Williamson(1979)transaction-cost economics交易费用经济学-合同关系的治理(中英

当存有正式的索赔时，在

自主政党之间的硬性合约可能会出现纠纷。

In a world where (at least some) parties are inclined

to be opportunistic, whose representations are to be believed?

在这个世界上（至少部分）政党倾

向于

机会主义

，那么谁的陈述可以被相信呢？

Faced with the prospective break down of classical contracting in these circumstances, three

alternatives

are

available.

在这些情况下面古典合约的分解，有三 个可行的替代方法。

One

would

be

to

forgo

such

transactions

altogether.

一是放弃这种交易。

A

second

would

be

to

remove

these

transactions

from

the

market

and

organize

them

internally

instead.

Adaptive,

sequential decision making would then be implemented under common and with the assistance of

hierarchical incentive and control systems.

第二种是将这些交易从市场中移除，并用组织内部

< br>化作为替代。自适应的、序贯决策将在常见分层激励和控制系统的援助下实现。

T hird,

a

different

contracting

relation

which

preserves

trading

but

provides

for

additional

governance

structure

might

be

devised.

This

last

brings

us

to

what

Macneil

refers

to

as

neoclassical

contracting.

第三，

可能会设计出一种，

保存了交易但提供 了额外治理结构的不同的合约关系。

这最后一种给我们带来了

M acneil

所涉及的新古典主义合约。

As Macneil observes,

of gaps in their planning and the presence of a range of processes and techniques used by contract

planners to create flexibility in lieu of either leaving gaps or trying to plan rigidly.< /p>

19

就像

Macneil

所观察的，

“

长期合约的

两 个共同特征

：第一，他们的计划中空白的存在，第二，存在合约

计划者用以去创建代替留下缺口和试图严格地计划的灵活性，

而使用的一系列流程和技术 的

存在。

”Third

-party

assistance

in

resolving

disputes

and

evaluating

performance

often

has

advantages over litigation in serving these functions of flexibility and gap filling.

解决争端和评估

绩效的第三方援助，

通常对于这些灵活性和填补空白的功能的诉讼有利。

Lon Fuller's remarks

on procedural differences between arbitration and litigation are instructive:

朗富勒关于仲裁和诉

讼的程序区别的言论具有启发意义：

（诉讼会使关系破裂，而仲裁不 会）

there are open to the arbitrator . . quick methods of education not open to the courts.

对仲

裁员开放。

。教育的快速方法对法庭不开放。

An

arbitrator

will

frequently

interrupt

the

examination

of

witnesses

with

a

request

that

the

parties

educate

him

to

the

point

where

he

can

understand the testimony being received.

仲裁员会经常打断对 证人审问，

要求教育与他到可以

理

解< /p>

的

点

，

且

能

被

接

受

证

词

。

This

education

can

proceed

informally,

with

frequent

interruptions

by

the

arbitrator,

and

by

informed

persons

on

either

side,

when

a

point

needs

clarification.

这个教导可以在非正式的情况下进行

,

当某点需要被澄清时，可以被仲裁员、

另一方的知情人频繁中断。

Sometimes

there

will

be

arguments

across

the

table,

occasionally

even

within

each

of

the

separate

camp s.

在桌旁有时会有争吵

,

有时甚至在 每个单独的营地争

吵。

The

end

result

will

usually

be

a

clarification

that

will

enable

everyone

to

proceed

more

intelligently

with

the

case.

最终的结果通常 会是一个阐明

,

这会使大家更明智地进行这个案

件。

There is in this informal procedure no infringement whatever of arbitrational due process.

20

在

这个非正式的程序中，没有任何的关于仲裁过程的侵权。

A

recognition

that

the

world

is

complex,

that

agreements

are

incomplete,

and

that

some

contracts will never be reached unless both parties have confidence in the settlement machinery

thus

characterizes neoclassical

contract

law. < /p>

世界是复杂的、协议是不完全的、一些合约永远

不会达成除非双方 都有信心解决机械，这些认识是新古典合约法的特点。

One

important

purposive

difference

in

arbitration

and

litigation

that

contributes

to

the

procedural

differences

described by Fuller is that, whereas continuity (at least completion of the contract) is presumed

under the arbitration machinery, this presumption is much weaker when litigation is empl oyed.

