-
不定式、动名词、分词、独立主格结构用法之区别
总述：
分词短语作定语时
,
相当一个
定语从句
;
单个
现在分词<
/p>
作定语
,
常前置
;
单个
过去分词
常后置
,
表一次具体
动作
;
而前置表
通常状况
。
非谓语的否定式是把
not
置于非谓语动词前。
分词短语作状语时
,
相当于
各种状语从句
,
即各种状语从句的主语与主句主语相同
,
去掉连词和从句主语
,
把谓语动词改为
非谓语形式
;
当从
句主语与主句主语不同时
,
则主语不能去掉
,
即变成
独立主格结构
,
但不能
作定语和补语。不定式表示<
/p>
(
过去或将来
)
具体某一次动作
,
强调全过程
;
或表示
将要发生的动作
。
不定式表示一般状况与动名词用法相同。不定式还可做目的状
语和结果状语。
单个
动名
词
做主语
,
谓语用
单数
;
做表语时
,
表示主语的
性质
或
具体内容
。
一
、
不定式
1
、
to<
/p>
+
动原
,
叫做
不定式
,
.
与动名词
< br>、
分词一起叫做
非谓语形式
。<
/p>
其复合结构也一样
;
作使役
、
感观
V
宾补时
,
不带
to
;
而当这些动词变成被动语态时要加上
to
。
省
to
:
(
1)help sb / sth (to)
动原
、
don’t
dare (to)
+
动原
、
prefer
to
+
.
动原
+rather
than+(to)
动原
、
do
sth but / except
(to)
+
动原
, (
2
)
what
引导主语从句<
/p>
,
everything / all / the
bes
t
所带定语从句
关系代词
作
do
的宾语
,
.
则作表语的
不定式
to
可省
;
(
3
)
and
< br>并列多个不定式
,
第一个以后
t
o
可省。
※
too
+ adj
/
adv+
to
动原；
adj
/
adv +
enough to
+
动原；
manage / fail to do
appeal to sb/sth to do
approve
of sb/sth
to do
only to do
不表将要做某事
arrange for sb/sth to do
demand of sb/sth to do
.
感观动词
+sb/sth
do
s
1
I saw her walk across the
square and go into a lane.
.
.
.
○
2
Set a thief to
catch a thief.
○
→
She was seen to
walk across the square and go into a
lane.
..
. ..
○
3
She is too
young to go to school.
4
I often heard him sing in
the next room.
.
○
5
It
’
s a
pleasure to manaage to get here.
○
6
What / All I
want to do is (
to
) help you
with your study.
.
○
7
He is old
enough to join the army.
○
8
Would you be so
kind as to help me with my English study?
○
9
To
see is to believe.
or
Seeing
is believing.
○
10
It
’
s (of) no use
regretting
/
to regret what
has been done.
..
.
.
○
11
It
’
s
worthwhile writing
/
to write
it all out again.
○
12
To err is
human, to forgive is divine.
犯错是凡人
,
宽恕是圣人
.
○
13
Simon had no choice but to
work hard then.
○
14
Despite a
heavy snow, the children are still looking forward
to
(not cancel)
the outdoor activity
○
at the
weekend.
○
15
My job is
(water)all the flowers in the garden.
○
16
I
’
m pleased to see you here.
17
The best that you can do
is
(manage) the
stress in the day to minimize its impact on your
health.
○
2
、
(un)important, dangerous, terrible, (un)fit,
surprising, (im)possible,
easy
,
hard
.
/
difficult
,
light
/
heavy
,
nice / beautiful,
interesting, pleasant, expensive, weak
等
作表语时
,
不定式作
条件
、
结果状语
,
用
主动
表示
被动
,
表明说话人对
不定式
动作
看法
或
建议
。
1
Why do people come to
his lecture since it is hard to
understand
？
○
2
The country of
Andorra (
安道尔
) is hard to
find on the
world’s
map.
○
3
The
book is very interesting to read.
(
条件状语
)
.
.
○
4
The
place is too difficult to get
to.
（结果状语）
○
5
This type of
music is good to dance to.
(
条件状语
)
.
○
6
The supermarket
is expensive to run.
○
7
These goods are
heavy to carry.
(
条件状语
)
→
These goods are too heavy
to carry. (
结果状语
)
○
8
The fire was
(too big) hard
(control)
○
3
、不定式复合结构
for / of
sb (sth) to do
：
1
)
不定式复合结构作主语
,
表语是
(
im
)
possible
, (
un
)
necessary
, (
un
)
easy
,
(
un
)
likely
, (
un
)
usual
,
(
un
)
important
等表示对不定式动作的
客观陈述
时
,
用
for;<
/p>
而表语是
good, nice, kind,
friendly, brave, (
im
)polite,
(
dis
)honest,
cruel,stupid
/
clever,
foolish
/
wise,
silly
/
bright,
careless(
ful
), childish, luc
ky
表说话人对不定式动作及执行者
性格
特征
、
能力特征
的
主观感受
或
评价
(
赞扬、赏识或责备
,<
/p>
贬低
)
时
,
用
of
.
.
2
)
作其它成份都用
for
.
1
One suggested answer is for
farmers to limit the numbers of their
cattle.(SB2AL34)
○
2
This is for you
to decide.
○
3
He gave orders
for the work to be done at once.
○
4
It
’
s very
kind of you to send me off.
○
5
It
’
s important for us to arrive there on
time.
○
4
< br>、
1
)
only
+
不定式作结果状语
,
.
表示出乎意料的结果
;
< br>.
句子主语与不定式动作是主谓关系
,
< br>.
不定式用主动式
;
若是动宾语关系
,
.
