-fid
新视野大学英语读写教程
(
< br>第二
版
)
第三册课文及翻译
新视野大学英语
3
U1
Love without limitations
My
brother,
Jimmy,
did
not
get
enough
oxygen
during
a
difficult
delivery,
leaving
him
with
brain
damage,
and
two
years
later
I
was
born.
Since
then,
my
life
revolved
around
my
brother’s.
Acco
mpanying
my
growing
up
was
always
“go
out
and play and take your brother with
you”. I couldn’t go anywhere without
him,
so
I
urged
the
neighborhood
kids
to
come
to
my
house
for
some
out-of-control kid-
centered fun.
My mother
taught Jimmy
practical
things like how to brush his
teeth or
put on belt. My father, a
saint, simply
held
the
house
together
with
his
patience
and understanding. I was in
charge outside where I administered
justice by tracking down the parents
of the kids who picked on my brother,
and telling on them.
My
father
and
Jimmy
were
inseparable.
They
ate
breakfast
together and on weekdays
drove off
to
the
navy
shipping
center
every
morning
where
they
both
worked-
Jimmy unloaded color-coded
boxes.
At
night
after
dinner,
they
would
talk and
play games late into
the
evening. They even whistled the
same
tunes.
So when
my father died of a heart
attack in
1991, Jimmy was a wreck,
beneath his
careful disguise. He was
simply
in
disbelief.
Usually
very
agreeable,
he
now
quit
speaking
altogether
and
no
amount
of
words
could
penetrate
the
vacant
expression
he
wore
on
his
face.
I
hired
someone
to
live
with
him
and
drive him to work, but
no matter how
much I tried to make
things stay the
same,
even
Jimmy
grasped
that
the
world
he’d known was gone. One
day
I asked, ”You miss Dad, don’t you?”
His lips quivered and then he asked,
“What
do
you
think,
Margaret?
He
was my best friend.” Our
tears began
flow.
My mother died of lung
cancer six
months later and
I alone was left to
look after Jimmy.
He
didn’t
adjust
to
going
to
work
without my father right away, so he
came and lived with me in New York
City for a while. He went wherever I
went
and
seemed
to
adjust
pretty
well. Still, Jimmy longed to live in my
parents’
house
and
work
at
his
old
job and I
pledged to help him return.
Eventually,
I was able to work it out.
He has lived there for 11 years now
with
many
different
caretakers
and
blossomed
on
his
own.
He
has
become
essential
to
the
neighborhood.
When
you
have
any
mail
to
be
picked
up
or
your
dog
needs
walking, he is your man.
My mother was right, of course: It
was
possible
to
have
a
home
with
room for both his
limitations and my
ambitions.
In
fact,
caring
for
someone
who
loves
as
deeply
and
appreciates
my
efforts
as
much
as
Jimmy
does
has
enriched
my
life
more
than
anything
else
ever
could
have.
This hit home a few days after the
September 11th disaster on Jimmy’s
57th birthday. I had a party for him in
my
home
in
New
York,
but
none
of
our
family
could
join
us
because
travel
was
difficult
and
they
were
still
reckoning
with
the
sheer
terror
the disaster had
brought. I called on
my faithful
friends to help make it a
merry and
festive occasion, ignoring
the
fact
that
most
of
them
were
emotionally
drained
and
exhausted.
Instead
of
the
customary
“No
gifts,
please”, I
shouted, “Gifts! Please!”
My friends-people Jimmy had
come
to
know
over
the
years-brought
the
ideal presents: country
music CDs, a
sweatshirt,
one
leather
belt
with
“J
-I-M-M-
Y” on
it, a knitted wool hat
and a cowboy
costume. The evening
led
up
to
the
gifts
and
then
the
chocolate
cake
from
his
favorite
bakery, and of course the ceremony
wasn’t complete without the
singing.
A thousand times Jimmy asked, ”Is
it time for the cake yet?” After dinner
and the gifts Jimmy could no longer
be
restrained.
He
anxiously
waited
for the candles to be lit and then blew
them
out
with
one
long
breath
as
well
all
sang
“Happy
birthday”.
Jimmy
wasn’t
satisfied
with
our
effort,
though. He jumped up on the
chair
and
stood
erect
pointing
both
index fingers into the air to conduct
us
and
yelled,
”One…more…time!”
