新托福真题TPO27阅读翻译及词汇整理

翻

译

translat ion

精

制

的

精

心

制

作

的

实

用

的

粘

土

浮

雕

雕

刻

模

具

养活自己。但是乌鲁克在整个区域拥有压倒性的面积优势，远 远超过了其他的定居点，这说

明它是这个地区的中心，是一个真正的城市。事实上，它是 人类历史上的第一个城市。

二

、

乌

鲁

克

中

专

门

从

事

非

农

业

的

工

< br>作

的

人

及

其

考

古

证

据

The vast majority of its population remained active in agriculture, even those people livingwithin

the city itself. But a small segment of the urban society started to specialize innonagricultural tasks

as a result of the city’s role as a regional center.

Within the productivesector, there was a growth of

a

variety

of

specialist

craftspeople.

Early

in

the

Uruk

period,

theuse

of

undecorated

utilitarian

pottery was probably the result of specialized mass an early fourth-millennium level

of the Eanna archaeological site at Uruk, a pottery styleappears that is most characteristic of this

process, the so- called beveled-rim bowl. It is arather shallow bowl that was crudely made in a mold;

hence, in only a limited number ofstandard sizes. For some unknown reason, many were discarded,

often still intact, andthousands have been found all over the Near East. The beveled-rim bowl is one

of the mosttelling diagnostic finds for identifying an Uruk-period site. Of importance is the fact that

it wasproduced rapidly in large amounts, most likely by specialists in a central l ocation.

乌鲁克的绝

大部分的人口甚至包括住在城市里 面的人仍然从事农业活动。但是由于这个城市是地区的中

心，城市社会中的小部分人开始 专门从事非农业的工作。在生产部门内部，专业工匠的类型

有了增加。在乌鲁克时期早期 ，未装饰的实用陶器的使用可能就是大量专业化生产的结果。

在公元前四千年早期的乌鲁 克的考古遗址

Eanna

中，有一种陶器风格出现了，它是这个 时期

的最大特点，这种陶器被叫做

“

斜 面边碗

”

。这种在模具中粗糙的制作而成的碗相当的浅，因

此只有有限的几种尺寸。

由于一些未知的 原因，很多碗都被丢弃，通常这些碗都是完整的，

在近东已近发现了数千只。斜面边碗是 鉴别是否属于乌鲁克时期遗址的最具标志性的发现之

一。一个重要的事实是斜面边碗是被 大规模生产出来的，极有可能是专业工匠在集中在一个

区

三

、

在

乌

鲁

克

时< /p>

期

存

在

着

工

匠

进

行

业

化

大

规

模

生

产

A variety of documentation indicates that other goods, once made by a family member as oneof

many duties, were later made by skilled artisans. Certain images depict groups of people,most likely

women, involved in weaving textiles, an activity we know from later third-millenniumtexts to have

been

vital

in

the

economy

and

to

have

been

centrally

administered.

Also,

aspecialized

metal-

域

进

行

生

产

。

producing

workshop

may have

been

excavated

in

a

small

area

at

Uruk. Itcontained

a

number of

channels lined by a sequence of holes, about 50 centimeters deep, allshowing burn marks and filled

with

ashes.

This

has

been

interpreted

as

the

remains

of

aworkshop

where

molten

metal

was

scooped up from the channel and poured into molds in theholes. Some type of mass production by

specialists

was

involved

here.

各种文 件材料说明，曾经作为家庭义务而制作的其他商品后来被

有技术的工匠的生产替代。一些 图片描绘了数群人，很有可能是女人，在从事于纺织的活动，

从公元前三世纪的资料中我 们得知这一活在经济中起着重要的作用并且在管理中处于中心的

地位。同样，一个专门生 产金属的作坊在乌鲁克被挖掘出来，它包含许多水渠，一系列洞穴

成线状排列在水渠边。 这些洞大约有

50

厘米深，都有燃烧的痕迹，里面填满了灰烬。 这些遗

迹被解释为作坊的遗迹，融化的金属从水渠中舀出来倒入洞中的模具，专业工匠的 大规模生

产

四

Objects

themselves

suggest

that

they

were

the

work

of

skilled

professionals.

In

the

late

Urukperiod (3500-3100 B.C.E.), there first appeared a type of object that remained characteristicfor

Mesopotamia throughout its entire history: the cylinder seal. This was a small cylinder,usually no

more than 3 centimeters high and 2 centimeters in diameter, of shell, bone, faience( a glassy type

of

stoneware),

or

various

types

of

stones,

on

which

a

scene

was

carved

into

thesurface.

When

rolled over a soft material---primarily the clay of bullae (round seals), tablets, orclay lumps attached

to

boxes,

jars,

or

door

bolts---the

scene

would

appear

in

relief,

easilylegible.

The

technological

knowledge needed to carve it was far superior to that for stampseals, which had happened in the

early

Neolithic

period

(approximately

10,000-5000

B.C.E.).From

the

first

appearance

of

cylinder

seals,

the

carved

scenes

could

be

highly

elaborate

andrefined,

indicating

the

work

of

specialist

stone-cutters. Similarly, the late Uruk period showsthe first monumental art, relief, and statuary in

the round, made with a degree of masterythat only a professional could have produce d.

这些物品

说明这些是熟练的专业人员的作品。在后乌鲁克时 期

(

公元前

3500

< br>—

3100

年

)

，第一次出现了

一种在整个美索不达米亚历史时期都是很有特色的物品