时，对于一些特定
的工厂，废物最少化的当然是在具体的工厂或在实
地，能用的技术能被分为以下主要几类
：
●
product
changes
产品改变
●
process
changes
过程改变
●
equipment
modifications
设备改造
●
operating
practices
操作训练
●
recycling and
reuse
回收和再利用
In
practice, the waste minimization opportunities are
limited only by the ingenuity of the plant
personnel.
在实践
中，尽
量减少废物的机会是有限的，只有被工厂人员的聪明才智所利用
.
The techniques have applications across
the vast range of industries and
manufacturing process, and can apply to both
hazardous and nonhazardous waste.
这种
技术已经被运用与大数量的工业和工业化生产过程，同时也被应用于有危险性和非危险性的废物。
Product changes
产品改变
Frequently,
a nontoxic material can be substituted for one
that is toxic. Examples of this are numerous.
有毒的材料
经常能被无毒的所代替。这样的例子有很多。
< br>
Lckheed successfully switched from
an alkaline cyanide cadmium bath to an acidic non-
cyanide cadmium bath.
The
plating
quality
was
equivalent
and
overall
costs
were
reduces
due
to
simplified
waste
treatment
required,
even
though
the
plating
chemicals
costs
were
higher
.
洛克希德公司成功地将碱性氰化物电镀槽转变成酸性非氰化物电
镀槽。由于简化废物处理需求，电镀质量相当和总成本减少了，即使电镀化学品的成本较高。
< br>
The Department of Defense has been
involved in testing quite a variety of
“
safe
substitutes
”
to replace
hazardous
solvents such as
perchloroethylene, methyl chloroform, and
trichlorotrifluoroethane, utilized for metal
cleaning.
国防部
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一直参与测试完全不同的“安全替代品”
，以取代有害溶剂，如氯乙烯，
三氯乙烷
和三氟三氯乙烷
，用于
金属清洁
.
As a result, some
of the maintenance shops are beginning to replace
their vapor degreasers and cold solvent
tanks with aqueous, biodegradable solve
nts.
因此，一些维修店已开始用可生物降解的溶剂取代蒸汽除油剂和冷溶
剂罐。
APS
Materials,
Inc,
generated
two
hazardous
wastes,
1-1-1
trichloroethane
and
methanol
from
cold
solvent
degreasing operations associated with
their plasma spray deposition process.
美国物理协会材料公司在其等离子体
喷雾沉淀工艺的冷溶剂脱脂
操作过程中会产生出两种危害性废物，
即
1
，
1
，
1-
三氯乙烷和甲醇。
A terpine-based
cleaner was substituted for the two
hazardous materials and has proven to be an
environmental and economic success.
一种可用
松油稀释的清洁剂被用作代替两种危险物质，并已经证明在环境上和经济上的得到了成功。
Riker Laboratories, a 3M
pharmaceutical plant, coated medicine tablets with
solvents.
莱克实验室，一间
3M
的制
药工厂，在药片上涂上溶剂。
Solvent
emissions had the potential to exceed air
pollution limits forthcoming.
溶剂的
排放物有可能已经超出现有的空气污染的极限。
A
water-based coating was developed to replace the
solvent coating.
一种水溶性涂料被开发用
作代替溶剂的涂料。
Different spraying equipment
was installed and the product was tested
for quality and stability.
不同
的喷雾设备已经被安装了，
并测试了产品的质量和稳定性。
Te
sts were positive and 24
tons of air
pollution was prevented annually.
这些测试都是
成功的，每年阻止了
24
吨的空气污染物的排放。
AT&T has a goal to achieve a 100%
reduction of CFC
’
s by 1994
and to eliminate toxic air emissions of all types
by
the
year
2000.
美国最大的电话电信公司
AT&T
有一
个要实现的目标，就是在
1994
年使含氯氟烃减少
100%
并在
2000
年
消除各种的有毒的废气排放物。
They
have
substituted
a
derivative
of
citrus
fruits
and
other
organic
compounds,
for
solvents
used
to
clean
electronic
equipment;
and
eliminated
CFC use
in
circuitboard
manufacturing
process
through use of the AT&T Low Solid Fluxer.
他们已经用一种柠檬果制品和其他有机物所代替过去曾用于清
洁电子设备的溶剂；通
过使用
AT&T
的低固态助焊剂取消了含氯氟烃在电路板制造工
艺的使用。
Substituting
d-Limonene for chlorinated solvents allowed Xerox
to reduce the amount of solvents emitted to the
atmosphere from about 200000 pounds to
17000 pounds.
用柠檬油精代替氯化溶剂可以允许
Xerox
（施乐）的溶剂
排放到大气中的量从
200
，
000
镑减少至
17
，
000
磅。
Process
changes
过程变化
A
high pressure water strip operation has enabled
Xerox to recycle 800000 pounds of nickel and 2
million pounds
of aluminum tubes per
year, and to return 160000 pounds of selenium to
suppliers for reuse.
