-
你听过英文语法有动词
(verb)
、名词
p>
(noun)
;但你听过有动名词
(ger
und)
吗?
1. The girl is singing a
song.
2. The girl singing now is my
sister.
3. Singing is one of her
hobbies(
爱好
).
三个句
子中都
有
singing
。第一
个句子
的
singing
是常见的现在进行式
(Present
Continuo
us)
,是说眼下正在做什么;第二个句子的
singing<
/p>
是现在分词
(Present
Part
iciple)
,
它把
sing
这个动词转为形容词,
但仍有动词的成份
(哈
哈,
这么一说,
要把你搞晕了吧
:-)
。
关于分词,以后有空再谈<
/p>
OK
?)
。好戏在后头,你看看第三个句
子的
singing
到底是什么东
东呀
?原来就是我们的主角动名词
(Gerund)
了!憧矗瑂
p>
ing
原本是个动词,可是现在它加上
in
g
后,看来竟像是一个名词了。
一、名词性的动名词
(Nominal
Gerund)
Nominal Gerund
可以加上定冠词
(Definite
article
,如
the)
或不定冠词
(Indefinite
article
,
如
a,
an)
,其他可加在动名词前的还有如:
my, this,
some, any, all, no
等等。举例如下:
1. The
mellow(
愉快地
) singing of the
birds announces the coming of spring.
(singing
前加定冠词
the
及形容词
mellow
;
coming
前加
the)
2. We knew the robber was near when we
heard a faint rustling(
沙沙声
)
in the bushes.
(rustling
前加不定冠词
a
及形容词
faint)
从上面的例子可看出如何将一个动
词转成名词;但它和真正的名词还是有区别的,那
就是没有单数或复数之分。
不过,
有一些动名词是可以变成真正名词的喔,
如
:
saying, writing,
opening,
painting,
cutting,
heading,
feeling,
being,saving,
surrounding,
crossing,
misunderstanding <
/p>
等等。
它们都可以有复数的喔,
方法就是
在它们的后面加个
s
,
如:
paintings
。
二、动词性的动名词
(Verbal
Gerund)
看看下面的句子:
Carelessly
writing essays annoys the teacher.
上面的
句子里的
writing
是动名词,但前面有副词
carelessly
(粗心地)
,后面又有受词<
/p>
(Object) essays
。因此
writing
就有动词的特征。
注意:
Verbal Gerund
这类动名词的前面可不能加上任何冠词
(the, a, an
...)
喔。
动名词的功能与用法
一、在句子中用
作主语
(Subject)
或主语的补语
(Subject Complement):
1.1
作主语
1. Listening
to music gives me pleasure.
(
主语
Listening
)
2. Running is
good exercise.
(主语
running)
3. Walking to school is a good idea.
(
主语
walking)
1.2
作主语的补语
1. My cat's favorite activity is
sleeping.
(
补语
sleeping)
2. Seeing is believing.
(
主语
seeing,
补语
believing)
1.3
主语置于句尾
1.3.1
用
It + be + ... +v-ing
句型
1. It is fun
speaking English.
2. It is
of great importance fighting against
pollution(
污染
).
1
1.3.2
用
It is
后接
no use. no good, fun
等的句型
1. It is no
use learning theory without practice.
2. It is no fun being lost in
rain.
1.3.3
用
It is
后接
useless, nice,
good, interesting, worthwhile
等的句型
1. It is
worthwhile taking this into
consideration.
1.3.4
用
There + be + no
+ v-ing
的句型
1.
There is no joking about such matters.
2. There is no getting along with him.
(
简直无法与他相处
)
二、动名词也可以作宾语(
Object)
2.1
作动词
/
动词短语的宾语
(
置于动词或动词短语的后面)
1. I cannot help laughing.
(我禁不住笑了起来)
(宾语
laughing)
2. You should avoid
quarrelling with your sister.
(
宾语
quarrelling)
3. You should practice speaking English
more.
(
宾语
speaking)
注意:
上面三个句子中的动词
:help,
avoid, practice
只能用动名词作宾语。
这类动词还有:
dislike
厌恶
admit
接受
repent
后悔
acknowledge
承认
enjoy
享受
escape
避免
deny
否认
postpone
延迟
resent
怨恨
mind
介意
miss
错过
risk
冒风险
finish
完成
avoid
避免
delay
耽误
consider
认为
fancy
想象
excuse
原谅
include
包括
imagine
想象
resist
抵制
suggest
建议
……
还有短语类:
keep
(on)
继续
don't mind
不介意
cannot help
不禁
give up
放弃
put off
延迟
leave off
停止
burst out
闯出
……
再请注意:有一些动词除了可接动
名词外,也可接不定词
(infinitive)
。例子如下:
1.
