TPO 26 阅读+答案+译文+解析

TPO 26

Energy and the Industrial Revolution

PARAGRAPH 1

For years historians have sought to identify crucial elements in the eighteenth-century rise in

industry, technology, and economic power Known as the Industrial Revolution, and many

give prominence to the problem of energy. Until the eighteenth century, people relied on

energy derived from plants as well as animal and human muscle to provide power Increased

efficiency in the use of water and wind helped with such tasks as pumping, milling, or sailing.

However, by the eighteenth century, Great Britain in particular was experiencing an energy

shortage. Wood, the primary source of heat for homes and industries and also used in the iron

industry as processed charcoal, was diminishing in supply. Great Britain had large amounts of

coal; however, there were not yet efficient means by which to produce mechanical energy or

to power machinery. This was to occur with progress in the development of the steam engine.

PARAGRAPH 2

In the late 1700s James Watt designed an efficient and commercially viable steam engine that

was soon applied to a 1 variety of industrial uses as it became cheaper to use. The engine

helped solve the problem of draining coal mines of groundwater and increased the production

of coal needed to power steam engines elsewhere. A rotary engine attached to the steam

engine enabled shafts to be turned and machines to be driven, resulting in mills using steam

power to spin and weave cotton. Since the steam engine was fired by coal, the large mills did

not need to be located by rivers, as had mills that used water- driven machines. The shift to

increased mechanization in cotton production is apparent in the import of raw cotton and the

sale of cotton goods. Between 1760 and 1850, the amount of raw cotton imported increased

230 times. Production of British cotton goods increased sixtyfold, and cotton cloth became

Great Britain's most important product, accounting for one-half of all exports. The success of

the steam engine resulted in increased demands for coal, and the M consequent increase in

coal production was made possible as the steam-powered pumps drained water from the

ever- deeper coal seams found below the water table.

1

PARAGRAPH 3

The availability of steam power and the demands for new machines facilitated the

transformation of the iron industry. Charcoal, made from wood and thus in limited supply,

was replaced with coal- derived coke (substance left after coal is heated) as steam-driven

bellows came into use for producing of raw iron. Impurities were burnt away with the use of

coke, producing a high-quality refined iron. Reduced cost was also instrumental in developing

steam- powered rolling mills capable of producing finished iron of various shapes and sizes.

The resulting boom in the iron industry expanded the annual iron output by more than 170

times between 1740 and 1840, and by the 1850s Great Britain was producing more tons of

iron than the rest of the world combined. The developments in the iron industry were in part a

response to the demand for more machines and the ever-widening use of higher-quality iron

in other industries.

PARAGRAPH 4

Steam power and iron combined to revolutionize transport, which in turn had further

implications. Improvements in road construction and sailing had occurred, but shipping heavy

freight over land remained expensive, even with the use of rivers and canals wherever

possible. Parallel rails had long been used in j mining operations to move bigger loads, but

horses were still the primary source of power. However, the arrival of the steam engine

initiated a complete transformation in rail transportation, entrenching and expanding the

Industrial Revolution. As transportation improved, distant and larger markets within the

nation could be reached, thereby encouraging the development of larger factories to keep pace

with increasing sales. Greater productivity and rising demands provided entrepreneurs with

profits that could be reinvested to take advantage of new technologies to further expand

capacity, or to seek alternative investment opportunities. Also, the availability of jobs in

railway Jj construction attracted many rural laborers accustomed to seasonal and temporary

employment. When the work was completed, many moved to other construction jobs or to

factory work in cities and towns, where they became part of an expanding working class.

参考答案

PARAGRAPH 1

2

For years historians have sought to identify crucial elements in the eighteenth- century rise in

industry, technology, and economic power Known as the Industrial Revolution, and many

give prominence to the problem of energy. Until the eighteenth century, people relied on

energy derived from plants as well as animal and human muscle to provide power Increased

efficiency in the use of water and wind helped with such tasks as pumping, milling, or sailing.

However, by the eighteenth century, Great Britain in particular was experiencing an energy

shortage. Wood, the primary source of heat for homes and industries and also used in the iron

industry as processed charcoal, was diminishing in supply. Great Britain had large amounts of

coal; however, there were not yet efficient means by which to produce mechanical energy or

to power machinery. This was to occur with progress in the development of the steam engine.