用被动式
,
.
表谓语动作后发生的又一
动作
,
可改为
and
/
but
连接
,
与修饰的谓语动作并列。
1
to
+
动原作结果状语时，常与否定词连用，表结果未产生。
2
)
only
+v-ing
作结果状语
,
强调谓语动作所造成的
结果
,
是顺理成章的
必然结果
,
谓语与分词是因果关系
,
不能改成
and
或
but
连接
< br>,
但可用
and so
连接
;
句子谓语动词多是终极结果的动词
,
leave
,
arrive
,
die
,
end
,
return
,
break
up
等
;
v-ing
表
结果
时
,
强调谓语动作引起该结果这个
客观事实
,
但不是意料中
必然结果
。
1
They
lifted the rocks
only
(have)
them drop on
their own feet.
○
2
I hurried to
the station
only
(tell)
the train had left
already.
○
3
He
dropped the china plate on the cement ground,
only
(break)
it into pieces.
○
4
He went to the
seaside
only to be drowned
.
.
○
5
Tom was late
for class,
(criticize)
by
the head teacher.
○
6
Lily
’
< br>s mobile phone was left in a taxi accidentally, never
(find) again.
○
7
It rained hard
all day yesterday, only
(cause)a big flood in this area, for
there isn
’
t no river at all.
○
8
More highways
have been built in China,
(make)it much easier for
people to travel from one place
○
.
to another.
(
NMET11
陕西
.
20
)
5
、不定式动词是及物
V
,
与被修饰的<
/p>
n
、
pron
是
动宾关系
,
.
且谓语动词是
have, need, win
等或
with
+ n
、
pron,
不定式用
主动
或
被动
,
含义不同。若句子主语是不定式动作执行者
,
不定式多用
主动式
;
当不定式逻辑主语
不是句子主语用<
/p>
被动式
.
there
be+n/pron
+
不定式
(
主动或被动
)
,<
/p>
.
其余情况该用
主动式
< br>就用
主动式
,
该用
被动式
就用
被动式
。
序数词
(the first, the
second, the next, the last
等
)
或形容词最高级及其修饰之名词被
非谓语形式
< br>
修饰时
,
用
不定式
。
1
I have a lot of work
(do) tonight.
○
2
Have you got
something
(eat )?
○
3
I
’
m going to
Tibet. Do you have anything
(take) to your son there ?
○
4
He gave orders
for the work
(do
).
○
5
There are too
many cakes
(choose)from. <
/p>
○
.
○
6
One day the man took a pair of shoes
(mend).
.
○
7
He
is always the first
(come) and the last
(leave).
.
○
8
Tu
Youyou became the first Chinese scientist
(win)the Nobel Prize in Medicine.
.
6
、
be
to
blame
(for)
与
be to
rent /
let
用
主动
表
被动
意义。
.
○
1
You are
(blame)
(
should
be blamed
) for your fault in the job
though it was small.
.
○
2
Who
is
(blame
)(
should be
responsible
) for the serious traffic
accident?
.
○
3
This house
is
(rent)
(
will be
rented
).
.
7
、
1
）
do any /
every / no +thing but / except / besides
+(
to
)
动原
< br>,
凡谓语不是
do
,
but
等后必带
to
+
动原
。
2
）
cannot help /
choose but
+
动原
,
“只好”。
3
）
cannot but
+
.
动原
,
实质上是
2
）的省略式。
1
He can
do
nothing but tell lies.
○
2
He can
do
everything but steal.
○
3
What do you
like
besides to collect
stamps ?
○
4
In
twelve years she almost never
spoke
to me except to say
“
Good
morning
”
.
○
5
I
want
nothing from you but
(get)your true feelings.
○
6
I
have
no choice but
/
except
(listen) to you
.
○
.
8
、
非谓语形式在特定句型中的运用：
1
)
.
what (ever)
sb can +
to
动原
(
目的状语
)
.
谓语
+
.
everything
/ all
sb can
+
to
动原
(
目的状语
)
as
much
as sb can
+
to
动原
(
目的状语
)
..
2
)
spend
as much
(time /
money)
as
sb can/could
+
v-ing
(
宾语
)
.
○
1
The doctors did
whatever they could
(save)
the
injured boy.
.
○
2
The government
should do as much as they could
(protect) the
natural environment.
.
○
3
The theory the
man stuck to
(prove) right.
二
、
动名词
v-ing
既具有动词的特点
,
可带自己的宾语和状语
< br>;
又具有名词的特点
,
做句子的
主语
、
宾语
、
定语
、
.
表语
,
表
一般性或习惯性动作
。动名词做定语时
,
说明中心词的
类别
或
用途
;
做表语时
,
说明主语
.
的
内容
或
性质
。
动名词复合结构
：
o
ne
’
s
doing
做主语、宾语、定语、表语
,
陈述事件内容
;
做宾语、表语时
,
名词用
普通格
,
代词用
宾格
。
2
1
.
只接
v-ing
做宾语的动词有
:
suggest, consider
(
考虑
)
, practise, finish,
mind, enjoy, avoid, escape, delay
,
imagine, risk,admit,advise,
tolerate
(
忍受
),
deny
(
否定
,
拒绝
)
, miss
(
未做成
)
, keep,
resist(
抵制
)
,
report, oppose, quit.
1
She
avoided answering such questions.
○
2
He
couldn
’
t resist laughing.
○
3
Would you mind
waiting a few more minutes?
○
4
I finished
reading this novel last night.
○
5
It has stopped
raining.
.
○
6
She
suggested bringing the meeting to an end.
○
7
The
squirrel was lucky that it narrowly escaped
(catch).
