-miro
英语四级作文素材积累：近义词替换
1.
important =crucial (extremely
important),significant(amount or effect large
enough to be important)
2. Common=universal, ubiquitous (if
something is ubiquitous, it seems to be
everywhere)
nt=ample(enough and usually extra),
plentiful(enough for people's
needs and
wants)
4.
Stick=adhere, cling(hold on something tightly)
5.
Neglect=ignore. (Difference: neglect means someone
has not paid enough
attention to
something; ignore means no attention.)
6. Near=adjacent(two things
next to each other), adjoin(the same as
adjacent)
=woo(man woos woman, old-fashioned),
seek(if you seek sth, you
try to obtain
it)
8.
Accurate=precise (precise is exact and accurate in
all details), exact
(correct in every
detail)
=obscure(unknown or known by only a few
people)
10.
Top=peak, summit
1.
Competitor=rival, opponent (especially in sports
and politics)
2. Blame=condemn (if you condemn
something, you say it is very bad and
unacceptable)
=perspective, standpoint(means looking
at an event or situation in a
particular way)
4. Fame=prestige (describe those who
are admired), reputation
=erect(you can erect something as
buildings,), establish
6. Insult=humiliate (do something or
say something which makes People feel
ashamed or stupid)
in=grumble (complain
something in a bad-tempered way)
8. Primary=radical (very
important and great in degree), fundamental
9.
Relieve=alleviate (alleviate means you make pain
or sufferings less intense
or severe)
=coerces
into(coerce means you make someone do something
s/he
does not want to),compel
1. Enlarge=magnify (magnify means make
something larger than it Really is)
x=intricate(if something is
intricate, it often has many small parts
and details)
3. Lonely=solitary (if someone is
solitary, there is no one near him/her
=minuscule(very small),
minute,
5.
Praise=extol (stronger than praise), compliment
(polite and political)
6. hard-working=assiduous (someone who
is assiduous works hard or does
things
very thoroughly
7. Difficult=arduous (if something is
arduous, it is difficult and tiring, and
involves a lot of efforts)
8. Poor (soil) =barren,
infertile (used to describe the soil is so poor
that
plants cannot be planted on it)
9.
Fragile=brittle, vulnerable (someone who is
vulnerable is easily hurt
emotionally
or physically)
10. Show=demonstrate (to demonstrate a
fact means tp make it clear to
people.)
1. Big=massive (large in
size, quantity, or extent), colossal (use this
word, you
emphasize something’s large),
tremendous
2. Avoid=shun (if someone shuns
something, s/he deliberately avoid that
something or keep away from it.)
3.
Fair=impartial (someone who is impartial is able
to give a fair opinion or
decision on
something.)
4.
Attack=assault (physically attack someone), assail
(attack violently
5. Dislike=abhor (abhor means you hate
something to a extreme extent for
moral
reasons), loathe (dislike very much)!
6. Ruin=devastate (it means
damage something very badly, or utterly
destroy it.)
7. Always=invariably (the same as
always, but better than always)
8. Forever=perpetual (a
perpetual state never changes), immutable
(something immutable will never change
or be changed)
1.
Surprise=startle (it means surprise you slightly),
astound (surprise you to a
large
degree), astonish (the same as astound)
2.
Enthusiasm=zeal (a great enthusiasm), fervency
(sincere and enthusiasm)
3. Quiet=tranquil (calm and peaceful),
serene (calm and quiet)!
4. Expensive=exorbitant (it means too
expensive that it should be)
5. Luxurious=lavish
(impressive and very expensive), sumptuous (grand
and
very expensive
6. Boring=tedious (if you
describe something tedious, you mean it is boring
and frustrating)
7. Respect=esteem (if you
esteem someone, you respect and admire
him/her. )
8. Worry=fret (if you fret about
something, you worry about it)
9. Cold=chilly
(unpleasantly cold), icy (extremely cold)
10. Hot=boiling
(very hot)
英语四级图表式作文模板
It is obvious in the
graphic/table that the rate/number/amount of Y has
undergone dramatic changes. It has gone
up/grown/fallen/dropped considerably
in
recent years (as X varies). At the point of X1, Y
reaches its peak value of
…(
多
少
). What is
the reason for this change? Mainly there are
…
(
多少
)reasons
behind the situation reflected in the
graphic/table. First of all,
…(
第一个原因
).