1

、

Why does the author provide the information that

To reject the claim that Britain was facing an energy shortage in the eighteenth century

To explain why coal rather than other energy resources became the primary source of heat for

homes and industries in eighteenth- century Britain

To indicate that Britain's energy shortage was not the result of a lack of fuel

To explain why coal mining became an important industry in nineteenth-century

2

、

What was

of the eighteenth century possible?

Water and wind could not be used efficiently.

There was no efficient way to power machinery.

Steam engines required large amounts of coal, which was in short supply.

Neither humans nor animals were strong enough to provide the power required for industrial

application.

PARAGRAPH 2

In the late 1700s James Watt designed an efficient and commercially viable steam engine that

was soon applied to a 1 variety of industrial uses as it became cheaper to use. The engine

helped solve the problem of draining coal mines of groundwater and increased the production

of coal needed to power steam engines elsewhere. A rotary engine attached to the steam

engine enabled shafts to be turned and machines to be driven, resulting in mills using steam

3

power to spin and weave cotton. Since the steam engine was fired by coal, the large mills did

not need to be located by rivers, as had mills that used water- driven machines. The shift to

increased mechanization in cotton production is apparent in the import of raw cotton and the

sale of cotton goods. Between 1760 and 1850, the amount of raw cotton imported increased

230 times. Production of British cotton goods increased sixtyfold, and cotton cloth became

Great Britain's most important product, accounting for one-half of all exports. The success of

the steam engine resulted in increased demands for coal, and the M consequent increase in

coal production was made possible as the steam-powered pumps drained water from the

ever-deeper coal seams found below the water table.

3

、

Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 2 as a development in cotton mills

brought about by Watt's steam engine?

The importing of huge quantities of raw cotton by Britain

Increased mechanization

More possibilities for mill location

Smaller mills

4

、

The phrase

clearly seen in

aid in

associated with

followed By

5

、

According to paragraph 2, what was Britain's most important export by 1850?

Raw cotton

Cotton cloth

Steam-powered pumps

Coal

6

、

The word

resulting

encouraging

4

well documented

immediate

7

、

What is the role of paragraph 2 in the passage as a whole?

It explains how by increasing the supply of raw materials from other countries, British

industries were able to reduce costs and increase production.

It explains how the production of mechanical energy and its benefits spread quickly across

countries that were linked commercially with Great Britain.

It demonstrates why developments in a single industry could not have caused the Industrial

Revolution.

It illustrates why historians have assigned igreat importance to the issue of energy in the rise

of the Industrial Revolution.

PARAGRAPH 3

The availability of steam power and the demands for new machines facilitated the

transformation of the iron industry. Charcoal, made from wood and thus in limited supply,

was replaced with coal- derived coke (substance left after coal is heated) as steam-driven

bellows came into use for producing of raw iron. Impurities were burnt away with the use of

coke, producing a high-quality refined iron. Reduced cost was also instrumental in developing

steam- powered rolling mills capable of producing finished iron of various shapes and sizes.

The resulting boom in the iron industry expanded the annual iron output by more than 170

times between 1740 and 1840, and by the 1850s Great Britain was producing more tons of

iron than the rest of the world combined. The developments in the iron industry were in part a

response to the demand for more machines and the ever-widening use of higher-quality iron

in other industries.

8

、

According to paragraph 3, why was the use of coke important for the iron industry?

It helped make wood into charcoal.

It reduced the dependency on steam-powered machines used for the production of iron.

It replaced charcoal in the production of raw and refined iron.

It powered the machines used to extract coal in coal mines.

5

9

、

According to paragraph 3, all of the following were true of the iron industry in Great

Britain during the 1800s EXCEPT:

Steam-driven bellows were used to prHlice raw iron.

By the 1850s Britain was the world's largest producer of iron.

Steam-powered mills made it possible to produce iron of different shapes and sizes.

Greater demand for higher- quality iron increased its price.

PARAGRAPH 4

Steam power and iron combined to revolutionize transport, which in turn had further

implications. Improvements in road construction and sailing had occurred, but shipping heavy

freight over land remained expensive, even with the use of rivers and canals wherever

possible. Parallel rails had long been used in j mining operations to move bigger loads, but

horses were still the primary source of

power. ■ However, the arrival of the steam engine

initiated a complete transformation in rail transportation, entrenching and expanding the

Industrial Revolution.