一种高压水提取操作已经
< br>能使
Xerox
（施乐）每年回收
800
，
000
磅的镍和
2
，
000
，
000
磅的铝管，还有退回
160
，
000
磅的硒给供应商
循环
再用。
Scott Paper Company has
developed a system for source deduction known as <
/p>
“
precycling
”
in which paper products
are
packages in larger quantities, thus saving
materials that would otherwise have been wasted.
造纸公司开发了一个
被称为“预循环”
<
/p>
的资源回收系统，它的纸产品被大量的包装，因此省下了那些可能要浪费掉的材料。
Chevron used to dispose of
tank bottoms in landfills. It now uses a
centrifuge to separate oil from water; it reused
the oil and treats the water leaving
only a small amount of solid to be landfilled
(less than 5% of the orginal sludge).
雪<
/p>
佛龙公司过去曾经在填埋场处理罐底沉淀物。该公司现在是用一种离心机把油从水中分离出
来；它对那些油进
行再利用并且对那些水进行处理使得只残留很少部分的固体被填埋（少
于
5%
的原始污泥含量）
。
At
3M
’
s
Office
System
Division
plant
s
temperature
control
computer
has
been
adapted
to
control
start-up
temperature, and has eliminated start-
up waste for an annual saving of 533200 dollars in
silver, paper, solvents, and
labor.
The
capital
cost
was
16000.137
dollars
tons
of
solid
waste
were
eliminated,
53
tons
of
air
pollution
was
pre
vented.
在
3M
的办公系统分离
部门，一台温度控制电脑已经被应用来控制开启温度，还有那开启所排放的废
物，在银，
纸张，溶剂和劳动力等方面每年省下了
533
，
200
美元。它的成本是被排放的
16
，
000
美元处理掉
137<
/p>
吨的固体废物，防止了
53
吨的空气污染
物。
Equipment
modifications
设备改造
Equipment
may
be
modified
to
enhance
recovery
or
recycling
operations,
to
produce
less
waste,
or
to
improve
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operating
efficiency.
设备能够被
改造以能够提高恢复或回收的操作率，产生更少废物，或提高操作效率。
An
Exxon plant in Bayway, New Jersey,
installed floating roofs on 16 tanks storing the
most volatile chemicals used in the
plant. A floating roof is a cover that
rests on the liquid changes, thus minimizing the
formation of chemical vapors that
have
to be vented from the tank. Emissions reductions
totaled 680000 pounds per year, worth more than
200000 dollars.
在新泽西的
Bayway
，一个
Exxon
部门，在
16
个容器中安装了储存了在工厂中使用的最有挥发性的化学品的浮
顶。浮顶根随着液体水平的变化而升降，因此，使必须从工厂被排放出的化工蒸气减到最小。污染物 每年总的
减少量是
680
，
000
磅，价值超过
200
，
000
元。
Operating
practices
操作实践
Often good housekeeping is the key to
better waste minimization. Such practices as
maintaining a strict preventive
maintenance program eliminate much
wasted material.
一般地，好的内部管理是废物最少化的关键。这样维
持一个
严密的定期检修的经验能够减少很多废料。
Sloppy
housekeeping practices such as leaking tanks,
valves, or pumps
may cause process
chemicals to spill requiring cleanup and disposal.
散漫的内部管理习惯如储罐，阀门，或泵的泄
漏，可能造成处理
化学制品溢出而需要采取净化和处理措施。
Poor
cleaning of parts or inadequate dropout time will
reduce the usefulness of the process chemicals,
increase the
cost of waste disposal,
and the cost of chemical replacement.
不够
干净或不充足的洗液时间将减少处理化学制品的
有用性，增加废物处理的费用和化工替换
的费用。
Improving materials
receiving, storage, and handling practices are
needed in some plants so that materials are not
“
wasted
”
before use.
在一些部门中提高材料的接收，储存
和操作实践，材料在没有使用之前就不是“废物”了。
Educating employees so that equipment
is used correctly
is important.
For example, operator training on
proper
painting spray techniques may
offer untold benefits.
对于教育工
作者设备能正确的使用是很重要的，
例如，
操作者
适当地运用喷雾技术可能会有意想不到的收获。
Purchasing and inventory practices may
need improvement. Raw materials that lose their
usefulness because they
sit on the
shelf too long become waste . Having agreements
with suppliers to recycle containers, use less
packaging,
ect., may reduce the solid
waste of the company.
采购和仓库里的管理可能需要改善。原材
料因为存放在架子上太
长时间失去了它们本身的使用价值，从而变成了废物。和供销商达
成协议去回收容器，使用少用包装等等，都
可以减少固体废物在工厂里的产生。
Proper segregation of waste
streams will allow more opportunity for recycling
and reclamation.
对废物的适当分离
将为回收
和利用提供更多的机会。
It is often less expensive
to recycle a chemical than to purchase new
material and
pay
foe
disposal
costs.
回收
利用一个化学品比购买一个新的物质和对旧物质的处置费用要低。
Sometimes,
a
material may no longer
meet specifications for one purpose but may be
suitable for others uses at the facility.
有时候，
一个材料也许不再符合原来的规格，但是也许可以适用于设施上的其他用途
。
For example, solvent used to clean
paint
equipment
may
serve
as
thinner
for
the
next
batch.