We sang
with all of the energy left in
our
souls and when we were finished
he
put
both
his
thumbs
up
and
shouted.
“ That
was super!”
We
had
wanted
to
let
him
know
that
no
matter
how
difficult
things
got in the world, there would always
be people who cared about him. We
ended
up
reminding
ourselves
instead.
For
Jimmy,
the
love
with
which we sang was a
welcome bonus,
but mostly he had just
wanted to see
everyone else happy
again.
Just
as
my
father’s
death
ha
d
changed
Jimmy’s
world
overnight,
September
11th
changed
our
lives;
the world we’d known
was gone. But,
as we sang for Jimmy and
held each
tight
afterward
praying
for
peace
around the world, we were reminded
that the constant love and support of
our
friends
and
family
would
get
us
through whatever life
might present.
The simplicity with
which Jimmy had
reconciled
everything
for
us
should
not have been
surprising. There had
never
been
limitations
to
what
Jimmy’s
love could accomplish.
无限的爱
我哥哥吉米出生时遇上难产，
因为缺氧导致大脑
受损。两年后，
我出生了。
从此以后，我的生活便围绕我哥哥转。
伴随我成长的，是“到外面去玩，把你哥哥也带
上。
”
不带上他，我是哪里也去不了的。因此，我怂恿
邻居的孩子到我家来，尽情地玩孩子们玩的游
戏。
我母亲教吉米学习日常自理，
比如刷
牙或系皮带
什么的。
我父亲宅心仁厚
，
他的耐心和理解使一家人心贴
着心。
我则负责外面的事，
找到那些欺负我哥哥的孩子
们的父母，告他们的状，为我哥哥讨回公道。
父亲和吉米形影不离。
他们一道吃早
饭，
平时每天早上一道开车去海军
航运中心，
< br>他们都在那里工作，
吉米在那搬卸标
有彩色代号的箱子。
晚饭后，他们一道交谈，玩游戏，直到深夜。
他们甚至用口哨吹相同的曲调。
<
/p>
所以，父亲
1991
年因心脏病去世时，
吉米几乎
崩溃了，尽管他尽量不表现出来。
他就是不能相信父亲去世这一事实。
通常，
他是一个令人愉快的人，
现在却一言不发，
无论说多少话都不能透过他木然的脸部表情了
解他的心事。
我雇了一个人和他住在
一起，开车送他去上班。
然而，
不管我怎么努力地维持原状，<
/p>
吉米还是认
为他熟悉的世界已经消失了。
有一天，我问他：
“你是不是想念爸爸？”
他的嘴唇颤抖了几下，然后问我：
“你怎么看，
玛格丽特？他是我最好的朋友。
”
接着，我俩都流下了眼泪。
六个月后，
母亲因肺癌去世，
剩下我一人来照
顾
吉米。
吉米不能马上适应去上班时没有父亲陪着，
因此
搬来纽约和我一
起住了一段时间。
我走到哪里他就跟到哪里，他好像适应得很好。
但吉米依然想住在我父母的房子里，
继续干他原
来的
工作。我答应把他送回去。
此事最后做成了。
如今，他在那里生
活了
11
年，在许多人的照料
下，同时
依靠自己生活得有声有色。
他已成了邻里间不可或缺的人物。
如
果你有邮件要收，
或有狗要遛，
他就是你所要
< br>
的人。
< br>当然，母亲的话没错：可以有一个家，既能容纳
他的缺陷又能装下我的雄心。
事实上，关照像吉米这样一个深爱又感激我的
人，
更加丰富了我的生活，
其他任何东西都不能
与之相比。
这一点，
在
9
·
11
灾
难后几天更显真切。那天是
吉米
57
岁
生日。
我在纽约自己的家里为他举办生日宴会，
但是我
们家的人都没能来参加，
因为交通困难，
而且灾
难带来的恐惧使他们依然心有余悸。
我邀请了我的好友，
请他们来帮忙把宴会弄得热
闹些，
增加点欢快气氛，
没去理会他们多数人在
情感上都有些疲惫这一事实。
于是我一反常
态，没说“请不要带礼物”
，而是
向他们喊“请带礼物来”
。
我的朋友─
─吉米认识他们多年了──带来了
中意的礼物：乡村音乐
CD<
/p>
、一件长袖运动衫、
一条有
“吉米”
字样的皮带、
一顶编织的羊毛帽，
还有一套牛仔服。
那天晚上，
我们先是送礼物，
然后是切从他喜欢
的面包店
里买来的巧克力蛋糕，
当然还唱了
“生
日歌”
，否则宴会就不算完整了。
吉米一次次地问：
“该切蛋糕了吧？”
等用完餐和送完礼物后，吉米再也控制不住了。
他焦急地等着点上蜡烛，
然后在我们
“生日快乐”<
/p>
的歌声中，一口长气吹灭了蜡烛。户
然而吉米对我们的努力还是感到不满足。
他纵身跳到椅子上，
直挺着身子，
双手食指朝天，
一边喊一边指挥我们唱歌：
“再──来──次！
”
我们全力以赴地唱。
待我们唱完时
，
他翘起两个
拇指喊道：
“好极了！<
/p>
”
本来我们
想让他知道，无论世上有多难的事情，
总是有人来关心他。
现在反倒是提醒了我们自己。
对于吉
米来说，
我们唱歌时的爱心，
是他心中额
外的礼物，
但是他原先更想看到的，
是别人再次
感到快乐。
有如父亲的去世一夜之间改变了吉米的世界，
9
·
11
也改变了我们的生活；我们熟悉的世界不
复存在了。
但是，当我们为吉米唱歌，相互紧拥，祈
祷全球
和平时，我们也意识到，朋友、家人间永恒的爱
和支持可
以让我们克服生活中的任何困难。
吉米以朴素的方式为我们协
调了眼前的一切，
他
做到这一点并不令人吃惊。
吉米的爱可以征服一切，
这是任何东西都限制不
了的。
U2