■

As transportation improved, distant and larger markets within the

nation could be reached, thereby encouraging the development of larger factories to keep pace

with increasing sales. ■ Greater productivity and rising demands provided entrepreneurs with

profits that could be reinvested to take advantage of new technologies to further expand

capa

city, or to seek alternative investment opportunities. ■ Also, the availability of jobs in

railway Jj construction attracted many rural laborers accustomed to seasonal and temporary

employment. When the work was completed, many moved to other construction jobs or to

factory work in cities and towns, where they became part of an expanding working class.

10

、

The word

anticipated

accelerated

spread

started

11

、

Paragraph 4 implies which of the following about the transformation in rail transportation?

Because railway construction employed mostly rural laborers, unemployment increased

among urban workers.

6

It resulted in more trade within the country, but less trade with markets that could be reached

only by ocean shipping.

It made shipping freight overland to distant markets less expensive.

It resulted in higher wages for factory workers.

12

、

The phrase

in need of

used to

tired of

encouraged by

13

、

Look at the f

our squares [■] that indicate

where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

The first steam-powered locomotives were slow but they rapidly improved in speed and

carrying capacity.

14

、

Direction: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below.

Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most

important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they

express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This

question is worth 2 points.

The coming of the Industrial Revolution in eighteenth-century Britain depended on the

development of the steam engine to power machinery.

Answer Choices

A. For years, historians disregarded the issue of energy as a major element in the rise of the

Industrial

Revolution and focused instead on technological developments and increased production.

B. The introduction and growth of steam-powered rail transport was a major factor in Britain's

economic expansion during the Industrial Revolution.

C. An expansion of the Industrial Revolution outside Great Britain occurred when British

industries began to import raw cotton and high-quality iron.

7

D. By 1850, the use of steam power in Britain's mills, mines, and iron industry made Britain a

world leader in the production of cotton cloth and iron.

E. Since the basic infrastructure was in place, the Industrial Revolution fueled itself with

enlarging markets

requiring ever more expansion of factories and workforce.

F. By the end of the 1800s, railway construction attracted so many laborers that factories

could not find enough workers to keep up with increasing sales.

Energy and the Industrial Revolution

能源和工业革命

——

翻译

by@

英语词汇精华

陈鹏飞

文章词汇总结

?

steam engine

蒸汽机

;

?

iron industry

钢铁行业

;

?

productivity

生产力

;

?

mechanize

机械化

;

?

coal

煤

?

efficiency

效率

?

working class

工人阶级

?

Industrial Revolution

工业革命

;

文章中英文对照

For years historians have sought to identify crucial elements in the eighteenth-century rise in

industry, technology, and economic power Known as the Industrial Revolution, and many

give prominence to the problem of energy. Until the eighteenth century, people relied on

energy derived from plants as well as animal and human muscle to provide power. Increased

efficiency in the use of water and wind helped with such tasks as pumping, milling, or sailing.

However, by the eighteenth century, Great Britain in particular was experiencing an energy

shortage. Wood, the primary source of heat for homes and industries and also used in the iron

industry as processed charcoal, was diminishing in supply. Great Britain had large amounts of

8

coal; however, there were not yet efficient means by which to produce mechanical energy or

to power machinery. This was to occur with progress in the development of the steam engine.

数年来，历史学家一直试图界定

18

世纪工业革命中工业、科技、和经济实力崛起的关

键因素。

很多历史学家将之归功于能源问题。

18

世纪之前人们依赖于工厂，

畜力和人力

来提供动力。水能和风 能利用效率的不断提升促进了抽水，碾磨和航海等活动的开展。

然而到了

18

世纪，尤其是英国经历着能源短缺的困扰。木材是家庭和工业供暖的主要< /p>

来源，也被加工成木炭用于钢铁行业，其供应正在不断的减少。英国有大量的煤，然而

却缺乏产生机械能和为机器提供动力的有效方式。

这恰好与蒸汽机的 崛起的时机相一致

.