I prefer living in an apartment. (
动词
prefer
接动名词
living)
2. I prefer to live in an
apartment. (
动词
prefer
< br>接不定词
to live)
像上面两个句子的意思没什么不同。如
prefer
这一类的动词还有:
allow deserve
neglect attempt
fear omit begin hate
permit bother
intend cease
like recommend continue love
start stop
forget regret
propose try continue
remember
need ……
其实如
hate, love, like
之类动词,接动名词和接不定词的句子,意思是会有些不同的,
这就留给大家去研究
吧,
hihi……
2.2
作介词
(Preposition)
的宾语
(Object)
p>
1.
I'm sorry for giving you so much trouble. (
介词
for
,宾语
givin
g)
2. The book is worth reading.
(
介词
worth,
宾语
reading)
3. I reached
him by calling his office.
(
介词
by,
宾语
calling)
4. The police
arrested(
逮捕)
him for
speeding. (
介词
for,
宾语
speeding)
注意:在下列的句子结构中,介词
in
被省略掉:
1. She is busy
(in) correcting her exercises.
2
2. He spent two hours (in) reading
book.
3. There is no use (in) talking with
him now.
4. Is it any good (in) taking cold
water baths?
2.3
作
名
词
+
介词
的宾
语
请看下列的句子:
1. I have the pleasure of
speaking to the famous author. (pleasure of +
宾语
speaking)
2. He takes a
great interest in studying languages. (interest in
+
宾语
studying)
这一类
<
/p>
名词
+
介词
p>
的还有:
danger of fear of objection
to
delight to habit of opportunity for
/of
excuse for experience in love
in
reason for ……
三、句子中动名词的逻辑主语
(Implied
Subject)
什么是动名词的逻辑主语呢?在句子中,除了原有的主语之外,属于动名词的
主语
,
也就称
为
逻辑主语
,
一般位于动名词的前面。
3.1
在动名词前加
物主代词(如:
my, his...)
或
名词所有格
(
如:
Mary's, Dog's...)
1. His coming here helped
us a lot. (
主语
/
逻辑主
语
his,
动名词
coming
p>
)
2. Tom's escaping from the prison made
trouble for the jailer.(
主语
/<
/p>
逻辑主语
Tom,
动名词
escaping)
3.2
作宾语
(Object)
p>
的动名词有自己的逻辑主语时,在动名词前加
物主代词
或
名词所
有格
1. Do you mind my smoking
in the romm? (
逻辑主语
my,
动名词
smoking)
2. He insisted
on Mary's staying there.
(
逻辑主语
Mary,
动名词
staying)
注意:作为逻辑主语的名词
/
代词为无生命时,则用通格(
of
the):
1. I cannot say there is no fear of the
news spreading among intimate friends.
(逻辑主语
news)
3.3
在下列情况中,不能使用所有格:
3.3.1
代词为
all, both,
each, few, several, some, this
等作为逻辑主语时
:
1. I remember
all of them saying it .
3.3.2
数词、名词化形容词(如
the
three, the old...)
作逻辑主语时:
1. In spite of
the three telling the same story, I could not
believe
it.
3.3.3
结构中的逻辑主语是名子或短语,或受从句或短语修饰时:
1. Is there any
chance of the people in the back of the room
talking a little louder?
四、动名词的语态
4.1
被动式
(being + v-ed)
当动名词的逻辑主语所表示的是动
作的对象时,动名词要用被动语态。
1. He dislikes being
interrupted(
被打岔
) in his
speech.
2. They couldn't stand being
treated(
被对待
) like
that.
4.2
完成式
(having + v-ed)
动名词的动作发生在谓语动词之前,要用完成式。
1. We regret
having been unable to inform you of the
meeting.
2. The students' having
done(
完成
) the work so well
made us very happy.
3
4.3
完成式的被动语态
(having
been + v-ed)
1. I heard of his having been
chosen(
被选为
) to be the coach
of the team.
2. Some of our customers complained of
having been treated(
被对待
)rude
ly.