○
2
.
remember/forget; go on/stop; mean, regret, try, wa
nt
等接动名词和接不定式，其含义不同
。
1
I posted the card, but I
forgot
(do) that.
○
2
—
The
light in the office is still on.
—
Oh, I forgot
(turn) it off .
○
3
—
You
should say sorry to your brother.
—
Yes, I regret
(quarrel)with him.
< br>○
…
○
4
—
To buy the IMB PC
686
means
(waste)a lot of money.
—
Really? I
don
’
t mean
(waste) much money.
5
I regret
(tell)you
that(
遗憾地
).
○
3
.
deserve, need, want, require
加
不定式被动式
或
动名词主动式
。
1
The door wants
(repair).
○
2
He felt that he
didn
’
t deserve
(give) such a
great honor.
○
3
I
need
(go) there by bike, but
something is wrong with it. It needs
( repair).
○
.
4
.
只接
to
do
做宾语的动词有
:
hope,
wish, expect, attempt, desire, claim, (dis) agree,
promise, refuse, afford,
undertake(
同意
),prepare, plan, decide,
determine, offer, beg, pretend
;
manage, fail
.
三
、
分词
<
/p>
..
分词分为
现在分词
< br>和
过去分词
.
.
现在分词
表
主动
和
正在进行
.
.
过去分词<
/p>
表
被动
和
已经完
成
。
分词可作定语、宾补
;
作时间
、
条件
、
让步状语时
可
保留原从句
连词
;
作方式状语要保留连词
;
作原
因、
结果、目的状语不保留连词
;<
/p>
还可作伴随状语。
having
(been) done
通常
不
作
后置定语
、
宾补
和
伴随状语
(
三不
)
。
judging from;
generally/strictly/frankly speaking; taking
everything into
consideration
如全部考虑
★
e
verything taken
into consideration /account; remaining
作
前置定语
(
不及物
),
而
left
及物作后置定语。
一
)
定语：
作定语相当于定语从句。
.
.
○
1
This is a
distressingly grievous (
惨痛的
)
lesson
(pay) for with blood.
.
.
○
2
The
lecture,
(start)at 7:00 pm last night, was
followed by an observation of the moon
with pleasure.
(
NMET12
湖南
.
31
)
二
)
状语
:
作状语相当于状语从句。
1
、时间状语：相当于
before
,
after
,
since
,
until
,
when
,
while
,
as
引导的时间状语从句。
1
(When)
Hearing
the good news, we were all excited.
○
2
(When)
R
eleased
from the jail, he had been
separated from his folks for nearly 20 years.
○
3
Children, when
(accompany)by their parents, are
allowed to enter the stadium.
○
1
His
father
’
s
(come)
back
.
safely made the family
very happy.
.
○
2
Teaching
English is my job.
→
My job is
teaching English
○
3
There is a
(swim) pool at the back of the garden.
○
4
The next thing
he saw was smoke
(rise)from behind the house.
(
NMET11
新课标
.
27
)
○
.
(
NMET14
湖南
.
21
)
2
、条件状语：相当于
if
,
unless
,
once
引导的条件状语从句；祈使句
+and
(
肯定
)/
or
(
否定
)
sb
will
+
动原
;
<
/p>
有时可用
n
(
短
语
)+
and
(
肯定
)
/or
(
否定
)
sb
will
+
动原。
○
1
Given another
chance, we
’
ll do it much
better.
→
If
we
’
re given another chance,
we
’
ll do it much better.
○
2
Working still
harder, you
’
ll make greater
progress.
○
3
Once (it is)
lost, it will never be found again.
5
One fulcrum
(
支点
) to me, and I will lift
up the whole earth.
○
4
Work hard,
or
you
won
’
t succeed.
○<
/p>
.
○
6
More
courage of love to me, and I will pay it back all
my life.
给我爱的的勇气
,
我将一辈子偿还于你。
○
7
Time,
(use)correctly, is money in the bank.
(
NME
T12
湖南
.
23
)
.
..
○
8
(base)an
important decision more on emotion than on reason,
you will regret it sooner or later.
(
NMET12
江苏
.
31
)
3
3<
/p>
、让步状语：相当于
(
al
)
though
,
even though
(
if
),<
/p>
引导让步状语从句。
○
1
(
Although
)
Admitting what he has said is right, we still
think he
’
s dishonest.
○
2
(
Though
) Seriously wounded, the soldier went on fighting.
4
、方式状语：相当
as
if
,
as though
,
than
,
引导方式状语从句，连词不省；
当从句中有
it is (was)
或
there is / was
(were)
,
也可省略。
○
1
The actor threw
himself from the horse as if
(shoot).
○
2
He opened his
mouth as if
(speak).
○
3
In fact, the
situation is much better than (it was)
(expect).
5
、原因状语：
相当于
because
,
since
,
as
等引导的原因状语从句。
○
1
Not knowing her
address, we
couldn’t
get in
touch with her.
→
Because we
didn
’
t know her address, we
couldn
’
t get in touch with
her.
2
(Because
he was) Born and brought up in the remote village,
he knows nothing about the outside world.
< br>○
6
、结果状语
：
相当
and thus
(
hence
)
并列谓语
,
或
so that
引导
结果状语从句
或表
顺承关系
,
即分词动作
发生在谓语动作之后。
主谓
.
+
so
+
adj
(
表
)
/adv
< br>(
状语
)+
that
结果状语从句
.
such
+ adj + n
(
不
/
可数
)
+
that
+
结果状语从句
→
主谓
.
+
so
+
adj /adv + as to +
动原
such
+ adj + n +
as to +
动原
1
My car was caught in a
traffic jam,
thus causing
the delay.