Closed-loop
systems
eliminate
disposal
of
hazardous
chem
icals.
譬如，被用于清洗油漆设备的溶剂也许对于下一批产品起稀释剂作用。
Recycling and
reuse
回收和再利用
Recycling can be performed both on-site
and off-site. Waste exchanges may provide
opportunity for a waste at one
plant to
become a useful product at
another.
回收可以在现场和非现场执行。
废物交换可以为在一个工厂的废物成
为在另一个上有用的产品提供机会。<
/p>
Waste Minimization/Waste
Reduction Implementation
废物最小化
/
实现减少废物
In order
for an industry to implement waste
minimization/waste reduction, certain elements
need to be in place.
为
了在行业中能够
实现废物最小
/
减少废物，某些要素必须具备的
.
First there should be ownership or
management
commitment.
首先，是所有
者或管理层的承诺
.
This should be a
written policy indicating support of waste
minimization.
这应当有一个书面政策表明支持废物的最小化
.
Management must be recognized
as desirous of this
program before
employees will adopt it with any enthusiasm.
在员工热心采用以前，管理者必须是被认为是很支持
废物最小化的。
The commitment has to be real, to affect
production decisions, and to be a part of job
performance
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evaluations.
承诺必须是真实的，影响生产的决定，并成为工作绩效评价的其中一部分
.
A waste minimization
team should be established.
应该成立一个废物最小化的
机构。
Although each company will
differ and specific number and makeup
vary depending on company size, complexity, and
resources, this team should
be composed
of a variety of people who can be contribute to
the waste minimization effort.
虽然每家公司会有所
不
同，具体数量和形式取决于公司的规模，复杂性和资源，这个机构应由各种各样的能够
为废物最小化作贡献的
来组成。
Examples of
those who should be a part of the team include
representatives from the following.
包括以下的
代表应该成为机构的一分子
:
●
management
管理层
●
quality
control
质量控制
●
environmental
engineering
环境工程
●
purchasing/inve
ntory/warehousing
采购
/
< br>库存
/
仓储
●
facilities
maintenance
设施维修
●
shipping/receiv
ing/warehousing
航运
/
接收
/
仓储
●
process
engineering
工程过程
●
accounting
会计
●
Product
ion
生产
●
personnel
工作人员
●
safety
and health
安全与健康
●
marketing
市场营销
●
research and
development
研究与发展
Members of these team need to have
regular meeting to brainstorm and identify opportu
nities.
这些队伍的成员们
必须有定期会议，以集思广益
，并寻找机会。
Every waste steam should be
considered an opportunity until proven
otherwise.
每个废物流应该被认为是一个机会知道被证明不是为止。
Remember, wastes are disadvantaged
resources.
记住，废物是放错地方的资源。
The objective of the waste minimization
program should be clearly defined so that everyone
knows is to be
schedule to determine
whether the desired results are being met.
< br>尽量减少废物的计划的目标应当明确地被定义，使
每个人都知道时间表，以确定是
否达到预期的结果。
Opportunities
should be
prioritized.
机会优先。
Not all
wastes have the same value.
并非所有的废物都具有相同
的
价值。
Look for the
比如说寻找
“长的较低的果子”
,
这是最容
易达成的一个。
For the obviously wasteful practices, for the
cost/benefit ratios, for the distinct hazards .
如明显废物的
处理，如花费
/
利润的比率，如明显有害的物质。
Involve
everybody, educate employees and let everyone make
suggestions for waste minimization.
涉及到每
个人，
教育员工让大家为尽量减少废物提出建议，
Everyo
ne
每个
人
“浪费”
一点，
可能就能得到一个解决办法。
Determine the technical and economic
feasibility of the suggestions
made.
确定这些建议在技术和经济上的可行性。
Perform a waste technical feasibility
studies need to be implemented to determine
opportunities to eliminate waste
genera
tion.
必须执行废物评价，以确定消除废物的可能性。
Id
entify costs/savings of waste management,
disposal,
treatment, and waste minimiza
tion.
确定费用
/
节约废物管理，
处置，治疗，并尽量减少废物。
Economic and
technical feasibility studies need to be
implemented to determine whether an idea should be
attempted.
需要落实经济和技术可行性研究，以确定
是否有应该去尝试一个方法的必要。
Demonstration projects
may be
necessary.
表明此工程项目可能是必要的。
Learn from others. Much has been
written in the waste minimization area.
学习他人经验。
在废物最小化这一领域
已有很多书面资料。
Many are willing to share their knowledge
.don't try to reinvent the wheel.
许多人愿意分
享他们
的知识。
不会尝试去重新发明人家已经发明的东西。
Develop networking partners to share
ideas, attend conferences,
utilize
technology transfer centers.
发展网络的伙伴，以分享
想法，参加相关会议，利用技术交流中心。
Remember
that waste minimization is a continuing, continual
process and that waste reduction pays dividends.
记
住，废物最小化是一个正在继续的过程，通过降低废物处理成本而
收益。
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