-medical
2012-2-1
1
、
cling on
to:
紧紧抱住，死抱不放；
cling
to:
坚持，依恋，依靠
2
、
convince
的用法
convince sb. to do something/convince
sb. of something(
参见赖世雄语
法
5-
授予动词
)/convince sb.
that/convince oneself of
be
convinced (of)/be convinced that
3
、
tip (C):
小费
a tip/a large tip/a big
tip/a generous tip/ a $$5
tip
忠告
=a piece of
advice, a few of tips/handy tips/gardening tips
4
、
compare,
contrast/compare and
contrast(
比较与对照写法
)
compare
指把人与人或物与
物之间的相同点或异同点进行“比较”、“对
照”或“相比”，常与介词
with
连用，也可指将人与人或物与物之间的相似处进
行“比拟”；还可指将某人或某事“比作”另一人或另一事物。指后面两种情况
时，它
常被用作不及物动词，与介词
to
连用
.
contrast
指为了明确其相异之处，将一物与另一物
加以“比较”或“对照”，用
法和
compare
一样，常接介词
with
。虽然很多人将
compare
看作是
contrast
的同
义词，但
compare
常用来比较同类事物；而
contrast
则常被用来
比较非同类事
物。
2012-2-2
1
、英语倍数表示法
（
1
）X
times+as…as…：是...
…的
X
倍
/more than +
X times
+as…as…：是...
…的
X
倍不止；
（
2
）（<
/p>
more than+
）
X times
+the
（或所有格）
+
名词
+
（
of
）：是...
…的
X
倍
(
不
止
)
；
（
3
）
X
times
+
比较级
+than
：是...
…的
X
倍。
2
、英语倍数增减表示法
（
1
）
increase (speed up, step up, raise, rise,
go up, grow) /
increase (speed up, step
up, raise, rise, go up, grow) +by+X
times
：
是... …的
X
倍
/
增加了
X-1<
/p>
倍；
（
2
）
increase (exceed,
speed up, step up, raise, rise, go up,
grow)+by a factor of +X:
是... …的
X
倍
< br>/
增加了
X-1
倍；
（
3
）
decrease (drop, fall, weaken,
shorten, reduce, step down,
speed down,
go down) +(by):
是... …的
/
减少了
；
（
4
）
decre
ase (drop, fall, weaken, shorten, reduce, step
down,
speed down, go down) by a factor
of +X:
是... …的
/
减少了
。
2012-2-3
赖世雄经典英语语法
1
、
(p3)
不定式与动名
词作主语时，往往会因为形式主语太长，用
it
作形式
主语。但动名词移至句尾时，通常改为不定式短语。
例：
To study
abroad is my greatest desire.
=It is my greatest desire to study
abroad.
Listening music
makes me happy.
=It makes
me happy to listen to music.
例外：
It is no use
+
动名词短语
=It is useless
+
不定式短语
=It is of no
use+
动名词短语
=There is no
use/sence/point+in+
动名词短语
2
、
(p9
)
名词性从句作介词的宾语
a.
慧（
whether
），怡（疑问词）可以，但代（
that
）不可以
。
I am worried
about whether he can do it.√
I am
curious
about how he will cope with this problem.
√
I am sure of
that the team has won the game.×
b.
遇
有介词，但非要使用
that
从句时，其补救方法如下
(1)
介词
+the
fact+that
从句
I am sure of the fact that the team has
won the game.
I am worried
about the fact that he does not study.
(2) be+adj+that
从句
I am sure that the team has
won the game.
I am worried
that he does not study.
3
、
(p199)
所有格与动名词的关系
a.
that
从句作主语时，可改为动名词
That he teaches well is
something that pleases me.
His teaching well is something that
pleaes me.
b.
在介
词及某些动词后不可以用
that
从句，此时可改为：所有格<
/p>
+
动名词
(1)
遇介词的情况
I am worried about that he
does not study. ×
I am worried about his not studing.
√
In spite of
that the sun shone, the air was very cold.
×
In spite of
the sun’s shining, the air was very cold.
√
I insist on
that he should go there. ×
I insist on his going
there. √
备注：
that
从句主语是物而非人
时，一般不用所有格，直接将主语作宾语即
可。
In spite of the sun’s
shining, the air was very cold.
In spite of the sun
shining, the air was very cold. √
口语中，
that
< br>从句的主语即使是人，宜采用本结构。
I insist on his going there.
(
正式
)
I insist on him going there.
(
非正式
)
(2)
遇某些及物动词的情况
that
引导的名词性从句可作表认
知的及物动词
( think, feel, find,
believe…) 以及表
意愿的及物动词(hope, wish, expect,
desire…)的宾语。
I
believe that he works hard.
I hope that he may joint us.