4.4
在动词
need, want, require, deserve
之后的动名词(作为宾语)
,要用主动
语态来表示被动的意思。
1. The flowers in the
garden want
watering(
需要浇水)
.
2. That's one
of those questions that really don't need
answering(
不需回答
).
五、作定语
(
Attribute
)
动名词放在所修饰的名词前面作为定语,表示该名词的用途或
有关的动作。
1. sleeping car
卧车
2. walking stick
手杖
3. printing shop
印务馆
4. reading room
阅读室
5. swimming pool
泳池
6. washing machine
洗衣机
7. dining room
饭厅
六、在英文正式语体里,动名词可
放在前置词
(Preposition)
后,以替代副词
/
状语的子
句
(Adverbial
Clauses)
例:
1. In case customers
encounter difficulties, they should ring the
following number:...
2. In case of encountering
difficulties, customers should ring the following
number:...
第二个句子的
动名词短句
(Gerund Phrase)
取代第一个句子的
副词
子句。
下列都是这类例子:
1. In spite of doing his
best, the pupil was reproached. (In spite of
)
2.
Despite coming in time, the visitors were not
admitted. (despite)
3. For all his arguing, the
teacher could not convince us. (for
all)
4. The fireman distinguished himself by
doing his duty to the utmost. (by)
5. In sending
us the book you proved to be reliable.
(In)
6. Instead of blaming the boy, the
teacher encouraged him. (instead of )
7. The girl
left without saying a word. (without)
8. The boy was
blamed for breaking the window. (for)
9. The children
got tired from learning too much.
(from)
10. After spending the holidays with
us, our nephew went back to England.
(after)
11. Before going to bed, I opened the
window. (before)
12. On arriving at the
station, John was welcomed by his friends.
(on)
13. Since leaving school, I have not
seen my teacher. (since)
练习题
1)
Mark often attempts to escape _D___ whenever he
BReaks TRaffic regulations.
A)shavingsbeen fined B) to have been
fined
C) to be fined D) being fined
2)
My wife said in her letter that she would
appreciate __D__ from you sometime.
A) to have
heard B) to hear C) for hearing D) hearing
3)
The thief took away the woman's wallet
without__A__.
4
A) being seen
B) seeing C) him seeing D) seeing him
4) People
appreciate _C___with him because he has a good
sense of humor. (CET-4 1998,1)
A) to work B)
to have worked C) working D) have working
5)
I've enjoyed _B___ to talk with you.
A) to be able
B) being able C) to been able D) of being able
6)
No one can avoid __B__ by advertisements.
A)
to be influenced B) being influenced
C) influencing
D) shavings influence
7) They are considering
__C__ before the prices go up.
A) of buying
the house B) with buying the house
C) buying the
house D) to buy the house
8) He thought that __C__.
A)
the effort doing the job was not worth B) the
effort was not worth in doing the job
C) it was not
worth the effort doing the job D) it was not worth
the effort by doing the job
?9) If I had
remembered __A__ the door, the things would not
have been stolen.
A) to lock B) locking
C)
to have locked D)shavings locked
10) Your shirt
needs ___C_. You'd better have it done today.
A)
iron B) to iron C) ironing D) being ironed
11)
You can't help __C__ commercials; every few
minutes the program is interrupted to give
you one advertisement or another.
A)
to hear B) to be heard C) hearing D) with hearing
12)
My TRansistor radio isn't working. It _C___.
A)
need repairing B) needs to repair
C) needs
repairing D) need to be repaired
13) It is no
use _B___ me not to worry.
A) you tell B) your telling
C)
for you to have told D)shavings told
14) He is very
busy _B__ his papers. He is far too busy ____
callers.
A) to write...to receive B)
writing...to receive
C) writing...receiving D)
to write...for receiving
15)The suspect at last
admitted __A__ stolen goods but denied ____ them.
A)
receiving...selling
B) to
receive...to sell
C) to receiving...to
selling
D) to have
received...to have sold
16) She apologized for
_A___ to come.
A) her not being able B) her being not
able
C) not being able D) that
she's not able to
17)I really appreciate
_C___ to help me, but I am sure that I can manage
by myself.
A) you to offer
B) that you offer
C) your
offering D) that you are offering
18)
Please stop __D__, boys, I have something
important to ____ you.
A) saying
...talk B) telling ... say
C)
talking ...speak D) talking ... tell
19) Tony, would
you go and see if Sam has any difficulty __B__ his
tape recorder?
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