Iron and the Effects of Exercise
Sports medicine experts
have
observed for years that endurance
athletes, particularly females,
frequently have iron deficiencies.
Now a new study by a team of Purdue
University researchers suggests that
even moderate exercise may lead to
reduced iron in the blood of women.
normally
inactive and then started a
program of
moderate exercise
showed evidence of
iron loss,
Roseanne M. Lyle, associate
professor at Purdue. Her study of 62
formerly inactive women who began
exercising three times a week for six
months was published in the journal
Medicine & Science in Sports &
Exercise.
additional meat or
took iron
supplements were able to
bounce
back,
exercisers who
followed their normal
diet showed a
decrease in iron
levels.
Iron deficiency is very common
among women in general, affecting
one in four female teenagers and one
in five women aged 18 to 45,
respectively. But the ratio
is even
greater among active women,
affecting up to 80 percent of female
endurance athletes. This means, Lyle
says, that
the amount of
iron they take in
Women of child-bearing
age are at
greatest risk, since their
monthly
bleeding is a major source of
iron
loss. Plus, many health-conscious
women increase their risk by
rejecting red meat, which contains
the most easily absorbed form of iron.
And because women often restrict
their diet in an effort to control
weight, they may not consume
enough iron-rich food, and are liable
to experience a deficiency.
average woman takes in only two
thirds of the recommended daily
allowance for iron,
expert.
has a poor iron status, any
additional
iron loss from exercise may
be
enough to tip her over the edge into
a
more serious
deficiency,
expert.
Exercise can result in iron loss
through a variety of mechanisms.
Some iron is lost in sweat, and, for
unknown reasons, intense
endurance exercise is sometimes
associated with bleeding of the
digestive system. Athletes in
high-impact sports such as running
may also lose iron through a
phenomenon where small blood
vessels in the feet leak blood. There
are three stages of iron deficiency.
The first and most common is having
low iron reserves, a condition that
typically has no symptoms. Fatigue
and poor performance may begin to
appear in the second stage
of
deficiency, when not enough iron is
present to form the molecules of
blood protein that transport oxygen
to the working muscles. In the third
and final stage, people often feel
weak, tired, and out of breath
—
and
exercise
performance is severely
compromised.
they're not at the third stage, nothing
is wrong, but that's not
true,
John L. Beard, who helped design
the
Purdue study.
until your
iron reserves go to zero,
and if you
wait until that point, you're
in
trouble.
