-activity
英文写作中要注意的标点符
(Punctua
tion)
在英文里是不用顿号和
中文式句号的。标点符号在中、英文里的写法和用法有好多差别。
一、
Apostrophe
(')
省字符号、所有格符号
p>
这个标点在中文里是没有的;但在英文里却随处可见。主要用在下列几方面:
*
表示所有格
*
缩写式
*
表示一些数字、字母、日期、缩写的复数形式
1.1
所有格
(Possessives):(
注意:下列所有格只用在动物方面
)
1.1.1
在名词
(
有生命的
)
后加上
's
表示单数所有格:
1. Sarah's coat is
black.
莎拉的外套是黑色的。
(Sarah's=
莎拉的
)
2.
The boy's hat.
(
这男孩有一顶帽子
)
3. The
boy's hats.
(
这男孩有好几顶帽子
)
4. Jones's office.
(Jones
只有一个音节,结尾是
s,
所有格加
's)
5.
Jones'
sweet tooth is
legendary. (Jones
的结尾是
s,
而接下来的词又以
s
开
始,那么,所有格就只加
')
6. Moses'
mouth is wide. (Moses
的尾音有重复的
z
音,所有格只加
')
7.
Louis' candy is sticky. (Louis
有不止一个音节,结
尾
s
,所有格只加
' )
8. My mother-in-law's house.
(monther-in-law
之类的复合名词,所有格<
/p>
's
加在结
尾处
)
9.
The Surgeon
General's report is due soon. (Surgeon
General
是复合词,同
上。
)
归纳一下:
A.
一般单数名词
(
有生命的
!)
,所有格只在
结尾加
's (
第
1-3
句
)
B.
如果单数名词尾是
s,
或
ce
,所有格只加
'
或
's
(
第
4
句
)
C.
如果单数名词尾是
s,
而跟着是以
S
开头的词,所有格只加
'
(
第
5
句
)
D.
如果单数名词尾音有重复的
s<
/p>
或
z
音,或是
e
ez
音,所有格只加
'
(
第
6
句
)
E.
如果名词只有一个音节
(syl
lable)
,所有格只能加
's
(
第
4
句
)
F.
如果名词有二个以上音节,所有格则只加
'
(
第
7<
/p>
句
)
G.
复
合词类处理法同
A
。
(
第
8-9
句
)
1.1.2
二人
(
或其他动物
)
以上的所有格表示法:
1. The boys' shoes.
< br>(
在复数
boys
尾加上
'
而不是
's
喔
)
2. The women's
bags. (woman
的复数是
women,
所有格是
's)
3. The
children's caps. (child
的复数是
children
,和
women
同类
型,所有格加
's)
4. The actresses'
hats.
(actress
的复数是
actresses
,因为结尾是
es,
因此所有格
1 / 1
只加
'
便可
)
5. The
babies' toys.
(baby
的复数是
babies
,结尾有
p>
es
,因此所有格只加
')
6. Ms. Joneses' house. (Joneses
是
Jones
的复数
)
7. My
mothers-in-law's house.
(
注意是
motherS
喔,所有格还是加
's)
归纳一下:
A.
简单复数名词
(
同样是有生命的
)
的所有格写法是:先将原来单数名词结尾加
< br>s
变成复
数,然后在结尾处再加上
'
即成。
(
第
1
句
)
B.
< br>如果复数名词是由改变其内的韵母形成的,所有格同单数名词一样,结尾加上
'
s(
第
2-
3
句
)
C.
如果复数名词尾是
es,
所有格只加
' (
第
4-6
句
)
D.
如果是复数复合名词,则先将主要单数名词转成复数,然后在复合名词尾加上
's(
第
7
句
)
1.1.3
如果是几个名词并列的
,
所有格
's
加在最后一个名词尾:
1. Joe and Linda's house is being
sold.
乔和琳达的房子已卖了。
(
这里表示房子是
Joe
和
Linda
所共有
)
1.1.4
如果几个名词是个别表示所有格时,每个名词尾都须加上
's
:
1.
Mike's and Molly's grades have
improved.
迈克和莫莉的成绩已有进步。
(
这里
表示迈克和莫莉各别的成绩都有进步
)
1.1.5
不定式名词的所有格是在词尾加
's
:
1. I need someone's help with my
homework.