In the late 1700s James Watt designed an efficient and commercially viable steam engine that

was soon applied to a variety of industrial uses as it became cheaper to use. The engine helped

solve the problem of draining coal mines of groundwater and increased the production of coal

needed to power steam engines elsewhere. A rotary engine attached to the steam engine

enabled shafts to be turned and machines to be driven, resulting in mills using steam power to

spin and weave cotton. Since the steam engine was fired by coal, the large mills did not need

to be located by rivers, as had mills that used water- driven machines. The shift to increased

mechanization in cotton production is apparent in the import of raw cotton and the sale of

cotton goods. Between 1760 and 1850, the amount of raw cotton imported increased 230

times. Production of British cotton goods increased sixtyfold, and cotton cloth became Great

Britain’s most important product, accounting for one

-half of all exports. The success of the

steam engine resulted in increased demands for coal, and the consequent increase in coal

production was made possible as the steam-powered pumps drained water from the

ever-deeper coal seams found below the water table.

在

18

世纪晚期，詹姆斯瓦特发明了高效而又商业上可行的蒸汽机。随着 蒸汽机越来越

便宜，它被广泛运用各个工业领域。这个机器解决了煤矿地下水的排水问题 ，增加了可

以给其他的蒸汽机提供能量的煤的产量。在蒸汽机上附加转轮发动机就能使转 动轴转

动，从而驱动机器工作，这样工厂就可以利用蒸汽机来纺织和织棉花。因为蒸汽机 靠煤

来驱动，大的工厂就不需要依河而建，因为有些工厂使用水驱动的机器。棉花生产的 机

械化不断增加，这一转变在原棉的进口和棉制品的销售上凸显出来。在

1760

年和

1850

年间， 原棉进口量增加了

230

倍。英国的棉制品产量增加了

60

倍，棉布成为英国最重

9

要的产品，占总出口的一半。蒸汽机的成功导致煤需求的增长 。随着蒸汽驱动的水泵从

不断深入的地下水位以下的煤层中抽水，煤的产量的进一步增长 便成为可能。

The availability of steam power and the demands for new machines facilitated the

transformation of the iron industry. Charcoal, made from wood and thus in limited supply,

was replaced with coal-derived coke (substance left after coal is heated) as steam-driven

bellows came into use for producing of raw iron. Impurities were burnt away with the use of

coke, producing a high-quality refined iron. Reduced cost was also instrumental in developing

steam-powered rolling mills capable of producing finished iron of various shapes and sizes.

The resulting boom in the iron industry expanded the annual iron output by more than 170

times between 1740 and 1840, and by the 1850s Great Britain was producing more tons of

iron than the rest of the world combined. The developments in the iron industry were in part a

response to the demand for more machines and the ever-widening use of higher-quality iron

in other industries.

蒸汽动力的有效性和对新机器的需求促进了钢铁行业的转型。 木炭由木材制成，因此供

应量有限，随着蒸汽驱动的风箱被用于生铁的生产，木炭已经被 从煤中提炼的焦煤（煤

加热后遗留的物质）所替代。因为焦煤的使用，生铁中的杂质被燃 烧完，从而生产出高

质量的精炼铁。降低的成本又能促进蒸汽驱动的钢铁轧钢厂的发展， 这些轧钢厂能够生

产各种样式和大小的成品钢铁。

钢铁行业的繁 荣使钢铁的产量在

1740

年到

184 0

年期间

增长

170

< br>了多倍。到

19

世纪五十年代，英国生产的钢铁比世界其 他地区的生产钢铁的

总和还要高。

钢铁行业的发展部分是由于其 他行业对于机器需求的增加和高质量的钢铁

在其他行业的越来越广泛的应用。

Steam power and iron combined to revolutionize transport, which in turn had further

implications. Improvements in road construction and sailing had occurred, but shipping heavy

freight over land remained expensive, even with the use of rivers and canals wherever

possible. Parallel rails had long been used in mining operations to move bigger loads, but

horses were still the primary source of power. ■However, the arrival of the steam engine

initiated a complete transformation in rail transportation, entrenching and expanding the

Industrial Revolutio

n. ■As transportation improved, distant and larger markets within the

nation could be reached, thereby encouraging the development of larger factories to keep pace

with increasing sales. ■Greater productivity and rising demands provided entrepreneurs with

10

profits that could be reinvested to take advantage of new technologies to further expand

capacity, or to seek alternative investment opportunities. ■Also, the availability of jobs in

railway construction attracted many rural laborers accustomed to seasonal and temporary

employment. When the work was completed, many moved to other construction jobs or to

factory work in cities and towns, where they became part of an expanding working class.