However, most
people with low iron
reserves don't
know they have a
deficiency, because
traditional
methods of calculating the
amount of
iron in blood (by checking
levels of
the blood protein
that transports
oxygen) are not
sufficient, Beard
states. Instead, it's
important to
check levels of a
different compound,
which indicates the
amount of
storage of iron in the blood.
While
active, child-bearing age women
are
most likely to have low iron
stores,
he notes,
especially
if they don't eat meat and
have a high
level of physical
activity.
of male long
distance runners have
low iron stores.)
Beard and other
experts say it's
advisable for people
in these groups to
have a yearly
blood test to check blood
iron
reserves.
If iron levels are low, talk with a
physician to see if the deficiency
should be corrected by modifying
your diet or by taking
supplements.
In general, it's better to
undo the
problem by adding more iron-
rich
foods to the diet, because iron
supplements can have serious
shortcomings. Supplements may
produce a feeling of wanting to throw
up, and may be poisonous in some
cases. The best sources of iron, and
the only sources of the form of iron
most readily absorbed by the body,
are meat, chicken, and fish. Good
sources of other forms of iron include
dates, beans, and some leafy green
vegetables.
cereals with the
words 'iron-added'
on the
label,
expert Nancy Clark.
supplements the small amount that
naturally occurs in grains. Eat these
foods with plentiful Vitamin C (for
example, drink orange juice with
cereal or put a tomato on a
sandwich)
to enhance the amount of iron
absorbed.
cooking in iron
pans, as food can
derive iron from the
pan during the
cooking process.
tomato sauce cooked in an iron pot
for three hours showed a striking
increase, the level going up nearly 30
times,
are likely to have low
iron should
avoid drinking coffee or
tea with
meals, she says, since
substances in
these drinks can
interfere with iron
being absorbed into
the body.
careful about their food
choices,
sums up Purdue's Lyle.
attention to warning signs before
iron reserves are gone, you can
remedy the deficiency
before it really
becomes a
problem.
铁与运动的关系
运动医学专家经过多年的观察，发现耐力运动
员，特别是女性，
经常会缺铁。
普渡大学研究人员进行的一项新的研究表明：<
/p>
即
使是适度的锻炼，
也可能会降低女性血
液中的铁
含量。
< br>“我们发现，
那些通常不运动的女性一旦开始适
度的锻炼
，就会出现铁含量下降的迹象，
”普渡
大学罗斯安妮·
M.
莱尔副教授说。
她对
62
名妇女进行了研究，并将研究结果发表
在《体育运动医学与科学》杂志上。这些妇女原
先不怎么运动，后来开始了为
期
6
个月、每周
3
次的锻炼。
莱尔指出：
“那些增食肉类食品或服用铁质补剂
的女性能够恢复到健康状态。
但突然参加锻炼却仍沿用旧食谱的人则显示出
铁含量降低。
”
缺铁在女性中是很常见的，
每四个十
几岁的少女
中有一人缺铁，
每五个
18
至
45
岁的女性中有一
人缺铁。
而在积极锻炼的妇女中这一比例更高，
女耐力运
动员中，缺铁者比例则高达
80%
。
莱尔说，这意味着
“太多女性忽视了
自己摄入
的铁含量”
。
育龄女性危险最大，
因为月经是铁流
失的重要原
因之一。
此外，
许多保健意识太强的女性也很危险，
因为
她们拒
绝食用牛肉或羊肉，
而这些肉中含有的铁
最易被吸收。
而且，
由于女性常常为了控制体重而节食，<
/p>
从而
未能摄取足够的含铁丰富的食物，
结
果可能导致
缺铁。
另一名专家指出，
“普通女性每天摄入的铁只是
应摄入
量的三分之二。
”
他指出，
“对于那些已经缺铁的女性，任何因锻
炼而产
生的更多铁质流失都足以导致体内缺铁
状况的恶化。
”
运动可能通过多种机制导致铁流失。
有些铁随汗液流失。
另外，
由于某些未知的原因，
高强度的耐力运动有时会引起消化系统内出血。
运
动员从事跑步之类高强度剧烈运动，
也可能会
因为足部血管失血
的现象而使铁质流失。
缺铁分为三个阶段：
第一也即最常见
的阶段，
是铁质储量不足。
这一
阶段一
般没有症状。
到了缺铁的第二阶段，就会出现疲倦和力不从<
/p>
心，此时体内已没有足够的铁来形成血蛋白分
子，将氧输至运动肌
肉。
在第三即最后阶段，
人常常感到
虚弱、
疲乏无力、
喘不过气，运动成绩大打折扣。
“人们认为，
只要不到
第三阶段就不会有什么问
题。
这种想法是不对的。
”
帮助设计普渡大学研
究的约翰·
L.