(someone
指某人
,
所有格
someone'
s
某人的
)
1.1.6
代名词的所有格不可加上
'
或
's
:
1.
Shella, whose eyes are blue?
(whose
哪个人的,已有所有格的意思
)
2. This book is hers, not
yours.
(hers
她的,
p>
yours
你的
)
3. It hurt its paw. (its
它的
)
4. It's a
nice day. (it's
是
it is
的意思
,
不属于所有格
)
5. That is your right. (your
你的
)
1.2
缩写式
(Contractions):
1.2.1
在字词、日期中一部份字母或数字被省略,以
'
代之
。
1. She wouldn't work for
the gov't in '93.
(wouldn't=would not,
gov't=government, '93=1993)
1.2.2
名字、头衔的缩写格式可省略
'
1 / 1
1. Lt. Wm. Jones visited us.
(Lt. =Lieutenant,
不可写成
L't , Wm=William,
不
可写成
W'm)
1.3
复数形式
(Plurals):
1.3.1
当一个词在句子里能清楚反映其复数意义时,不可再加
'
:
1.
Don't give me
any ifs, ands, or buts.
(
不可写成
if's ,
and's , but's)
1.3.2
在句子里,当一个词仅仅作为一个词时,其复数形式可加
's
使其含意更清晰:
1.
He used
twenty-five and's in one paragraph.
他在一段里用了
25
个
and
字。
1.3.3
日期、数目字、只取首字母的缩写词
(acronyms)
这
类以大写字母结尾时,复数
形式只需加上
s
,不必再加上
' :
1.
Seven Ph.D.s
lived in this building in the 1970s.
(Ph.D.s
不可写成
Ph.D.'s,
1970s
也不可写成
1970's)
1.3.4
当一个大写字母的复数形式可能会被误解时,可加上
's
以表示复数:
1.
The Roman
Numerals for the number eight is a V followed by
three I's.
罗
马数字八的写法是
< br>V
后加上三个
I
。
(
这时如果
I's
只写成
Is ,
就可能引起误解
)
逗号
/
逗点在中文或英文里是再普通不过的一个标点符
号;可是,它的用法在中文和英里可
就不一定相同了。
二、
Comma
(
,
)
逗号、逗点
在英文里,逗号的用途有:
*
连接句子里不同的成份
*
分开句子里不同的成份
*
突出句子里的某个成份
*
替代句子里的某个成份
成份指:词、短语
(phrase)
、子句
p>
(clause)
等。
2.1
连接句子里不同的成份
2.1.1
逗号用在以
and,
but, for, nor, or, so, yet
等连接词的两个主要子句之间:
1. My father is fond of fishing, but my
mother prefers hiking. (
以
,but
连接两个
子句
)
2. He painted the exterior
of the house, and she painted the interior.
(
以
,and
连接两个子句
)
1 / 1
2.2
分开句子里不同的成份
2.2.1
用逗号分开两个以上的并列形容词:
(
如果并列的形容词之间可加上
and,
but
等,
那就加上逗号;否则不可
)
1.
She is a
little and old lady. (
不可写成
She is a little, old lady.)
2.2.2
在两个修饰主语的短语之
间加上逗号
(
句短可不加
)
:
1. While
waiting for the bus on that cold rainy night, she
started sneezing.
(
主
语
she)
2.
At
10 o'clock the bus arrived.
(
不必写成
At 10
o'clock, the bus arrived.)
2.2.3
在
Jr.,
(
junior
)
Esq.,
(先
生)
Ph.D.,
【
哲学博士(
Philosophiae
Doctor
)】
Inc.,
有限公
司(
incorporated
)
等名
称之前及后都要加上逗号
(
除了所有格的名称
< br>):
1. They identified
him as Howard R. Williams, Jr., chairman of their
board.(,Jr.,)
2.
That is Howard
R. Williams, Jr.'s company.
(,Jr.'s
后面不可再加逗号
)
2.2.4
在追问句之前加逗号:
1.
Do it, won't
you?
(Do it
是命令语气,
won't
you?
是追问
)
2.
You know the
answer, don't you?
2.2.5
一个以副词或副词短语开
头的句子,如果它和前面的句子有关联的话,必须在有
关副词或副词短语后加上逗号:<
/p>
1.
She believed he had the talent to
succeed.