蒸汽动力和钢铁使交通运输发生了彻底的变革，

而交通运输反过来对蒸汽动力和钢铁也

产生了进一步的影响。道路建设和航海的改善已经 初步成效，但是船运输重型货物到陆

地仍然很昂贵，即使在可以用到河流和运河的地方。 并行铁路早已被使用于采矿作业来

运输更大的负重物，但是马仍然是那是主要的动力源。 然而，蒸汽机的到来引发了铁路

运输的彻底变革，巩固和扩大了工业革命的成果。随着交 通运输的改善，人们就能够进

入到国内远处的更大的市场，鼓励大型的工厂的生产跟上增 长的销售的步伐。不断提高

的生产力和不断增加的需求给企业家提供了利润，这种利润可 以再投资于新技术，进一

步扩大产能或寻求其他的投资机会。

铁 路建设中所产生的工作机会吸引了很多农村的劳

动力来适应于季节性的临时性的工作。当 工作被完成后，很多劳动力又转到到其他的建

造的工作或者在城市和城镇的工厂工作。在 那里，他们成为不断扩大的工人阶级的一部

分。

Survival of Plants and Animals in Desert Conditions

PARAGRAPH 1

The harsh conditions in deserts are intolerable for most plants and animals. Despite these

conditions, however, many varieties of plants and animals have adapted to deserts in a

number of ways. Most plant tissues die if their water content falls too low: the nutrients that

feed plants are transmitted by water; water is a raw material in the vital process of

photosynthesis; and water regulates the temperature of a plant by its ability to absorb heat and

because water vapor lost to the atmosphere through the leaves helps to lower plant

temperatures. Water controls the volume of plant matter produced. The distribution of plants

within different areas of desert is also controlled by water. Some areas, because of their soil

texture, topographical position, or distance from rivers or groundwater, have virtually no

water available to plants, whereas others do.

PARAGRAPH 2

11

The nature of plant life in deserts is also highly dependent on the fact that they have to adapt

to the prevailing aridity. There are two general classes of vegetation: long-lived perennials,

which may be succulent (water-storing) and are often dwarfed and woody, and annuals or

ephemerals, which have a short life cycle and may form a fairly dense stand immediately after

rain.

PARAGRAPH 3

The ephemeral plants evade drought. Given a year of favorable precipitation, such plants will

develop vigorously and produce large numbers of flowers and fruit. This replenishes the seed

content of the desert soil. The seeds then lie dormant until the next wet year, when the desert

blooms again.

PARAGRAPH 4

The perennial vegetation adjusts to the aridity by mear of various avoidance mechanisms.

Most desert plants are 11 probably best classified as xerophytes. They possess

drought-resisting adaptations: loss of water through the leaves is reduced by means of dense

hairs covering waxy leaf surfaces, by the closure of pores during the hottest times to reduce

water loss, am by the rolling up or shedding of leaves at the beginning of the dry season.

Some xerophytes, the succulents (including cacti), store water in their structures. Another way

of countering drought is to have a limited amount of mass above ground and to have extensive

root networks below ground. It is not unusual for the roots of some desert perennials to extend

downward more than ten meters. Some plants are woody in type

—

an adaptation designed to

prevent collapse of the plant tissue when water stress produces wilting. Another class of

desert plant is the phreatophyte. These have adapted to the environment by the development

of long taproots that penetrate downward until they approach the assured water supply

provided by groundwater. Among these plants are the date palm, tamarisk, and mesquite.

They commonly grow near stream channels, springs, or on the margins of lakes.

PARAGRAPH 5

Animals also have to adapt to desert conditions, and they may do it through two forms of

behavioral adaptation: they either escape or retreat. Escape involves such actions as

12

aestivation, a condition of prolonged dormancy, or torpor, during which animals reduce their

metabolic rate and body temperature during the hot season or during very dry spells.

PARAGRAPH 6

Seasonal migration is another form of escape, especially for large mammals or birds. The

term retreat is applied I to the short- term escape behavior of desert animals, and it usually

assumes the pattern of a daily rhythm. Birds shelter in nests, rock overhangs, trees, and dense

shrubs to avoid the hottest hours of the day, while mammals like the kangaroo rat burrow

underground.