比尔德说。
“只有当你的铁储量为零
时，
你才会进入第三阶
段。
而你若坐等
到这个时候，
你的麻烦就大了。
”
然而，
比
尔德指出，
大多数铁质储量低的人并未
意识到自己缺铁，
因为传统的检测血液中铁含量
的方法──检验血液中输送氧气的血蛋白
的含
量──是不够的。
其实，有必要
检查血液中另一种混合成分的含
量，它可以显示血液中的铁含量。
他还指出，
虽然积极锻炼的育龄妇女最有可能铁
含量低，
“但男性也并非不缺铁，尤其是在他们
不
吃肉类而又从事高强度的体力活动的情况
下。
”
（估计有
15%
的男性长跑运动员铁含量低。
）比
尔德和其他专
家都说，
对这些人而言，
最好每年
验一
次血，以测定血液中的铁含量。
如
果铁含量低，
就要去看医生，
以确定是否该通
< br>过调整饮食或服用铁质补剂来校正不足。
一般说来，<
/p>
解决问题的最好方法是在食谱中增加
含铁丰富的食物，
因为铁质补剂可能存在严重缺
陷。
“服用铁质补剂
可能使人想呕吐，有时甚至
还会引起中毒。
< br>最好的铁来源，
以及唯一最易为身体所吸收的铁
来源，是
肉、鸡和鱼。
其他较好的铁质来源
包括枣、
豆类和一些多叶绿
色蔬菜。
”
“选择那些标有
< br>‘加铁’
字样的面包和麦片，
”
运
动营养专家南希·克拉克写道，
<
/p>
“这些增加的铁质补充了谷物中自然含铁量的
不足。将这些食物与
含有大量维生素
C
的食物
一起食用──
比如吃麦片时喝橘子汁，
或在三明
治内夹上番茄──可以促进铁
质吸收。
”
克拉克还建议用铁锅烹食，
因为烹调过程中食物
能从铁锅中吸
收铁质。
她写道，
“在铁锅内烹煮了
3
个小时的番茄汁，
其铁含量大大提高
，增加到原来的
30
倍左右。
”
她说，
铁含量可能低的人，
吃饭时应避免喝咖啡
或饮茶，
因为这些饮料中所含的物
质会妨碍身体
对铁质的吸收。
“运动女性应特别注意选择饮食。
”普渡大学的
莱尔总结说：
“如果你在铁含量流失之前就注意到了警告
信
号，
你就可以在它真正成为问题之前弥补铁质的
不足。
”
U3
Where Principles Come First
The Hyde School operates on the
principle that if you teach students
the merit of such values as truth,
courage, integrity, leadership,
curiosity and concern, then academic
achievement naturally follows. Hyde
School founder Joseph Gauld claims
success with the program at the
$$18,000-a-year high school in Bath,
Maine, which has received
considerable publicity for its work
with troubled youngsters.
see ourselves as a school for a type of
kid,
son, who graduated from
Hyde and is
now headmaster.
as preparing kids for a way of life
—
by
cultivating a comprehensive set of
principles that can affect all
kids.
Now, Joe Gauld is
trying to spread his
controversial
Character First idea to
public, inner-
city schools willing to
use the tax
dollars spent on the
traditional
program for the new
approach. The first
Hyde public
school program opened in
September
1992. Within months the
program
was suspended. Teachers
protested
the program's demands and the
strain associated with more intense
work. This fall, the Hyde Foundation
is scheduled to begin a preliminary
public school program in Baltimore.