○
→
My car was
caught in a traffic jam, and thus caused the
delay.
2
He opened the
door,
greeting
the guests.
→
He opened the
door and greeted the
guests.(
顺承关系
)
○
3
He turned off
the lamp,
hence seeing
nothing.
..
→
He
turned off the lamp, and hence saw nothing.
○
4
He was late for
class,
thus criticized
by
his boss.
○
.
○
5
He got
up early
so that
he caught
the first bus.
.
→
He got up
so
early
as to
catch
the first bus.
.
○
6
He
got up so early as to catch the first bus.
7
He got up late and hurried
to his office,
(
leave
)the
breakfast untouched.
(
NMET12
天津
.
11
)
○
.
○
2
Tom
did
such
a bad thing
that
he could be paid more
attention to.
.
→
Tom did
such
a bad thing
as to be paid
more attention to.
.
○
3
The
children talked
so
loudly at
the dinner table that I had to struggle
(hear).
8
、伴随状语：表示
与句子谓语动作
伴随的情况
或
状态
,
非并列关系
,
不可
改为相应
状语从句
。
1
The blind men stood
by the roadside all day,
begging
.
○
2
They returned
home, thirsty and
exhausted
.
○
3
The stranger
asked me to hand the letter to the police,
(say) it was very important.
○
4
Tom enjoyed
himself,
(listen) to wonderful light music, and
felt relaxed in the open air.
< br>○
注
1
、
无须考虑分词与句子主语逻辑关系：
1
)
provided/providing(that)
如
果
,
假使
;
given
,
assuming
,
supposi
ng(that)
如果
; considering
(that)
鉴于。
○
1
(suppose) (that) she
doesn
’
t come, what shall we
do?
2
(provide)(that) you finish the home-
work first, you can go out for a play.
○
3
(consider) everything into account, the
thing is getting well along.
○
2
)
judging by/from
1
Judging by his accent, he
may be from the south.
○
注
2
、
现在分词作宾补
,
分词所表示的动作与谓语动作同时发生
,
且处于持续状态
,
而过去分词作宾补
,
宾语与分词是动宾关系
。
以下动词
,
变成
被动语态
,
宾补
变成
主补
。
< br>现在分词和不定式主动式作
宾补
,
说明宾语是
< br>非谓语动作
的
执行者
。带宾补的
动词：
1
）感观
V
：
see, watch, notice,
observe, look at, catch; hear, listen to; feel.
其它感观
V
：
fi
nd, note.
2
）使役
V
：
let, make, have; set, get,
leave, force, order, allow, permit,
forbid
;
其它
V
：
tell, inform, ask, beg.
3
）思维
V
：
want, wish, expect, warn, like, advise, prefer, remind.
1
A cook will be
immediately fired if found
(smoke)in the
kitchen.(
主补
)
○
2
“
So
what ?
”
said Jack with his
arms
(cross), looking angrily at
his boss.
○
3
I
caught a thief
(steal) from a supermarket yesterday
evening.
○
4
7
、目的状语
:
主谓
+
.
so
that
+
sb
can / may /
will
+
动原
< br>→主谓
.
+
.
< br>.
(
so
as
)
to
+
动原
in order
tha
t
.
(
in
order
)
to +
动原
○
1
He
got up early
so that
he
could catch the first bus.
→
He got up early
so as to catch
the first
bus.
4
The teacher
doesn
’
t wish such questions
(discuss) in class.
< br>○
.
○
5
Where did you watch the national flag
(raise)at 8
:
08
August 8?
.
.
.
○
6
Believe it or not,
I hear David Herbert
(clean) the street in a small town not
far away from here.
注
3
、
surprised, worried,
disappointed, embarrassed
(
尴尬
)
, prepared ,
excited, pleased, astonished, delighted,
satisfied, devoted
(
热心的
)
,
discouraged, intended
等心理
V
分词以及
drunk, lost, known,
married, gone,
separated
作表语
,
已失去被动意义
,
只表
状态
。
1
I found that I was lost.
○
2
The
damage is done.
木已成舟
.
/
.
生米做成熟饭。
○
.
○
3
He looked
(embarrass)(
尴尬
)
when questioned.
○
4
Those hard days
are
(go)forever.
注
4
、
现在分词作
宾补
,
强调与谓语动作同时发生
;
过去分词
作宾补
,
强调与
宾语
的逻辑关系上为
被动
(
已发生
或
将要发生
)
或完成
;
不定式作宾补强调动作全过程或将要发生。
see sth
done
(
已发生
)
/
(
将要发生
done
)
1
My uncle saw me
grow up
in the countryside.
(
全过程
)
○
2
I found myself completely
(change).
○
3
Some children
are still in the habit of leaving the tap water
(run) after they use it.
○
4
I
’
ll
have it
typed
(
被动<
/p>
) and get someone
(send) it to you tomorrow.
○
5
The citizens
expect to see the environment protection
(strengthen) through the measures.
○
注
5
、
分词作状语
,
可
置句首
,
句中或句末
;
有时表
解释说明
,
均以逗号与
句子主干分开
;
但伴随状语多置句末。
1
Followed by his assistants,
the professor walked out of the hall.
○
.
→
The
professor, followed by his assistants, walked out
of the hall.
2
“
Well
done!
”
the teacher patted
the shoulder of the student, satisfied
(
伴随状语
) with a smile on his
face.
○
3
The
rescue workers are working around the clock,
sending the supplies to the area of
earthquake.(
解释
)
○
注
6
、
现在分词和过去分词相当于状语从句，主句中不再出现连词；
n
套主谓，要用
(
n-1
)
个连词
;
.