PARAGRAPH 7

Some animals have behavioral, physiological, and morphological (structural) adaptations that

enable them to withstand extreme conditions. For example, the ostrich has 1 plumage that is

so constructed that the feathers are long but not too dense. When conditions are hot, the

ostrich erects them on its 1 back, thus increasing the thickness of the barrier between solar

radiation and the skin. The sparse distribution of the feathers, however, also allows

considerable lateral air movement over the skin surface, thereby permitting further heat loss

by rmore, the birds orient themselves carefully with regard to the Sun an0

gently flap their wings to increase convection cooling.

参考答案

PARAGRAPH 1

The harsh conditions in deserts are intolerable for most plants and animals. Despite these

conditions, however, many varieties of plants and animals have adapted to deserts in a

number of ways. Most plant tissues die if their water content falls too low: the nutrients that

feed plants are transmitted by water; water is a raw material in the vital process of

photosynthesis; and water regulates the temperature of a plant by its ability to absorb heat and

because water vapor lost to the atmosphere through the leaves helps to lower plant

temperatures. Water controls the volume of plant matter produced. The distribution of plants

within different areas of desert is also controlled by water. Some areas, because of their soil

13

texture, topographical position, or distance from rivers or groundwater, have virtually no

water available to plants, whereas others do.

1

、

According to paragraph 1, water provides all of the following essential functions for plants

EXCEPT

improving plants' ability to absorb sunlight

preventing plants from becoming overheated

transporting nutrients

serving as a raw material for photosynthesis

PARAGRAPH 3

The ephemeral plants evade drought. Given a year of favorable precipitation, such plants will

develop vigorously and produce large numbers of flowers and fruit. This replenishes the seed

content of the desert soil. The seeds then lie dormant until the next wet year, when the desert

blooms again.

2

、

Paragraph 3 suggests that during a dry year ephemerals

produce even more seeds than in a wet year

do not sprout from their seeds

bloom much later than in a wet year

are more plentiful than perennials

PARAGRAPH 2

The nature of plant life in deserts is also highly dependent on the fact that they have to adapt

to the prevailing aridity. There are two general classes of vegetation: long- lived perennials,

which may be succulent (water-storing) and are often dwarfed and woody, and annuals or

ephemerals, which have a short life cycle and may form a fairly dense stand immediately after

rain.

PARAGRAPH 3

The ephemeral plants evade drought. Given a year of favorable precipitation, such plants will

develop vigorously and produce large numbers of flowers and fruit. This replenishes the seed

14

content of the desert soil. The seeds then lie dormant until the next wet year, when the desert

blooms again.

3

、

How is paragraph 2 related to paragraph 3?

Paragraph 2 provides a general description of desc plants, and paragraph 3 provides a

scientific explanation for these observations.

Paragraph 2 divides desert plants into two categories, and paragraph 3 provides further

information about one of these categories.

Paragraph 2 proposes one way of dividing desert plants into categories, and paragraph 3

explains one problem with this method of classification.

Paragraph 2 discusses two categories of desert plants, and paragraph 3 introduces a third

category of plants.

4

、

In saying that ephemerals will develop

the author means that their development will be

sudden

early

gradual

strong

healthy

PARAGRAPH 4

The perennial vegetation adjusts to the aridity by mear of various avoidance mechanisms.

Most desert plants are 11 probably best classified as xerophytes. They possess

drought- resisting adaptations: loss of water through the leaves is reduced by means of dense

hairs covering waxy leaf surfaces, by the closure of pores during the hottest times to reduce

water loss, am by the rolling up or shedding of leaves at the beginning of the dry season.

Some xerophytes, the succulents (including cacti), store water in their structures. Another way

of countering drought is to have a limited amount of mass above ground and to have extensive

root networks below ground. It is not unusual for the roots of some desert perennials to extend

downward more than ten meters. Some plants are woody in type

—

an adaptation designed to

prevent collapse of the plant tissue when water stress produces wilting. Another class of

15

desert plant is the phreatophyte. These have adapted to the environment by the development

of long taproots that penetrate downward until they approach the assured water supply

provided by groundwater. Among these plants are the date palm, tamarisk, and mesquite.

They commonly grow near stream channels, springs, or on the margins of lakes.

