败坏了哈德莱堡的人1

《败坏了哈德莱堡的人》

《苦行记》

《案中案》

《卡县名蛙》

《百万英镑》

《三万元遗产》

《坏孩子的故事》

《火车上的嗜人事件》

《我最近辞职的事实经过》

《田纳西的新闻界》

《好孩子的故事》

《我怎样编辑农业报》

《大宗牛肉合同的事件始末》

《我给参议员当秘书的经历》

《哥尔斯密的朋友再度出洋》

《神秘的访问》

《一个真实的故事》

《法国人大决斗》

《稀奇的经验》

《加利福尼亚人的故事》

《他是否还在人间？》

《和移风易俗者一起上路》

《狗的自述》

《王子与贫儿》

The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg

Roughing It

A Double Barrelled Detective Story

The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County

The Million Pound Note

The $$30,000 Bequest

The Story Of The Bad Little Boy

Cannibalism in the Cars

Facts Concerning The Recent Resignation

Journalism In Tennessee

The Story Of The Good Little Boy

The How I Edited An Agricultural Paper

The Facts In The Case Of The Great Beef Contract

My Late Senatorial Secretaryship

Goldsmiths Friend Abroad Again

A Mysterious Visit

The True Story

The Great French Duel(A Tramp Abroad

的第八章）

The Californian's Tale

Is He living or is He dead?

Travelling with a Reformer

A Dog's Tale

The Prince and the Pauper

Early life

Samuel Langhorne Clemens was born in

Florida, Missouri

, on November 12,

1835,

to

a

Tennessee

country

merchant,

John

Marshall

Clemens

(August

11,

1798

–

March 24, 1847), and Jane Lampton Clemens (June 18, 1803

–

October 27, 1890).

[4]

Twain

was

the

sixth

of

seven

children.

Only

three

of

his

siblings

survived

childhood:

his

brother

Orion

(July

17,

1825

–

December

11,

1897);

Henry,

who died in a riverboat explosion

(July

13, 1838

–

June 21, 1858); and

Pamela

(September

19,

1827

–

August

31,

1904).

His

sister

Margaret

(May

31, 1830

–

August

17, 1839)

died

when Twain was three, and his brother

Benjamin

(June

8,

1832

–

May

12,

1842)

died

three

years

later.

Another

brother, Pleasant (1828

–

1829), died at six months.

[5]

Twain was born two

weeks

after

the

closest

approach

to

Earth

of

Halley's

Comet

.

On

December

4, 1985, the

United States Postal Service

issued a stamped envelope for

[6]

When

Twain

was

four,

his

family

moved

to

Hannibal,

Missouri

,

[7]

a

port

town

on the

Mississippi River

that inspired the fictional town of St.

Petersburg

in

The

Adventures

of

Tom

Sawyer

and

Adventures

of

Huckleberry

Finn

.

[8]

Missouri was a

slave state

and young Twain became familiar with

the

institution

of

slavery

,

a

theme

he

would

later

explore

in

his

writing.

Twain’s

father

was

an

attorney

and

a

local

judge.

[9]

The

Hannibal

and

St.

Joseph Railroad

was organized in his office in 1846. The railroad

connected the second and third largest cities in the state and was the

westernmost

United

States

railroad

until the

Transcontinental

Railroad

.

It delivered mail to and from the

Pony Express

.

[10]

amuel Clemens, age 15

In

March

1847,

when

Twain

was

11,

his

father

died

of

pneumonia

.

[11]

The

next

year, he became a printer's apprentice. In 1851, he began working as a

typesetter

and contributor of articles and humorous sketches for the

Hannibal

Journal

,

a

newspaper

owned

by

his

brother

Orion.

When

he

was

18,

he left Hannibal and worked

as

a printer

in New York

City,

Philadelphia

,

St. Louis

, and

Cincinnati

. He joined the

union

and

educated himself

in

public libraries

in the evenings, finding wider information than at a

conventional school.

[12]

At 22, Twain returned to Missouri.

On a voyage to

New Orleans

down the Mississippi,

steamboat

pilot Horace

E.

Bixby

inspired

Twain

to

be

a

steamboat

pilot.

As

Twain

observed

in

Life

on

the

Mississippi

,

the

pilot

surpassed

a

steamboat's

captain

in

prestige

and authority; it was a rewarding occupation with wages set at $$250 per

month,

[13]

roughly equivalent to $$73,089 a year today. A steamboat pilot

needed

to

know

the

ever- changing

river

to

be

able

to

stop

at

the

hundreds

of ports and wood- lots. Twain studied 2,000 miles (3,200

km) of the

Mississippi

for

more

than

two

years

before

he

received

his

steamboat

pilot

license in 1859.