Teachers will be trained to later work
throughout the entire Baltimore
system. Other US school managers
are eyeing the program, too. Last fall,
the Hyde Foundation opened a
magnet program within a
public high
school in the suburbs of
New Haven,
Connecticut, over parents'
protests.
The community feared the
school
would attract inner-city
minority and
troubled students.
As in Maine the quest for
truth is also
widespread at the school
in
Connecticut. In one English class,
the
11 students spend the last five
minutes in an energetic exchange
evaluating their class performance
for the day on a 1-10 scale.
10.
either your grammar or
your spelling
homework.
my best
effort forth here.
you didn't ask
questions today.
Explaining his approach
to education,
Joe Gauld says the
conventional
education
system cannot be
reformed. He notes
change
The Hyde School assumes
human being has a unique
potential
that is based on character,
not
intelligence or wealth. Conscience
and hard work are valued. Success is
measured by growth, not academic
achievement. Students are required
to take responsibility for each other.
To avoid the controversy of other
character programs used in US
schools, Gauld says the concept of
doing your best has nothing to do
with forcing the students to accept a
particular set of morals or religious
values. The Hyde curriculum is
similar to conventional schools that
provide preparation for college,
complete with English,
history, math
and science. But all
students are
required to take
performing arts and
sports, and
provide a community
service. For each
course, students
get a grade for
academic
achievement and for
Bath, 97% of the graduates attend
four-year colleges. Commitment
among parents is a key ingredient in
the Hyde mixture. For the student to
gain admission, parents also must
agree to accept and demonstrate the
school's philosophies and outlook.
The parents agree in
writing to meet
monthly in one of 20
regional groups,
go to a yearly three-
day regional
retreat, and spend at
least three
times a year in workshops,
discussion groups and seminars at
Bath. Parents of Maine students have
an attendance rate of 95%
in the
many sessions. Joe and Malcolm
Gauld both say children tend to do
their utmost when they see their
parents making similar efforts. The
biggest obstacle for many parents,
they say, is to realize their own
weaknesses. The process for public
school parents is still being worked
out, with a lot more difficulty
because it is difficult to convince
parents that it is worthwhile for them
to participate. Of the 100 students
enrolled in New Haven, about 30% of
the parents attend special meetings.
The low attendance is in spite of
commitments they made at the
outset of the program when Hyde
officials interviewed 300 families.
Once the problems are
worked out,
Hyde should work well in
public
schools, says a
teacher at Bath who
taught for 14 years
in public schools.
He is optimistic
that once parents
make a commitment to
the program,
they will be daily role
models for
their children, unlike
parents whose
children are in boarding
schools. One
former inner-city high
school teacher
who now works in the New
Haven
program, says teachers also
benefit.
having a fruitful
relationship with
each student. Our
focus is really
about teacher to
student and then we
together deal with
the…academics.
In the traditional high
school setting,
it's teacher to the
material and then
to the
student.
relationship is taken even
further at
Hyde. Faculty evaluations
are
conducted by the students.
Jimmy
DiBattista, 19, is amazed he
will
graduate this May from the Bath
campus
and plans to attend a
university. Years
ago, he had seen
his future as
DiBattista remembers his first days
at Hyde.
insulted and cursed
everybody. Every
other school was, 'Get
out, we don't
want to deal with you. 'I
came here
and they said, 'We kind of
like that
spirit. We don't like it with
the
negative attitudes. We want to turn
that spirit
positive.'