若是并列
谓语
V
,
则强调各谓语动作的先后顺序
;
若非并列谓语
,
则强调
同时进行
,
且
表伴随
。
1
Though invited,
but
they
didn
’
t attend the dinner
party
.
[
×
]
○<
/p>
→
(
Though
) invited, they didn
’
t
attend the dinner party
.
..
[
√
]
2
Well known for his expert
advice,
so
he was able to
help many people with personal problems.
[
×
]
○
. .]
.
→
Well known for his expert
advice, he was able to help many people with
personal problems .
.
.
[
√
]
3
He opened the door, entered
the room, and turned on the electric light.
○
4
Crusoe hurried
home,
(look) back constantly.
○
.
○
5
(observe) carefully if any change
occurs when doing experiments in lab.
(
NMET14
北京
< br>.
24
)
注
7
、
be
used to+ doing
习惯于做
be used to
+do
被用来做
used to +do
过去常常做
注意前二者的非谓语形式和用法：
used
to+doing
/
used to
+do
1
The old man
used to
(get) up early
used to
(like) to take a walk alone
by the
○
river
early in the morning.
注
8
、
agree, refuse, love, like,
hate, try, mean, hope, wish; would like, be
able
/
glad
/
happy
不定式动词与前面动词
相同
,
为避免重复
,
.
省略不定式后动词
,
保留
to
;
注意
to
(do),
to
be
(done);
to
have
(done),
to have
been
(done)
之别。
.
○
1
—
You should have thanked her before you left.
..
—
I
meant
(thank), but when I was
leaving, I couldn
’
t find her
anywhere.
2
Some people
suggested she reconsider the matter, but
she
.
(refuse) to.
○
四
、独立主格结构：一个独立主格名词或代词
(
逻辑主语
)
加上一个分词或不定式
(
含动作意义
),
adj
/
adv
或介词短语（表状态）。
语法功能<
/p>
：相当一个状语从句
,
表示行为方式或伴
随情况
,
也可以表示
时间
、
条件
、
让步
、
原因
、
对比
和
顺承关系
等
,
但不做定语。
1
、
表时间
1
Spring coming, all trees
will turn green.
.
.
.
.
○
2
The meeting
over, they left the meeting room.
○
3
Our work
(do), we went home hurriedl
y.
……
..
○
4
Water changing into ice, we call it
ice.
○
5
The signal
(give), the
players ran as fast as possible.
○
2
、表示条件
1
Time permitting,
we
’
ll visit the Imperial
Palace.
○
2
Weather
(be) fine, we
’
ll
start at 6 o
’
clock.
○
3
The party will
be held in the garden, weather
(permit).
(
NMET12
全国卷
I
28
)
○
4
Winter
(come), is
spring far behind?
○
5
3
、表示让步
1
Losses heavy(Although
losses were heavy), we recovered production soon
with their help.
○
2
It
(be) emergent for time, we
must try our best to solve this problem.
○
3
Bad weather
(cause) great
damage to their crops, the output
didn
’
t fall.
○
4
Tom
(work) hard all the time,
the results of all his subjects
aren
’
t satisfactory.
○
4
表示原因
1
It being Sunday, the
library was closed.
○
2
There being no
buses, we had to walk home.
○
3
The key
(lose), she
could not enter the room.
○
4
Such good
cadres to carry out the
Party
’
s policies,
we
’
ll be at
ease(
放心
).
○
5
She
(not do)her
homework, the teacher got angry.
○
5
、表示伴随情况或补充说明。
1
Last night I
followed him and came in, sword in hand
(
伴随
).
※
Mother Teresa
died a virgin
○
2
The teacher
came into the classroom, books under arm
(
伴随
).
○
3
In front of the
house was a tall tree, its top well above the tops
of the others (
补充说明
).
○
4
He lay on his
back, his teeth
(set), his right hand
(clench)
(
紧握
) on his breast,
○
and his glaring
eyes
(look)straight upward
(
伴随
).
5
I have bought a new coat,
the old one
(wear) out
(
补充说明
).
○
6
The plane
crashed, its bombs exploding as it hit the ground
(
补充说明
).
○
7
She walked
along the path, her son
(follow) close
behind.
○
8
Bats
are surprisingly long
-
lived
creatures, some
(have) a life span of around 20 years.
○
(
NMET11
浙江
.
3
)
6
、表示对比
1
Tom
is fat, his wife
(be) very slim.
→
Tom is fat while his wife
is very slim.
○
2
Silver is the
conductor (
导体
) of
electricity, copper
(follow) it closely.
○
3
We went
swimming, he
(read) at
home.
→
We went swimming while
he was reading at home.
○
.
○
4
His
temperature was very high, the breathing
(be)shallow .
7
、表示顺承关系
1
Today, I send you three
quarters of the sum (
数目
),
the rest of it
( follow) within a month.
○
2
Now I give you
so much, the rest
( follow) soon
.
○
6
非谓语动词种类及句法功能
概述
:
在
英语中，不作句子谓语，而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。非谓语
动词有动词不定式（
the
Infinitive
）；动名词（
the
Gerund
）；现在分词（
the Present Par
ticiple
）；过去分
词
(the
Past Participle)
。
1
．非谓
语动词与谓语动词的相同点有：
（
1
）如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用，如：
They built a garden.
They suggested building a
garden.
（
2
）都可以被状语修饰：
The suit
fits him very well.
The suit used to fit him very well.
（
3
）都有
主动与被动
,
“体”式（一般式；进行式；完成式）的变化。如：
He was punished
by his parents.