但表喜欢、厌恶之类的及物动词，如
like,
dislike, enjoy, mind
等就不可
接
that
引
导的从句作宾语，应改为所有格
+
动名词。
I don’t like
that he smokes here. ×
I don’t like his smoking here.
√
I don’t enjoy
that John joins us. ×
I don’t enjoy John’s joining us. √
备注：
mind
可接
if
引导的从句
Would you mind that I open the window?
×
W
ould you mind my opening
the window? √
Would you mind that if I opened the
window? √(虚拟语气表客气
)
4. (p42)
不完全及物动词
a.
认定动词
(1) We regard/look upon/think
of/see/view him as a genius.
(2) We mistook the long-haired boy for
a girl.
(3) We
consider/deem/think him to be a genius.
备注
1
：
to
be
可省略。
备注
2
：
(1), (2)
里面的
as
与
fo
r
后面亦可接形容词作宾语
I regard his behavior as inappropriate.
John works hard, so I take
it for granted that he’ll be successful
someday.
(4)
think, believe, find, deem, consider
等五个
动词作不完全及物动词
时，不得直接用不定式与
that
引导的名词性从句作宾语，一定要用形式宾语
it
取
代。
I think to climb mountains fun.
×
I think it fun
to climb mountains. √
I find that he sings so well wonderful.
×
I find it
wonderful that he sings so well. √
b.
使役动词之
make, have, get
make/have+
宾语
+
原形动词
(
过去分词
表被动
)(
作补语
)
get+
宾语
+
不定式
(
作补语
< br>)
make
可用于被动语态
，
have
、
get
< br>则不可以。
He was
got to wash the car. ×
He was had to wash the car.
×
He was made to
wash the car. √
c. make
的用法
(
对应于宾语补语的倒装，见刘毅语法宝典
p666)
如果宾语是不定式，动名词，或由
t
hat
和
whether
所引导的名词
性从句，又
有宾语补语时，应用
it
代
替这类长宾语。
He made
to get up early a rule.
×
He made it a rule to get up
early. √
I had
made whether I am to go or not clear. ×
I had made it clear whether
I am to go or not. √
备注：长宾语时亦要倒装
He made his meaning clear. √
He made his strong
objection to the proposals clear. ×
He made clear his
s
trong objection to the proposals.
√
5. (p46) (
刘毅
P323)
授予动词
,
间接宾语与直接宾语颠倒时，
就需要另加
介词
to,
for
或
of
a. to
表示给予
(give,
lend, bring, show, tell, write, send, hand,
teach, offer, sell, promise,
pass
等
)
He gave me a watch.
= He gave a watch to me.
b. for
表示代劳
(buy,
make, leave, do, choose, order, sing
等
)
One must do someone a good deed every
day.
= One must do a good
deed or someone every day.
c. of
表示从… …
之中的概念
(ask, expect, require,
demand
等
)
He asks me a question.
= He asks a question of me. (of = from)
d.
有些需要介词
at, against, on(throw,
bear, play
等
)
The naughty boy threw a stone at the
bird.
The thief bears a
grudge against the policeman.
< br>备注
(1)
有些双宾语动词只适用于无介词情形，如
answer, envy,
forgive
等。
I always envy you your good forturn.
Please forgive me my fault.
备注
(2)
间宾为名词，直宾为代词时，应先提直宾。
I give your sister them. ×
I give them to your sister.
√
备注
(
3)
间宾，直宾均为人称代词时，先提直宾较为普遍。
I give you them.
√
I give them to
you. √(较为普遍
)
备注<
/p>
(4)
间宾为人称代词，直宾为
it
时，先提哪一个均可，且
to
可省。
Give me it.
√
Give it to me.
√美式英语
Give it
me. √英式英语
备注
(5)
有些动词之后的间接宾语与直接宾语之间要用介词
(
此种句型实属于
S+V+O+
修饰语，即第三大类句型
)
[
第一类句型：
S+V
第二类句型：
S+V+SC/P
第三类句型：
S+V+O
第四类句型：
S+V+O+OC
第五类句型：
S+V+IO+DO
第四类句型与第五类句型的区别：
She will make him a good
husband.
第四类句型
She will make him a new suit.
第五类句型
]
间接宾语与直接宾语之间要用介词的动词：
①介词
of
的动词
rob, deprive, warn, rid
relive
等
(convince,
persuade,
suspect
等也可归为此类
)
He robed my money. ×
He robbed me of my money.
√
The captain
relieved the platoon leader of his command.
√
I cannot rid
myself of the painful memory.
= I cannot get rid of the painful
memory.
②介词
for
的动词
( forgive, punish, blame,
reward, praise, excuse
等
)
He blamed me for my
idleness.
Please excuse me
for being late.
③介词
< br>from
的动词
(prevent,
discourage, save, free,
deliver
等
)
He freed me from debt.