品德至上
海德中学的办学宗旨是：
如果你向学
生传授诸如
求真、勇敢、正直、领导能力、好奇心和关心他
人等
美德的话，学生的学习成绩自然就会提高。
该校的创始人约瑟
夫·
高尔德声称学校的教学很
成功。
海德中学位于缅因州巴思市，
每年的学费
高达
1.8
万美元，因其教导问题少年有方而闻名
遐迩。
“我们并不把
自己看作一所专为某一类孩子而
开设的学校，
”马尔科姆·高尔
德说。他是约瑟
夫的儿子，
毕业于海德中学，
< br>现任海德中学校长。
“我们把帮助孩子培养一种生活方
式看作自己
的职责，
办法是倡导一整套能影响所有孩子的价
值观念。
”
<
/p>
现在，乔·高尔德
(
约瑟夫·高尔德
)
正试图将他
尚有争议的
< br>“品德第一”
的理念向旧城区的公立
学校推广。
这些学校愿意将用于传统教学计划的
税金用于实施这一新的教学方法。<
/p>
海德公立学校第一个教学计划始于
19
92
年
9
月。
但几个月后，该计划即告暂停。
教师
们对教学计划的高要求以及高强度工作所
带来的压力表示抗议。
今年秋天，
海德基金会计划在巴尔的
摩启动初步
的公立学校教学计划。
教师要接受培训，
以便今后能在整个巴尔的摩体
系内胜任工作。
美国其他学校的领导们也在关注这个教学计划。
去年秋天，
在家长的一片抗议声中，
海德基金会
在康涅狄格州纽黑文市郊区的一所中学内启动
了一个引人注目的教学
计划。
当地居民担心该校可能招进来旧城区的少数民
族学生和问题学生。
就像在缅因州那样，
求真也在康涅狄格州的这所
中学得到广泛
推崇。
在一堂英语课上，
11
名学生用最后的
5
分钟展
开激烈的讨论，
依照
1
－
10
的评分标准相互评价
他们当天的课堂表现。
“我得
1
0
分。
”
“我有意见。
你既没做语法作业，
也没
做拼写练
习。
”
“那好，就
7
分吧。
”
“你只能得
6
分。
”
“等等，我可是全力以赴的。
”
“是的，可你今天没提问。
”
在解释自己的教育方法时，乔·高尔德指出，对
传统的教育体制不能只是改革。
他说“无论怎样改
革”
，用马和马车“是改革不
出汽车的”
。
海德中学认为
“每一个人都有自己的独特潜能”
，
这种潜能的基础是
品格而不是智力或财富。
良知和苦干受到推崇。
成功由不断进
步来衡量，
而不是由学习成绩来评
定。
学生必须相互负责。
为了避免美国中
学使用的其他品格培养方案所
引发的争议，高尔德解释说，
“全
力以赴”这一
概念并不是要强迫学生接受某一套道德原则或
宗教
观念。
海德中学的课程与那些为升入大学做准备的传
统学校所开设的课程相似，包括英语、历史、数
学和自然科学。
但所有的学生都必须选修表演艺术和体育，
还要
提供社区服务。
在每门课程中，
学生都会得到一个综合了学习成
绩和“努力程度”的分数。
在巴思市，
97%
的海德
中学毕业生都升入了大学
本科。
<
/p>
在海德中学的综合教育中，
父母的参与是一个关
< br>键的组成部分。
为了使孩子被该校录取，
家长也必须同意接受并
实践学校的思想和观点。
<
/p>
家长们签约同意每月出席一次区域小组会议
(
共
20
个区域小组
)
，每年去区域休养所三天，每年
至少参加三次巴思市的研修班、讨论组和研讨
会。
在很多活动中，缅因州学生家长
的出席率高达
95%
。
乔和马尔科姆·
高尔德都说，
当孩子们见到自己
的父母都在全力以赴时，他们也会竭尽全力。
他们说，
对许多家长而言，
最困难的是让他们意
识到自己的不足。
公立学校学生家长的活动计划仍在制定之中。
这
项工作的困难要大得多，
因为很难使家长相信他
们的参
与很有价值。
在纽黑文市录取的
10
0
名学生中，有
30%
左右
的家长出席了各类特别会议。
这一低出席率违背
了他们在教学计划开始实施
时所做的承诺，
当时海德中学的官员
曾与
300
个
家庭进行了面谈。
巴思市一名在公立学校教书达
14
年之久的教师
说，
一
旦问题得到解决，
海德教学计划就会在公
立学校中获得成功。<
/p>
他乐观地认为，
一旦家长们投入到计划
当中，
他
们就会成为孩子们日常行为的榜样，
< br>这与寄宿学
校的学生家长完全不同。
一名曾任教于旧城区学校的教师如今在从事纽
黑文教学计划。他说，教师也能从中受益。
“在这里
，
我们真正开始集中精力与每一个学生
建立卓有成效的关系。<
/p>
我们的重点真的是先考虑师生关系，
然后是师生
共同探讨学业。
而在传统的中学里，是先考虑教师和教材的关
系，然后再考虑师生关系。
”
师生关系在海德中学被进一步深化了。
对教职员工的评估由学生来进行。
19
岁的吉米·迪巴蒂斯塔今年
5
月将从巴思校
区毕业，并准备升入大学。对此他感到惊奇。
几年前，他还觉得自己的前途“是在监狱，而不
是在大学”
。
迪巴蒂斯塔还记得他刚到海德中学时的情景。
“我来这儿时，见人就侮辱，就咒骂。
其他每所学校都会说：
‘滚出去！我们这儿不要
你。
’
我来到这儿，他们却说：
< br>‘我们有几分喜欢这种
活力，
但并不喜欢它消极的一面，
我们要将它转
化成积极的东西。
’
”
U4
Five Famous Symbols of
American
Culture
The Statue of Liberty
In the
mid-1870s, French artist
Frederic
Auguste Bartholdi was
working on an
enormous project
called Liberty
Enlightening the World,
a monument
celebrating US
independence and the
France-America alliance. At the same
time, he was in love with a woman
whom he had met in Canada. His
mother could not approve of her
son's affection for a woman she had
never met, but Bartholdi went ahead
and married his love in 1876.