More
importantly, …(
第二个原因
). Most
important of all, …(
第三个原因
).
From
the above discussions, we have
enough reason to predict what will happen in the
near future. The trend described in the
graphic/table will continue for quite a
long time (if necessary measures are
not taken
括号里的使用于那些不太好的变
化趋势
).
英语四级批驳观点式作文模板
A.
一个错误观点。
B.
我不同意。
Manypeopleargue
that
错误观点。
Bysayingthat,theyme
an
对这个观点的进一
步解释。
Ane
xampletheyhavepresentedisthat
一个例子。
(AccordingtoasurveyperformedbyXonagroupofY,a lmost80%ofthem
赞成这个错
误观点或者受到这个
错误观点的影响
)
。
Theremig
htbesomeelementoftruthinthesepeople’econsideritind
epth
,wewillfeelnoreservationtoconcludet
hat
与错误观点相反的观点。
Thereareanumbe
rofreasonsbehindmybelief.(
以下参照辩论文的议论文写法
)
。
英语四
级社会问题
(
现象
)
< br>式作文模板
社会问题
(
现象
)
式
A.
一个社会问题或者现象
B.
产生的原因
C.
对社会和我们生活的影响
D.
如何
杜绝。
(
如果是问题的话
)
E.
前景的预测。
Nowadays, there
exists an increasingly serious
social/economic/environmental problem.
(X has increasingly become a common
concern of the public). According to a
survey,
调查内容说明这种现象的情况。
(
或者是一个例子
)
。
There are a couple of reasons booming
this
problem/phenomenon.
下面参照
辩论式议论文写法。
X has caused
substantial
impact on the society and
our daily life, which has been articulated in the
following aspects.
参照辩论式议论文的写法。
A
dozen of measures are
supposed to take
to prevent X from bringing us more harm.
同上
Based on the
above discussions, I can easily
forecast that more and more people will
……..
英语四级说明原因型作文模板
模板
1:
Currently, XX has been the
order of the day. This does demonstrate the
theory --- nothing is more valuable
than XX It is clear that (1). If you (2), as a
result, your dreams will come true. On
the contrary, if you (3).Failure will be
following with you. It turns out that
all your plan falls through. No one can deny
another fact that (4).You don't have to
look very far to find out the truth, in
respect that we all know (5).It will
exert a profound influence upon (6).With
reference to my standpoint, I think
(7).
注释
:
(1) XX
的第一个优点
(2)
支持
XX
的做法
(3)
不支持
XX
的做法
(4)
XX
的第二个优点
(5)
举例证明优点二
(6)
说明
XX
优点三的影响
作文
:
The
importance of self-confidence
Currently, self-confidence
has been the order of the day. This does
demonstrate the theory --- nothing is
more valuable than self-confidence. It is
clear that (self-confidence means trust
in one's abilities). If you (are full of
self-confidence, it will bring your
creative power to play, arouse your enthusiasm
for work, and help you overcome
difficulties), as a result, your dreams will come
true. On the contrary, if you (have no
confidence in yourself, there is little
possibility that you would ever achieve
anything ). Failure will be following with
you
。
It turns out
that all your plan falls through. No one can deny
another fact
that (self-confidence
gives you light when you are in dark and
encouragement
when you are
dismayed).You don't have to look very far to find
out the truth, in
respect that we all
know (the secret of MMe. Curie lies in
perseverance and
self-confidence, the
latter in particular). It will exert a profound
influence upon
(the achievement of
one's ambitions). With reference to my standpoint,
I think
(he that can have self-
confidence can have what he will).
模板
2:
In recent years, XX has caused a heated
debate on (1). The factors for
(2).First of all, (3).Then, there comes
a case that (4). Moreover, (5). Especially
when (6).Indeed, these unique points
can be collected the remind people that
(7).In this way, we should behave just
like (8).
作文
:
The impact of
Television
In
recent years, with the development of science and
technology, 80 percent
of all homes in
China have satellite TV, offering as many as 50
channels. It has
caused a heated debate
on (the impact of television on children). Many
parents
are worried about the impact of
so much television on children. The factors for
(parents' worry is that children are
indulge in television and spend too much
time on it.).First of all, (with so
many programs to choose from, children are not
getting as much exercise as they should
).Then, there comes a case that (some
studies have show that excessive
watching of television by millions of children
has lowered their ability to achieve in
school ). Moreover, (the effect on
children's minds are more serious than
the effect on children's bodies).