（谓语动词被动语态）
He
avoided being punished by his
parents.
（动名词的被动式）
We have written
the composition.
（谓语动词的完成时）
Having written
the composition, we handed it
in.
（现在分词的完成式）
（
4
）都可以有逻辑主语
They started the work at
once.
（谓语动词的逻辑主语）
The
boss ordered them to start the
work.
（动词不定式的逻辑主语）
We are League
members.
（谓语动词的主语）
We being League member, the work was
well done.
（现在分词的逻辑主语）
2
、
非谓语
动词与谓语动词的不同点有：
（
1<
/p>
）
非谓语动词可以有名词作用
（如动词不
定式和动名词）
，
在句中做主语、宾语、表语。
（
2
）非谓语动词可以有形
容词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中做
定语、表语或宾语补足语。
（
3
）非谓语动词可以有副
词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中作状语。
非谓语动词用法
：
（一）动词不定式：（
to
）
+do
，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。<
/p>
1
．不定式
的形式：（以动词
write
为例）
否定式：
not + (to) do
（
1
）
一般式：<
/p>
不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后
,
如：
I
’
m
glad to meet you. He seems to know a lot. We plan
(pay) a visit.
He wants to be
an artist. The patient asked
( operate) on
at once.
The
teacher ordered the work
(do).
（
2
）进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生
，如：
The
boy pretended to be working hard. He seems
(play) computer games in his room.
（
3
）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作
发生在谓语动词动作之前，例如：
I regretted to have told a lie.
I happened
(see) the film.
He is pleased
(meet) his
friend.
2
．不定式的句法
功能：（
1
）作主语：
To finish the work in ten
minutes is very hard.
To lose your heart means
failure.
动词不定式短语作主语时，常用
it
作形式主语，例如上面两句可用如下形式：
It is very hard to finish
the work in ten minutes.
It means failure to lose
your heart.
（
2
）作表
语：
Her job is to clean the hall.
.
He appears to have caught a
cold.
（
3
）作宾
语：常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有：
want, hope, wish,
offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse,
manage, help, agree,
promise, prefer,
如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用
it
作形式宾语，真正
的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面，例如：
Marx found it
important
(study) the situation in
Russia.
动词不定式也可充当介词宾语，如：
I have no choice but to stay here.
He
did nothing last Sunday but (to)repair his bike.
动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用，如：
He
gave us some advice on how to learn English.
7
（
4
）作宾语补足语：在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，
如下动词常跟这种复合宾语：
want, wish, ask, tell,
order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow,
prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for,
inv
ite.
此外，介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用，如：
With
a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the
cinema
．
有些动词如
make, let,
see, watch, hear, feel, have
等与不带有
to
的不定式连用，但改为被动语态时，不
定式要加
to,
如：
I saw him cross the road.
→
He
was seen to cross the road.
（
5
）作定语：动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所
修饰名词有如下关系：①动宾
关系：
I have a
meeting to attend.
注意：不定式为不
及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，
应有必要的介词，如：
He found a
good house to live in.
The
child has nothing to worry about.
What did you open it with?
如果不定式修饰
time, place,
way
，可以省略介词：
He has no place to live.
This is the best way to
work out this problem.
如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者，不定式可用主动式也可用被动式：
Have you got anything to send?
Have you got
anything
(send)?
②说明所修饰名词的内容：
We
have made a plan to finish the work.
③被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语：
He is the
first to get here.
（
6
）作状
语：
①表目的：
He worked day
and night
(get) the
money.
She sold her
hair
(buy) the watch
chain.
注意不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致：
wrong
：
To save
money, every means has been tried.
right
：
To save
money, he has tried every means.
wrong
：
To learn
English well, a dictionary is needed.
right
：
To learn
English well, he needs a dictionary.
②表结果：
He arrived late to find
the train gone.
常用
only
放在不定式前表示强调：
I visited him only to find him out.
③表原因：
They were very sad to
hear the news.
④表程度：
It's too dark for us to
see anything.
The question is simple for him to
answer.
（
7
）作独立成分：
To
tell you the truth, I don't like the way he
talked.
（
8
）不定式的省略：保留
to
省略
do
动词。
< br>If you don't want to do it, you don't need to.
（
9
）不定式的并列：第二个不定式可省略
t
o
。
He wished
(study) medicine and become a doctor.
（
二
）动名词：动名词既具有动词的一些特
征，又具有名词的句法功能。
1
．动名词的形式：
否定式：
not +
动名词
（
1
）一般
式：
Seeing is believing.
眼见为实
。
（
2
）被动式：
He came to the party
without being
invited
．他未被邀请就来到了晚会。
（
3
）完成式：
We remembered
having seen the film.
我们记得看过这部电影。
（
4
）完成被动式：
He forgot
(take) to Guangzhou when he
was five years old.
他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。
（
5
）否定式：
not +
动名词
I regret not
following his advice.
我后悔没听他的劝告。
（
6
）复合结构：物主代词（或名词所有格）
+
动名词
He suggested our
(try) it once again.
他建议我们再试一次。
His not knowing English
troubled him a lot.
他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。
2
．动名词的句法功能：
（
1
）作主语：
Reading aloud is very
helpful.
朗读是很有好处的。
Collecting stamps is interesting.
集邮很有趣。
当动名词短语作主语时常用
it
作形式主语。
It's no use
(quarrel).
争吵是没用的。
8
（
2
）
作表语：
In the ant city, the
queen's job is
(lay) eggs.
在蚂蚁王国，
蚁后的工作是产卵。
（
3
）作宾语
They haven't
finished
(build) the
dam.
他们还没有建好大坝。
We have to
prevent the air from
(pollute).