That same year Bartholdi
had
assembled the statue's right arm
and
torch, and displayed them in
Philadelphia. It is said that he had
used his wife's arm as the
model, but
felt her face was too
beautiful for the
statue. He needed
someone whose
face represented
suffering yet
strength, someone more
severe than
beautiful. He chose his
mother.
The Statue of
Liberty was dedicated
on an island in
Upper New York Bay
in 1886. It had his
mother's face and
his wife's body, but
Bartholdi called it
Barbie
Before all the
different types of
Barbie dolls for
sale now, there was
just a single
Barbie. Actually, her
name was Barbara.
Barbara Handler
was the daughter of
Elliot and Ruth
Handler, co-founders of
the Mattel
Toy Company. Ruth came up
with the
idea for Barbie after watching
her
daughter play with
paper dolls. The
three-dimensional
model for Barbie
was a German doll
—
a joke gift for
adults described as having the
appearance of
sex
a decent, all-American
—
although
with
an exaggerated breast size
—
version and named it after Barbara,
who was then a teenager.
Since her introduction in 1959,
Barbie has become the universally
recognized Queen of the Dolls. Mattel
says the average American girl owns
ten Barbie dolls, and two are sold
somewhere in the world every
second.
Now more
than sixty years old,
Barbara
—
who declines interviews
but is said to have loved the doll -
may be the most famous
unknown
figure on the planet. Barbie's
boyfriend, Ken, was introduced in
1961 and named after Barbara's
brother. The real Ken, who died in
1994, was disgusted by the doll that
made his family famous.
want
my children to play with it,
said in
1993.
American Gothic
Grant Wood instantly rose to fame in
1930 with his painting American
Gothic, an often-copied
interpretation of the solemn pride of
American farmers. The painting
shows a serious-looking man and a
woman standing in front of a
farmhouse. He was strongly
influenced by medieval artists and
inspired by the Gothic window of an
old farmhouse, but the faces in his
composition were what
captured the
world's attention.
Wood liked to paint faces
he knew
well. For the grave farmer he
used
his dentist, a sour-looking man.
For
the woman standing alongside him,
the artist chose his sister, Nan. He
stretched the models' necks a bit, but
there was no doubt who posed for
the portrait. Nan later remarked that
the fame she gained from American
Gothic saved her from a very boring
life.
The
Buffalo Nickel
Today, American coins
honor
prominent figures of the US
government
—
mostly famous former
presidents. But
the Buffalo nickel,
produced from 1913
to 1938,
honored a pair of connected
tragedies from the
settlement of the
American frontier
—
the destruction
of the buffalo herds and the
American Indians.
While white people had previously
been used as models for most
American coins, famed artist James
Earle Fraser went against tradition
by using three actual American
Indians as models for his creation.
For the buffalo on the other side,
since buffalo no longer wandered
about the great grasslands, Fraser
was forced to sketch an aging buffalo
from New York City's Central Park
Zoo. Two years later, in 1915, this
animal was sold for $$100 and killed
for meat, a hide, and a wall
decoration made from its horns.
Uncle Sam