While training, Samuel convinced his younger brother Henry to work with

him. Henry was killed on June 21, 1858, when the steamboat on which he

was working, the

Pennsylvania

, exploded. Twain had foreseen this death

in a dream a month earlier,

[14]

which inspired his interest in

parapsychology

; he was an early member of the

Society for Psychical

Research

.

[15]

Twain

was

guilt-stricken

and

held

himself

responsible

for

the

rest

of

his

life.

He continued

to

work

on

the

river

and

was

a

river

pilot

until the

American Civil War

broke out in 1861 and traffic along the

Mississippi was

curtailed

.

Missouri was considered by many to be part of the

South

, and was

represented in both the

Confederate

and Federal governments during the

Civil War. Twain wrote

a sketch,

The

Private History of a Campaign

That

Failed

which

claimed

he

and

his

friends

had

been

Confederate

volunteers

for two weeks before disbanding their company.

[16]

Travels

the library of the

Mark Twain House

, which features hand-stenciled

paneling, fireplaces from India, embossed wallpapers and an enormous

hand-carved mantel that the Twains purchased in Scotland

(

HABS

photo)

Twain joined Orion, who in 1861 became secretary to

James W. Nye

, the

governor of

Nevada Territory

, and headed west. Twain and his brother

traveled more than two

weeks on a

stagecoach

across

the

Great Plains

and

the

Rocky

Mountains

,

visiting

the

Mormon

community

in

Salt

Lake

City

.

The

experiences

inspired

Roughing

It

and

provided

material

for

The

Celebrated

Jumping Frog of Calaveras County

. Twain's journey ended in the

silver-mining town of

Virginia City, Nevada

, where he became a

miner

.

[16]

Twain failed as a miner and worked at a Virginia City newspaper, the

Territorial Enterprise

.

[17]

Here he first used his pen name. On February

3,

1863,

he

signed

a humorous

travel

account

From

Carson

–

re:

Joe Goodman; party at Gov. Johnson's; music

with

[18]

Twain

moved

to

San

Francisco,

California

in

1864,

still

as

a

journalist.

He met writers such as

Bret Harte

,

Artemus Ward

, and

Dan DeQuille

. The

young poet

Ina Coolbrith

may have romanced him.

[19]

His first success as a writer came when his humorous

tall tale

,

Celebrated

Jumping

Frog

of

Calaveras

County

was

published

in

a

New

York

weekly,

The

Saturday

Press

,

on

November

18,

1865.

It

brought

him

national

attention.

A

year

later,

he

traveled

to

the

Sandwich

Islands

(present-day

Hawaii) as a reporter for the

Sacramento Union

. His travelogues were

popular and became the basis for his first lectures.

[20]

In

1867,

a

local

newspaper

funded

a

trip

to

the

Mediterranean

.

During

his

tour

of

Europe

and

the

Middle

East,

he

wrote

a

popular

collection

of

travel

letters, which were later compiled as

The Innocents Abroad

in 1869. It

was on this trip that he met his future brother-in-law.

Upon

returning

to

the

United

States,

Twain

was

offered

honorary

membership

in the secret society

Scroll and Key

of

Yale University

in 1868.

[21]

Its

devotion to

charity

suited

him

well.

Marriage

and

children

Charles

Langdon

showed a picture of his sister,

Olivia

, to Twain; Twain claimed to have

fallen in love at first sight. The two met in 1868, were engaged a year

later, and married in

February 1870 in

Elmira, New

York

.

[20]

< br> She came from

a

abolitionists

,

women's rights

and

social

equality

including

Harriet

Beecher

Stowe

(his

next

door

neighbor

in

Hartford,

Connecticut

),

Frederick

Douglass

,

and

the

writer

and

utopian

[22]

socialist

William Dean Howells

,

who became a longtime friend.

The couple lived in

Buffalo, New York

from 1869 to 1871. Twain owned a

stake

in

the

Buffalo

Express

newspaper,

and

worked

as

an

editor

and

writer.

Their son Langdon died of

diphtheria

at 19 months.

In

1871,

[23]

Twain

moved

his

family

to

Hartford,

Connecticut

,

where

starting

in

1873,

he

arranged

the

building

of

a

home

(local

admirers

saved

it

from

demolition

in

1927

and

eventually

turned

it

into

a

museum

focused

on

him).

While living there, Olivia gave birth to three daughters:

Susy

(1872

–

1896),

Clara

(1874

–