He delivered me from the enemy.
④介词
with
的动词
(provide, help, favor,
oblige
施惠
, supply,
present
等
)
Miss Sharp will favor us
with a song.
⑤介词
into
的动词
(talk, persuade,
argue, bribe
等
)
We bribed him into secrecy.
6.
五大类动词之外还有同源动词与反身动词
五大类动词，对应五大类句型，它们分别是：
第一类动词：完全不及物动词；
第二类动词：不完全不及物动词；
第三类动词：完全及物动词；
第四粒动词：不完全不及物动词；
第五类动词：授予动词。
a.
同源动词
(Cognate verb)
He laughed a hearty laugh.
The old lady sighed a deep
sigh.
He had fought an
honorable fight.
He had
fought an honorable battle.
b.
反身动词
(reflexive
verb)
，就是及物动词的动作，反向行为者的本身，
一般及
物动词加上反身宾语都可以有这种结构。
To know oneself is difficult.
Warm yourself by the fire.
但有一些只能用于反身结构的动词，常用的有：
介词
to
的
：
abandon oneself to, addict oneself to,
devote oneself
to(devote
to)
等
;
介词
of
的：
avail
oneself of, rid oneself of, deliver oneself of,
bethink oneself
of
等；
介词
with
的：
burden
oneself of, occupy oneself of, busy oneself
with(about/in/at), familiar oneself
with, amuse oneself with(by);
< br>介词
on/down
的：
thr
ow oneself down, pride oneself on, revenge
oneself on, seat oneself(on/in);
介词
in
的
：
lose oneself in, clothe oneself in,
dress oneself in,
engage oneself in;
其他介词的：
present
oneself at/for, absent oneself from,
distinguished oneself by.
<
/p>
备注
1
：one+v.+oneself
…=one+be+p.p./adj. …
dress oneself in=be dressed in
devote oneself to=be
devoted to
absent oneself
from=be absent from
特殊
:distinguished oneself
by=be distinguished for
pride oneself on=be proud of
备注
2
：上
述及物动词的宾语如果和主语不同，则用其他名
(
代
)
词为宾语
His parents clothed him in beautiful
garments.
He amused the
children with a story.
7. (
p59)
感叹句：
how
之后可置带有
形容词修饰的单数可数名词，但绝不可
置复数名词或不可数名词。句型如下：
How+adj.+a(an)+
单数名词
+
主语
+
动词
How
a great man he is! ×
How great a man he is! √
What a great man he is!
√
备注
1
：
what
可与单数，复数或不可数名
词连用。
How great
men they are! ×
What great men they are! √
How good music it is!
×
What good
music it is! √
备
注
2
：但
how
之后可接有
many, much, little, few
等数量形容词修饰的
复数或不可数名词。
What many students there
are in the classroom! ×
How many students there are in the
classroom! √
What few friends he has! ×
How few friends he has!
√
What much
money he has made! ×
How much money he has made!
√
What little
time is
left! ×
How little time is left! √
8.
同
7
见
p131“书呆子”，“阿西”和“土土”一起说声“好”，
四个短
语之中只能接单数名词，除非与数量形容词连用。
so… that…
as… as…
too… to…
how…
He is so a good student that I like
him. ×
He is so
good a student that I like him. √
He is as a handsome man as
Peter is
. ×
He is as handsome a man as Peter is.
√
He is too an
old man to do it. ×
He is too old a man to do it.
√
How a great
man he is! ×
How
great a man he is! √
备注
1
：such…
that…可置任何名词
This
is such good music that I like it. √
They are such good
student
s that I like them. √
He is such a good student
that I like him. √
< br>备注
2
：数量形容词修饰的情形
He has so many things to do
that he cannot go picnicking with us.
√
He
has too little money left to buy a car.
√
I have as much
money as he does. √
I don’t know how much time you can give
me for that job. √
9. a. (p77) as well as, rather
than
作并列连词
He as well as I is interested in music.
= He no less than I is
interested in music.
= He
together with me is interested in music.
= He along with me is
interested in music.
He
rather than I is interested in music.
= He instead of me is interested in
music.
= He, not I, is
interested in music.
b.
both…and…/neither… nor… /not… not…/not only… but
also…
前三组连接词通常不用来连接句子，not only… but
also…可用来连接句
子，但需要倒装。
Both he is good at
English, and he is good at math.
×
He is good at
both English and math. √
Neither you can talk here, nor you can
eat here. ×
You
can neither talk nor eat here. √
Either you should listen to
me, or you should get out of my sight.
(
可以
)
You should either listen to me or get
out of my sight. (
佳
)
Not he is wrong, but you
are wrong. (
可以
)
Not he but you are wrong.
(
佳
)
She can not only sing but also dance.