21

在仲裁和诉讼中一个重要的且有目的的不同（导 致了

Fuller

所描述的程序上的差异）是

< br>,

连

续性

(

至少合同的持续性

)

是在仲裁机械下假定

< br>,

当诉讼被采用时这个假设是非常弱的。

C. Relational Contracting

关系合约

The

pressures

to

sustain

ongoing

relations

led

to

the

spin-off

of

many

subject

areas

from the classical, and later the neoclassical, contract law system, e.g., much of corporate law and

collective

bargaining.

22

维持持续关系的压力

“

已导致许多学科领域从古典主义、以及后来的

新古典主义、合约法律制度中，繁衍出副产 品

,

如

,

许 多公司法律和集体谈判”

。

Thus,

progressively

increasing

the

and

complexity

of

contract

has

resulted

in

the

displacement

of

even

neoclassical

adjustment

processes

by

adjustment

processes

of

a

more

thoroughly transaction- specific, ongoing- administrative kind.

23

因此，

逐步增加合约的

“持续性

和复杂性”

，已导致了新古典主义的调整过程被更加彻底的特定性交易、持续的行政种类的

调整过程所取代。

The

fiction

of

discreteness

is

fully

displaced

as

the

relation

takes

on

the

properties of

its

immediate

pro cesses.

24

不连续性的谎言可以完全被取代作为建立在 小型社会属性上的关

系，这个小型社会有一系列超出那些围绕交换和其中间处理过程为核 心的规范。

By contrast

with

the

neoclassical

system,

where

the

reference

point

for

effecting

adaptations

remains

the

original agreement, the reference point under a truly relational approach is the

has

developed...

[through]

time.

This

may

or

may

not

include

an

'original

agreement';

and

if

it

does, may or may not result in great deference being given i t.

25

与新古典主义系统相比，

在这 儿

影响适应性的参考点仍然是原协议，

当它已经发展很好时真实 关系方法下的参考点是整个关

系；这可能或不可能包括一个原协议，如果是这样的话

,

可能会或可能不会导致巨大的差异。

239-244

< br>翻译（红色字体表示非常不确定的翻译）刘芝兰

II.

特质经济学

Macneil's

three-way

discussion

of

contracts

discloses

that

contracts

are

a

good

deal

more

varied

and

complex

than

is

commonly

realized

26

.

麦克尼尔关于合同的三方讨论揭示了合同是

一个很好的协议，它比人们对合同的普遍认识更加多变和复杂。

It

furthermore

suggests

that

governance

structures-the

institutional

matrix

within

which

transactions

are

negotiated

and

executed-vary with the nature of the transaction.

这进一步表明，治理结构—— 合约谈判和执行

中的制度矩阵——随着交易的本质而变化。

Bu t

the

critical

dimensions

of

contract

are

not

expressly

identified,

and

the

purposes

of

governance

are

not

stated.

Harmonizing

interests

that

would otherwise give way to antagonistic subgoal pursuits appears to be an important governance

function, but this is not explicit in his discussion.

但是并不能明确地识别出合同的关键维度，也

没有规定治理的目的。

否则，

让路给敌对的子目标追求的利益协调似乎是一个重要治理活动

（功能）

，但是在它的讨论中并没有明确这点。

That

simple

governance

structures

should

be

used

in

conjunction

with

simple

contractual

relations

and

complex

governance

structures

reserved

for

complex

relations

seems

generally

s ensible.

简单的治理结构结合简单的合同关系使用，复杂的治理结构预留给复杂 的合同关系

通常是明智的。

Use of a complex structure to govern a simple relation is apt to incur unneeded

costs, and use of a simple structure for a complex transaction invites strain.

使用一个复杂的结构

来治理简单的关系，

可能会产生不必要的成本，

而使用一个简单的结构来治理复杂的交易则

需要耗费大量力气，且需随机应变。

But

what

is

simple

and

complex

in

contractual

respects?

Specific attention to the defining attributes of transactions is evidently needed.

但是在合约方面什

么是简单的，什么是复杂的呢？特别注意对交易特性 的定义，显然是必要的。

As developed in Section III, the three critical dimensions for characterizing transactions are

(1)

uncertainty,

(2)

the

frequency

with

which

transactions

recur,

and

(3)

the

degree

to

which

durable transaction-specific investments are incurred.

第三部分中讨论的，