我们必须阻止空气被污染。
注意动
名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语，如上面两个例句。此外，动名词作宾语时，若跟有宾
语补足语，则常用形式宾语
it
，例如：
We found it no
good making fun of others.
我们发现取笑他人不好。
要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语：
enjoy, finish, suggest,
avoid
（
避免）
, excuse
,delay, imagine,
keep, miss, consider,
admit
（承认），
deny
（否认
）
, mind, permit, forbid, practise,
risk
（冒险）
,
appreciate
（感激）
, be busy, be
worth, feel like, can't stand, can't
help
（情不自禁地）
, think of, dream
of, be fond of,
prevent
?
(from),keep
?
from, st
op
?
（
from
）
,protect
?
from,
set about, be engaged in,
spend
?
(in), succeed in,
be used to, look forward to, object to,
pay attention to, insist on, feel like
（
4
）作定语：
He can't walk without a walking-stick.
他没有拐杖不能走路。
Is there a
swimming pool in your school?
你们学校有游泳池吗？
The cave, his
hiding-place is secret.
那个山洞，他藏身的地方很秘密。
（
5
）作同位语
:
His
shortcoming,
(talk) in class, is very
serious.
His
habit,
(listen) to the
news on the radio, remains
unchanged
．
他收听收音机新闻的习惯仍未改变。
（
三
）现在分词：
现在分词既具有动词的一些
特征，又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。
1
、现在分词的形式：
否定式：
not +
现在分词
（
1
）
现在分词的主动语态
:
< br>现在分词主动语态的
一般式
表示与谓语动词所表示的动作
同时发生
,
完成式
表示的动作在谓语动
词所表示的动作之前发生，常作状语。例如：
They went to
the park, singing and talking.
他们边唱边说向公园走去。
Having done his
homework, he played basket-ball.
做完作业，他开始打篮球。
（
2
）现在分词的被动语态：一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的
动作，完成式表示发生在谓语
动词之前的被动的动作。
The
problem
(discuss) is
very important.
正在被讨论的问题很重要。
Having been
told many times, the naughty boy made the same
mistake.
被告诉了好几遍，这个淘气的
孩子又犯了同
一个错误。
2
．现在分词的句法功能：
（
1
）作定语：现在分词作定语，当分词单独做定语时，放在所修饰的名词前；如果是分词短语做
定语
放在名词后。
In the
(follow) years he worked even harder.
在后来的几年中，他学习更努力了。
The man
(speak) to the teacher is our monitor's
father.
正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。
现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能，如：
in
the
following
years
也可用
in
the
years
that
followed; the man speaking to the
teacher
可改为
the man who is
speaking to the teacher.
（
2
）现在
分词作表语：
The
film being shown in the cinema is
(excite).
正在这家上演的电影很棒。
The present situation is
(inspire).
当前的形势鼓舞人心。
be + doing
既可能表示现在进行时，也可能是现在分词做表语，它们的区别在于
be
+ doing
表示进行
的动作是进行时，而表示特征时是系动
词
be
与现在分词构成系表结构。
（
3
）
作宾语补足语：
如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语：
see,
watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice,
observe, listen to, look at, leave,
catch
等。例如：
Can you hear her
(sing) the song in the next
room?
你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗？
He kept the car
waiting at the gate.
他让小汽车在门口等着。
9
（
4
）现在
分词作状语：①作时间状语：
(work) in the factory, he
was an advanced worker.
在工厂工作时
,
他是一名先进工人。
②作原因状语：
Being a League
member, he is always
(help) others.
由于是共青团员，
他经常帮助他人。
③作方式状语，表示伴随：
He stayed at
home, cleaning and washing.
他呆在家里，又擦又洗。
④作条件状语：
(If)
(play) all day, you will waste your
valuable time.
整天玩，你就会浪
费宝贵的时间。
⑤作结果状语：
He dropped the glass,
breaking it into pieces.
他把杯子掉了，结果摔得粉碎。
⑥作目的状语：
He went
(swim) the other day.
几天前他去游泳了。
⑦作让步状语：
Though
(rain) heavily, it cleared up very
soon.
虽然雨下得很大，
但不久天就晴了。
⑧与逻辑主语构成独立主格：
I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on
my heard
．我等汽车时，一只鸟落到我头上。
All
the tickets having been sold out, they went away
disappointedly.
票已经卖光了
,
他们失望地离开了。
Time permitting, we'll do
another two exercises.
如果时间允许，我们将做另两个练习。
有时也可用
with (without) +
名词（代词宾格）
+
分词形式
With the lights burning, he fell
asleep.
他点着灯睡着了。
⑨作独立成分：
Judging from(by) his
appearance, he must be an actor.
从外表看，他一定是个演员。
Generally
(speak), girls are more
careful.
一般说来，女孩子更细心。
（
四
）过去
分词：过去分词只有一种形式：规则动词由动词原形加词尾
-ed
构成。不规则动词的过去分
词没有统一的规则要求，要一一记住。
过去分词的句法功能：
1
．过去分词作定语：
Our class went on an organized trip
last Monday.
上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。
Those
(elect) as committee
members will attend the meeting.
当选为委员的人将出席这次会。
注意当过去分词是单词时，一般用于名词前，如果是过去分词
短语，就放在名词的后面。过去分词
做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。
2.
过去分词作表语：
The window is
broken.
窗户破了。
They
( frighten) at the sad sight.
他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。
注意
：
be +
过去分词，如果表示状态是系表结构，如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。
区别
：
The window is
broken.
（系表）
The
window was broken by the
boy.