Unfortunately, he
was
lazy.(
后一个句子以副词
unfortunately
开头,同时这个句子和前一个句子有直接的关联
)
**2.2.6
在句子里有超过三个并列词或短语等,在最后一个,
and, or,
nor
等之前加逗
号:
1.
He
promised to supply the pencils, pens, and
notebooks for the class.
(
简
单说就是
pencils,
pens, notebooks
要写成
pencils,
pens, and notebooks)
2.
Her mother
sells tomatoes, potatoes, apples, and peaches.
(...apples,
and...)
3.
She ran up
the stairs, across the porch, and into the
house.
(up the
staris, across the porch, into the
house
是三个短语,在最后一个加
,and)
4.
We all agreed that she was beautiful,
that she was intelligent, and that
she was ambitious.
(
三个
that she
was...
都是子句
)
1 /
1
**2.2.7
在句子中加上逗号,以免引起误解:
1.
That she knew where the money was, was
news to me.
(
如果
was, was
之间不加逗号,是不是会引起误解呢?
)
2.
Outside, the lawn was cluttered with
hundreds of broken branches.
外
面的草坪上到处是断枝。
(
如果
outside
后去掉逗号
,
那意思就变成
在草坪的外面到处是
断枝。
**2.2.8
用逗号分开引用句:
1.
(
这个逗号要放在引号内
)
2.
Our teacher said,
(...said,)
3.
4.
**2.2.9
逗号用以分开星期、月日、年份:
1.
On Monday,
May 5,2000,
her first child
was born. (Monday, May
5,2000, )
2.
On March 8, 2003,
he bought
a new car. (March 8, 2003, )
3.
June 2000 is
one of the most meaningful of my life.
(
只有月和年,就不必
加逗号
)
2.2.10
逗号用以分开地名、省名、国名、街道名、巷弄名等:
1.
Linda lives at 1234 Amarillo Ave., #1, Palo Alto,
CA 94303, U.S.A.
2.2.11
逗号用在
such as
和
especially
的前面:
1.
They enjoy
outdoor sports, such as hiking and riding.
2.
He likes all extracurricular activities,
especially basketball playing.
2.3
突出句子中某个插入成份
(Parenthetical
elements):
所谓插入成份,是指在句子中去掉它
也可成立的成份。插入成份一般是感叹词、状语、副
词子句等。
2.3.1
句子里插入的词、短语、子句等
,
加上逗号以示插入成份:<
/p>
1 / 1
1.
He
knew, however, that no one would listen to his
warning.
(
插入
however)
2.
No, you may
not come with us.
(
插入
No)
2.3.2
用逗号分开
乃此非彼
的结构:
1.
Jane, not
Shirley, will attend the meeting.
(
是
Jane
,不是
Shirley)
2.
He wanted to
see Mr. Wu, not Mr. Hu.
(
是吴先生,不是胡先生
)
3.
Some say the
world will end in ice, not fire.
(
是冰,不是火
)
4.
It was her
money, not her charm or personality, that first
attracted him.
(
为的是她的财富,不是为了
她的妩媚或个性
)
**2.3.3
句中有非限制性的词或短语之类,以逗号标出以示插入成份:
1.
Her husband, Bill, is a scientist.
(Bill
为插入成份
)
2.
Kent Howard,
my English teacher, is from America.
(
插入成份
my English
teacher)
3.
Her father,
who is a famous scholar, teaches
English.(
插入成份
who is
afamous scholar)
4.
Eleanor, his
wife of thirty years, suddenly decided to open her
own
business.
(
试将插入成份
his wife of thirty
years
去掉,句子是否也能成立?
)
2.3.4
句中的城市名如果和它的省、州、国名并列,省、州、国名前后须加逗号:
1.
We
visited Hartford, Connecticut, last summer.
(Connecticut
为插入成份
)
2.
Paris, France,
is sometimes called
为插入成份
)
2.3.5
句中带着连接词
(but, and,
or...)
的插入成份的前面不可加上逗号:
1.
The Red Sox were leading the league at
the end of May, but of course,
they
always do well in the spring. (but
的后面不可加逗号
)
2.
The Tigers
spent much of the season at the bottom of the
league, and
even though they picked up
several promising rookies, they expect to be
there again next year. (and
的后面不可再加逗号
)
2.3.6
向人说话时,逗号放在对方名字或称谓之后、之前或者前后都加:
1 / 1
1.
