基础油生产工艺详解-加拿大石油

PETRO-CANADA AND THE PATENTED HT PURITY PROCESS

BASE OIL MANUFACTURE

加拿大石油专利精制处理

基础油

生产

Lubricant base oils are produced in a series of steps which are designed to

enhance certain desirable properties. For paraffinic oils, these include viscosity

index, oxidation resistance, thermal stability and low temperature fluidity.

Starting from petroleum crude oil, the typical process for making a lubricant

base oil is as follows:

? Separation of lighter boiling materials, such as gasoline, diesel, etc.

? Distilla

tion to give desired base oil viscosity grades

? Selective removal of impurities, such as aromatics and polar compounds

? Dewaxing to improve low temperature fluidity

? Finishing to improve oxidation resistance and heat stability

Generally both Solvent Refined and Hydrocracked base oils are manufactured

this way, but differ in the processes used.

润滑油基础油是经过一系列旨在提高某些特性的步骤后生产出来的。对石蜡 基基础油来说，这些特性包括

粘度指数，抗氧化性，热稳定性和低温流动性。从原油开始 ，生产基润滑油基础油典型过程在以下几步：

。轻沸点材料的分离，比如汽油，柴油等被分离出来；

。蒸馏得到所需要的基础油粘度等级；

。选择性去除杂质，比如：芳烃和极性化合物；

。脱蜡以提高低温流动性；

。最后提高抗氧性和热稳定性；

通常 溶剂精制和加氢裂化基础油的生产路径都是这样的，区别只是使用处理方法的不同。

BASE OIL CLASSIFICATION

基础油的分类

Before reviewing how base oil is manufactured, we should explain the

American Petroleum Institute?s (API) Base Oil Classification system. For

engine oils, the API system classifies base oils into five major groups, as

shown below:

上面回顾了基础油的生产过程，我 们接下来说明

API

的基础油分类系统。针对发动机油，

API

分类系统中有

五个主要的级别：

Group I, or conventional base oils manufactured by Solvent Refining, make up

most of the base oil produced in the world today. Containing more than

0.03 wt % Sulphur and less than 90 wt % Saturates, they are less pure than

Hydroprocessed or Synthetic base oils. While these groups were originally

intended to be used for engine oils, their usage has expanded beyond this

area.

Group II and III base oils are manufactured by what the API calls Hydroprocessing

or Severe Hydroprocessing. These are just other names for

Petro-

Canada?s Patented HT Purity Process. With Sulphur contents of less

than 0.03 wt % and Saturates

一类基础油或用溶剂精制生产的基础油 ，是今天世界上主要的基础油产品。包括含硫量超过

3%

和饱合 烃

含量小于

90%

，他们的纯度低于加 氢或是合成油。尽管这一组最初是设计用于发动机油，但现在他们的使

用拓展超过这一区 域。

二类油和三类油是用

API

称之为加氢处理或是重加氢处理方法制造。硫含量低于

0.03%< /p>

饱合烃含量大于等

于

90%

SOLVENT REFINING PROCESS

溶剂精制处理

Initially, light oils such as gasoline, diesel, etc., are separated from crude

petroleum by atmospheric distillation. The resulting material is charged to a

vacuum distillation tower, where lubricant fractions of specific viscosity ranges

are taken off. These fractions are then treated individually in a solvent

extraction tower. A solvent such as furfural is mixed with them and extracts

about 70-85% of the aromatic material present. The solvent extracted lube

fraction is then dewaxed by chilling to a low temperature, which removes much

of the wax. This improves the low temperature fluidity of the product. Finally,

the dewaxed lube fractions are sometimes finished to improve their colour and

stability, depending on the application requirements. One common method of

finishing is mild hydrofinishing. This step should not be confused with

Petro-C

anada?s Patented HT Purity Process, as conditions of

temperature and pressure in hydrofinishing

are mild and less effective. The API classifies the products of Solvent Refining as Group I base oils.

最开始，轻油如汽 油，柴油等，被从原油中通过汽提分离出来，其余材料被装入真空蒸馏塔。在这里润滑

油 馏分被按照指定的粘度范围分开。这些馏分再在一个溶剂抽提塔中进行专门的处理。用糠醛等溶剂和它

75-85%

的芳烃。溶剂精制 后润滑油馏分进行低温冷落脱腊，以脱去大部分的石蜡。这

可以提高产品的低温流动性。 最后，依照应用的要求，脱腊润滑油的馏分有时要修整提高他们的色度和稳

定性。修整的 常见方法是轻度（补充）加氢精制。这一步与加拿大石油专用

HT

精制过程不会混淆的。因

为在加氢精制中的温度和压力条件都是轻微和作用不大的。< /p>

API

溶剂精制的产品等级做为一类基础油。

PETRO-

CANADA’S HT SEVERE

HYDROCRACKING PROCESS

加拿大石油深度加氢裂解工

艺

In Petro-

Canada?s HT Severe Hydrocracking process, the elimination of

aromatics and polar compounds is achieved by reacting the feedstock with

hydrogen, in the presence of a catalyst at high temperatures and pressures.

Several different reactions occur in this process, the principal ones being:

? Removal of polar compounds, containing sulphur, nitrogen and oxygen

? Conversion of aromatic hydrocarbons to saturated cyclic hydrocarbons

? Breaking up of heavy

polycyclo-paraffins to lighter saturated hydrocarbons

These reactions take place at temperatures as high as 400°

C , pressures

around 3000 psi and in the presence of a catalyst. The hydrocarbon

molecules that are formed are very stable and this makes them ideal for use

as lubricant base oils. They are classified by the API as Group II base oils.

There are two stages in the Petro- Canada Severe Hydrocracking process.

The first one removes unwanted polar compounds and converts the aromatic

components to saturated hydrocarbons. After separation into desired viscosity

grades by vacuum distillation, batches of waxy lube base oil are chill dewaxed.

These are then passed through a second high pressure hydro-treater for

additional saturation. This final step maximizes base oil stability, by removing

the last traces of aromatic and polar molecules.

在加拿大石油

HT

深度加氢裂解工艺中，通过氢气与物料在高温高压环境和催化剂作用下的反应，芳烃和

极性化合物的去除是很完美的。此工艺中发生一系列不同的反应，最主要的是：

。极性化合物的去除，包括硫，氮和氧；

。芳烃转化为饱合环状烃；

。打破重稠环链烷烃为较轻饱合烃；

上述反应发生在

400

度高温和接近

3 000

帕，和催化剂的作用下。这些成形后的烃分子是非常稳定的理想

< br>的润滑油基础油成份。他们是

API

二类油的级别。

在加拿大石油深度加氢裂化工艺中分为二段：

首先去除无用的极性化合物，转换芳烃为饱合烃，裂解后经减压蒸馏得到需要的粘度等级，成批石蜡润滑

油基础油被冷榨脱蜡。然后经过一个高压加氢装置补充饱合。最后一步通过去除最后少量 的芳烃和极性分

子来尽可能提高基础油的稳定性。

HT SEVERE HYDROCRACKING/HYDROISOMERIZATION

深度加氢裂解和异构化

In 1996, Petro-Canada completed a new base oil manufacturing unit to run in

parallel with its existing base oil plant. This new unit utilizes the HT Severe

Hydrocracking process, but replaces the chill dewaxing step with the more