（被动）
有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的
，
不表示被动，
只表示完成。
如：
boiled
water
（开水）
fallen
leaves
（落叶）
newly
arrived goods
（新到的货）
the risen
sun
（升起的太阳）
the
changed world
（变了的世界）
这类过去分词有：
gone, come, fallen,
risen, changed, arrived, returned,
passed
等。
3
．过去分词作宾语补足语：
I heard the song
(sing) several times last week.
上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。
有
时过去分词做
with
短语中的宾语补足语：
< br>
With the work done,
they went out to play.
工作做完了，他们出去玩去了。
4
．过去分词作状语：
Praised by the neighbors,
he became the pride of his parents.
受到邻居们的表扬，他成为父母的骄傲。
（表示原因）
Once
(see), it can never be forgotten.
一旦它被看见，人们就忘不了。（表示时间）
(give) more time, I'll be
able to do it better.
如果给予更多的时间，我能做得更好。
（表示条件）
Though told of the danger,
he still risked his life.
10
非谓语动词专项练习
1.
The great hall
was crowded with many people,
(include) many children
(seat) on their parents’
laps.
2. It’s
said that the Olympic Games
(hold) in London in 2012
cover
ed
more events than any
other Olympics did.
3.
There
(be) no rain for a long time, most of
the crops in this area died from lacking water.
4. Yesterday a street-beggar bought a
lottery ticket purposelessly,
(make)
him a millionaire
overnight.
5.
In the face of the big fire in October
in California, many people in the fire-stricken
areas moved
out
(escape)
(burn)
6. Taking
this medicine, if
(continue) , will of course do good to
his health.
7. The little boy still
needs the
(remain ) 20 dollars to do with some
things
(settle).
8.
(consider) his
age, the little boy read quite well.
9.
(judge)from the
appearance, it is very peaceful; but in fact, a
war will break out soon.
10.
—
Tom enjoys
(play)
basketball on Sunday aftern
oons,
doesn’t he?
—
Yes, he does. But what his sister enjoys is
(dance) .
11. His letter,
(address) to the wrong number, reached
me late.
12. The Space Shuttle Columbia
broke into pieces over Texas as it returned to the
earth on February 1, 2003,
(kill) all seven astronauts aboard.
13. There are lots of places of
interest needing
(repair) in our city.
14.
—
What caused the party to
be put off?
—
Tom’s
delaying
(send) the invitations.
15.
I was afraid
(talk) back to my customers
because I was afraid of
(lose)them.
16. Standing on
the top of the hill, I would not do anything but
(enjoy)
the flowing of the
smog around me.
17.
—
Is Tom a good talker?
—
No, he never speaks to me other than
(ask) for something.
18.
I can’t get
my car
(run)
on cold mornings, so
I have to try
(fill)
the
radiator with some hot water.
19.
The drunken
husband knocked against the table and sent the
bowls
(fly)
in all directions
11
before he was sent
(sleep) by his wife.
20.
When we got
back from the cinema, we found the lamp
(burn) on but
the door
(shut).
21. We found the
students seated at tables and had their eyes
(fix) on the
scene of the launch
of Shenzhou V
spaces.
22. A doctor can expect
(call) at any
hour of the day or night.
23. The boy
often gives a satisfactory answer to the
teach
er’s question,
(think)
just a
minute.
So he’s usually the
teacher’s pet.
24.
The policeman
came up to the lonely house with the door
(open),
(stand) there
for a while and then entered it.
25.
I
(drive) along the quiet
road at forty miles an hour, and then an old man
suddenly
started to cross the road
in front of me.
26.
Mr. Smith was much surprised to find
the watch he had had
(repair) was nowhere to be
seen.
27. What did the
librarian forbid
(take) out of the library?
28.
—
Mum, why do
you give me so much popcorn?
—
(kill)the boring time.
29. What Yang Liwei wanted to do when
he got out of the spaceship was
(share) the joy with
all the Chinese.
30. When
she was alone at home, Mary needed a friend with
whom
(play).
31.
(see)the big snake, the little girl
stood under the tree
(frighten) out of life.
competitor never dreamed of there
(be) a chance for him to
win the first prize in the
100-meter
race.
33.
(except) everything to go wrong in
advance, and you won’t feel quite so bad when it
does.
34.
—
You should
( take)
part in
the party on time.
—
Sorry, I was delayed by
the accident.
35. When
(compare) with the size of the whole
earth, the highest mountain doesn’t seem high
at all.
36.
(dress)in her best suit,
the girl tried to make herself
(notice) at the party.
37. The matter
(relate) to your study surely requires
(deal) with
carefully.
38. Her
(not come) back made her
parents worried a lot.
12
39.
Everything
(take) into consideration, they
believed themselves more and returned to
their positions.
40.
He moved away
from his parents and missed them too much to enjoy
the
(excite) life in
New
York.
41.
—
What
do you think of the plan?
—
It’s easier
said than
(carry) out.
42. Many
businessmen attended the Boao Forum
(
博鳌论坛
)because they knew what
(get)
from the forum.
43. There
was a famous person at the party everyone would
like
(introduce) to
themselves.
44.
—
Were you at home last Sunday?
—
Yeah! I
devoted the whole day to
(review) the English grammar.
45. Once
(catch)
(steal) at the shop, you will be
dismissed immediately.
46. Prices of
daily goods
(buy) through a
computer can be lower than store prices.
47. The summer vacation
(be) over, John returned to school from
his hometown.
48.
(suppose) she can’t come, who will do
the work?
49.
—
Is there anything you want
from town?
—
No, thank you. But I would
like to get those letters
(mail).
50. After the guests
left, she spent as much time as she could
(tidy) up the rooms.
13