John, come
here.
(John,
逗号在名字之后
)
2.
Open the
door, John.
( ,John
逗号放在名字之前
)
3.
It is, Sir,
not my fault.
( , Sir,
逗号放在称谓前面和后面
)
2.4
替代句子里某个成份
**2.4.1
用逗号替代句子里某部份,表示字词的省略:
1.
The lion is the symbol of courage; the
lamb, of meekness. (the lamb, of
meekness
原本应该是
the lamb is the symbol of meekness)
2.
George was the
hard worker; John, the lazy one.
(John, the lazy one
原
本应该是
John was
the lazy one)
三、
Period / Full
Stop
(.)
句号、句点
句号的写法,在英文里是个小黑点
(.)
,可在中文却是个小
圈儿
(
。
)(
在科学技术文章里也
可用
小黑点
。用法也有些差异,在英文方面,最
好玩
的是用在缩写方面:
*
句号用在陈述句、祈使句及礼貌问句等的句尾
*
句号用在缩写方面
*
句号用在数目字方面
3.1
句号用在陈述句、祈使句及礼貌问句等的句尾:
3.1.1
用在陈述句
(Declarative
sentence)
尾,表示句子结束:
1. I am leaving now.
3.1.2
用在祈使句
(Imperative
sentence)
尾,表示句子结束:
1.
Close the
door.
2.
Turn in
your papers, please.
3.1.3
<
/p>
用在礼貌的、祈使性的、以及间接疑问句
(Interrogat
ive sentence)
尾,表示句
子结束:
1.
Will you
please send me three copies.
麻烦你给我三份。
(
不要看到
Wil
l you...
就在句尾加问号喔
)
2.
Since when am I supposed to believe
this.
我什么时候会相信这个呢。
3.
He asked if
you can come.
他问你能不能来。
3.2
句号用在表示缩写
(Abbreviation,
Acronym):
1 / 1
3.2.1
缩写词
(Abbreviation)
:
(
< br>将一个字词省略其中某些字母
,
字尾须加句号
)
1.
称呼:
Mr. = Mister,
Mrs.= Misteress, Dr. = Doctor, Mim. =
Ministor
/Ministry , Esq. = Esquire
(
先生
)
2.
时间:
yr. = year, min.=minute
3.
星期:
Mon. = Monday, Tues. =
Tuesday, Wed. = Wednesday, Thurs. =
Thursday,
Fri. =
Friday,
Sat. = Saturday,
Sun. = Sunday
4.
月份:
Jan. = January, Feb. =
February, Mar. = March, Apr. = April, Jun. =
June, Jul. = July, Aug./Ag. = August,
Sept. = September, Oct. = October,
Nov.
= November, Dec. = December
(
注意:
oct. =
octave
八度
, nov. =
novelist
小说家
,
dec. = deceased
亡故
)
5.
国名:
Afr. = Africa /
African,
Aus. = Austria /
Austrian, Fr. = France /
French,
Ger. =
Germany,
It. = Italy /
Italian
6.
其他:
etc. = et
cetera (
等
), Xmas. =
Christmas, min. = minimum /
minor, max.
= maximum, pc. = piece, Ltd. = Limited, num.
=number /
numbers (No. = Number
第几号之意
)
3.2.2
Acronym (
p>
只取首字母的缩写词
)
:
< br>
1.
公元:
A.D. = Anno Domin(
公元
)
,
B.C. =
Before Christ(
公元前
)
2.
邮政:
G.P.O. = General Post
Office, C.O.D.= Cash on Delivery, P.O. / p.o.
= Postal Order, R.T.S. = Return To
Sender
3,
时间:
a.m. /A.M. = ante
meridiem
上午,
p.m. / P.M.=
post meridiem
下午
4.
国名:
U.K. = United Kingdom,
U.S.A. = United States of America
5.
其他:
F.O.C. = Free Of Charge,
R.I.P. = Rest In Peace
愿他安息
,
r.p.m.=
Revolution Per Minute, P.T.O. /
p.t.o. = Please Turn Over
翻下页,
P.T.A. =
Parent-Teachers' Association
家长教师协会
也许是大家觉得缩写词后加个小黑点是件麻烦事,因此有些就干脆省掉它,下面是一些不
加句点的缩写词:
1.
组织名:
UN,
UNESCO,
WTO
1 / 1
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