5

、

The word

eliminating

making use of

acting against

experiencing

6

、

According to paragraph 4, some desert plants with root systems that are extraordinarily

well developed have

relatively little growth aboveground

very leafy aboveground structures

nonwoody plant tissue resistant to wilting

water stored within their roots

7

、

The word

pure

diminished

guaranteed

deep

8

、

What do

They are always found together.

They depend on surface water provided by streams, springs, and lakes.

They are phreatophytes.

Their roots are capable of breaking through hard soils

PARAGRAPH 5

Animals also have to adapt to desert conditions, and they may do it through two forms of

behavioral adaptation: they either escape or retreat. Escape involves such actions as

16

aestivation, a condition of prolonged dormancy, or torpor, during which animals reduce their

metabolic rate and body temperature during the hot season or during very dry spells.

9

、

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted 1

sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out

essential information.

One way animals escape is by entering a state of extended dormancy, known as aestivation,

during the hottest and driest times of year.

Animals can escape without using direct action, or aestivation, simply by reducing their

metabolic rate and body temperature.

The actions that an animal uses to escape are known as aestivation, which sometimes involves

a reduction in metabolic rate or body temperature.

When the weather is especially hot and dry, an animal may suffer from a condition known as

aestivation, at which point the animal needs to escape.

10

、

It can be inferred from paragraph 5 that all of the places desert animals retreat to

provide shade from the sun

sometimes become crowded

are places where supplies of food are plentiful

leave the animals vulnerable to predators

PARAGRAPH 7

Some animals have behavioral, physiological, and morphological (structural) adaptations that

enable them to withstand extreme conditions. For example, the ostrich has 1 plumage that is

so constructed that the feathers are long but not too dense. When conditions are hot, the

ostrich erects them on its 1 back, thus increasing the thickness of the barrier between solar

radiation and the skin. The sparse distribution of the feathers, however, also allows

considerable lateral air movement over the skin surface, thereby permitting further heat loss

by rmore, the birds orient themselves carefully with regard to the Sun an0

gently flap their wings to increase convection cooling.

11

、

According to paragraph 7, what special adaptation helps the ostrich cope with hot desert

conditions?

17

Each of its feathers is very short and dense.

Its wings produce only lateral air movement when flapping.

Its feathers are very thickly set on both its back and its wings.

It can make its feathers stand up on its If back.

12

、

Look at the four squares [ ] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to

the passage.

The increase in reward still did not attract young people to this hard life, and convicted

criminals and slaves were pressed into services

Where would the sentence best fit?

PARAGRAPH 1

The harsh conditions in deserts are intolerable for most plants and animals. Despite these

conditions, however, many varieties of plants and animals have adapted to deserts in a

number of ways. Most plant tissues die if their water content falls too low: the nutrients that

feed plants are transmitted by water; water is a raw material in the vital process of

photosynthesis; and water regulates the temperature of a plant by its ability to absorb heat and

because water vapor lost to the atmosphere through the leaves helps to lower plant

temperatures. ■ Water controls the volume of plant matter produced.

■

The distribution of

plants within different areas of desert is also controlled by water. ■ Some areas, because of

their soil texture, topographical position, or distance from rivers or groundwater, have

virtually no water available to plants, whereas others do. ■

13. Directions: From the seven statements below, select the statements that correctly

characterize breathing during

wakefulness and those statements that correctly characterize breathing during sleep. Drag

each answer choice you select into the appropriate box of the table. Two of the answer

choices will NOT be used.

This question is worth 3 points.

Adaptations of Annuals BF

Five of the phrases will NOT be used.

18

A. Woody structures

B. Explosive growth in wet years

C. Long, thin, shallow roots

D. Storage of water in plant tissue

E. Minimization of the amount of water used for

Adaptations of Perennials ADG

Four of the phrases will NOT be used,

A. Woody structures

B. Explosive growth in wet years

C. Long, thin, shallow roots

D. Storage of water in plant tissue

E. Minimization of the amount of water used for photosynthesis

F. Short life cycle

G. Leaves designed to minimize water loss

Survival of Plants and Animals in Desert Conditions

沙漠环境中植物和动物的生存

——< /p>

翻译

by@

英语词汇精华

陈鹏飞

文章词汇总结

?

常年生植物

perennial

；

?

一年生植物

annual