(
可以
)
Not only can she sing, but she can also
dance. (
佳
)
备注：not only… but also…连接单词或短语时，
< br>also
可以省略，连接句
子时也可以省略，但不省略时
，一定要和
but
分开。
She is interested not only
in music but (also) in art.
Not only can she sing, but she can
(also) dance.
10. when
和
if
在表示时间条件时
(
常用于现在时），可以替换的。
When/If you know the answer, put up
your hands and let me know.
If/When
the weather is fine, we like to go swimming.
如果条件不包含时间，则不用
when
。
如：
If you like it,
take it.
11.
连接性
副词
however/nevertheless/therefore/thus/m
oreover/furthermore/in
addition/besides
however
与
< br>therefore
可插在句中，两旁以逗号相隔。
moreover/furthermore/in
addition/besides
通常只置于主语前，而不插入
句中。
besides
与
in additi
on
均表示此外，不过前者多用于有否定或消极意味的
句中，而
in
addition
则用于肯定句或积极意味的句中。
I don’t think I will go to
the movies with you, John. I am too
tired; besides, I have no money.
She dances well, and she is
good at singing.
12. (p88)
副词连接词
so
that
，表目的或结果。
a. so that
引导目的状语从句，较常用，一般放在主句之后；
in
order
that
用于正式文体，引导的从句可放在主句的前面或后面。
She takes notes carefully
so that she may use them when she reviews
her lessons after class.
(
表目的，
so that
前面不用逗
号，后面句中一般用助
动词
may, will,
can
等
)
In order that the motion of a body can
be changed, an additional
force is
needed.
备注
1
：
so
that
中的
so
有时可以省略。
(
薄冰大学英语
p347)
We are studying hard that
we may achieve a good result at this end
of this term.
备注
2
：英美人士，有时用
so
取代
so that
(
赖世雄
p88)
I got up early so I could get to school
on time.
备注
3
：表示否定意思的目的状语从句连接词为
lest /for fear
that/in
case,
前两者从句一般要用虚拟语气，
in case
从句一般用虚拟语气，但有时也可
以用陈述语气气。
We must hurry off lest we
should miss the bus.
He
takes his umbrella with him in case it rains.
b. so that/that/so
引导结果状语从句
He spoke clearly, so that everyone
heard him. (
表结果，
so
that
前面
用逗号
)
He didn’t work hard in the
past few days that he legged behind.
备注：
so
一般单独使用时，称作并列连词
(
推论连词
< br>)
。
13. ( p89
与
p335)
since
的用法
a.
作副词连接词
表：因为
Since you have finished the work, you
may leave anytime.
表：自从，引导一
般过去式的状语从句，修饰时态为现在完成
(
进行
)
时或过
去完成
(
进行
)
时。
I have study English since
I move here in 2001.
b.
作副词用，句型结构一定为：
主语
+
一般过去式
+
明确的时间副词短语
+and+
主语
+have(has, had)+since+
过
去分词
/+
过去分词
+s
ince
He left town in 2002
and I haven’t seen him since.
= He left town in 2002 and
I haven’t since seen him.
c.
作介词用，之后加明确的时间名词作宾语，亦可用动名词
作宾语。
I have been
studying English since 2002.
I have been studying English since ten
years ago.
I have been
studying English since moving here in 2002.
备注：
since
< br>前可用副词
ever
修饰
Ever since he came here, he
has been arguing with Mary.
He has been learning English ever since
he was five years old.
He
failed the exam two weeks ago and has felt
discouraged ever
since.
14. whether,
if
的用法
if
和
whether
通用，都表示
“是否”的意思。一般来说，后者比较正式，在
口语中前者常用来代替后者。但两者有时
具有不同的暗示。用
whether
时，正反两
面的选择意义较强，问话人并不在意回答是肯定还是否定；而用
if
时，则比较强
调单方面，即正面，问话人希望得到肯定的回答。另外，还要
注意以下几点：
a. wheth
er
和
if
都可以与
< br>or not
连用；但写在一起时，只能用
whethe
r
，
不能用
if
。如：
I don't
care whether (
或
if) it will
rain or not
．
I don't
care
whether
or
not
it
will
rain.
(
不用
if)
b.
在引导宾语从句时，应注意：
(1)
表示“是否”时，两词都能引导宾语从句。
I wonder if/whether you can
examine him now
．
(2)
宾语从句移置句首时，用
wh
ether
，不用
if
。
Whether it is true or
not
，
I can't
say
．
(3)
宾语从句为否定形式时，通常用
if
，而不用
whether
。
I asked Tom if
Mary wouldn’t come．
(4)
作
discuss
等词的宾语，用
whether
不用
if
。
We discussed whether we should buy the
gift for him
．
(5)
句子中有
if
引导的条件句，如再有表示“是否”的宾语从句，用
whether
不用
if
。
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