Especially when (the children are too
small to judge what programs are suit to
them).Indeed, these unique points can
be connected to remind parents that (they
should pay close attention to and
responsibilities for supervising their children's
TV viewing).In this way, children will
not be influenced too deeply.
模板
3
：
For most of us
today, (1). From above, we can find that the
reasons why
(2)are as primary reason,
I think, is (3).Second,(4). The third reason,
actually, is (5).The significance for
(6)
。
Therefore, (7).
注释
:
(1)
人们针对
XX
的态度和举措
(2)
归纳现状
(3)
第一个原因
(4)
第二个原因
(5)
第三个原因
(6)
重申造成现状的最重要原因
作文
Pollution
Most of us
today (recognize that environmental pollution has
been a greatly
serious problem. lots of
plants trees corps are destroyed by bad air. many
fish
die of poisonous water. thousands
of people die from eating poisoned fish or
breathing in gas. therefore,
environmental pollution should be responsible for
these diseases that are disabling, or
bringing death not only to human beings, but
also to wild life.)From above, we can
find that the reasons why (environment are
polluted more and more seriously)are as
follows. the primary reason, I think, is
(the reason of harmful substances into
environment. for example, to prevent
insects, farmers make use of great
amounts of insecticides, so as to have bumper
harvests. however, they pollute air,
water and land ).Second,(the gas coming
from the car engines and factories also
make environment polluted badly ). the
third reason actually is (the result of
a growing population in the world.
everyday, so much litter and waste are
poured out from houses, also pollute the
environment ). The significance for
(controlling pollution) noted that it's high
time that more effective measures
should be taken. Therefore, (new laws should
be passed to limit the amount of
pollutants from factories. moreover, in the
households, there is an obvious need to
reduce litter and waste. let's make our
good efforts, and the world will be a
safer place to live for us).
模板
4
：
These days we
often hear that (1).It is common that (2). Why
does such
circumstance occur in spite
of social protects? For one thing, (3).For
another, (4).
What is more, since
(5),it is natural that (6 ).To solve the problem
is not easy at
all, but is worth
trying. We should do something such as (7) to
improve he
present situation, and I do
believe everything will be better in the future.
注释
:
(1)
提出论题
(2)
说明现状
(3)
理由一
(4)
理由二
(5)
理由三
(6)
理由三引起的后果
(7)
解决方法
作文
:
Pollution of environment
These days we
often hear that (our living conditions are getting
more and
more serious because of the
destruction of our environment ).It is common that
(many trees and animals are near
extinction, and the all-important food chain
has been destroyed.).Why does such
circumstance occur in spite of social
protects? For one thing, (the
population of the world is increasing so rapidly
that
the world has been so crowded.
).For another,(the overuse of natural resources
has influenced the balance of natural
ecology ). What is more, since (the
industrial revolution ),it is natural
that (a great number of factories have been
springing up like mushrooms. The smoke
and harmful chemicals released from
factories also pollute the
environment).
To solve the problem is
not easy at all, but is worthing. We should do
something
such as (planting more trees,
equipping cars with pollution-control devices and
learning to recycling natural resources
)to improve the present situation, and I
do believe everything will be better in
the future.
2013
年英语四级考前必看写作句
型汇总
There is a
general debate nowadays about the problem of
itinerant workers .
Those who object to
the rising migrant population argue that
increasing
numbers lead to rising crime
rates and harm social stability . They believe
that
strict lim
its should be
placed on migrants entering China ’ s cities . But
people
who favor the influx of the
cheap labor force , on the other hand , maintain
that
migrants are needed to support the
massive urban infrastructure construction
program .
目前，针对流动工人的问题展开了普遍的争论。反对流动工人增加的人认
为
这会导致犯罪率升高，从而危害社会稳定。他们主张应该严格限制进入中国
城市的流动工
人。但是，另一方面，支持廉价劳动力流入的人主张，为了支持
大规模的城市基础设施建
设规划，流动人口是必需的。
We ’ re often told that the world is
tethering on the brink of destruction .
But is this really the case ?
我们经常被告知世界处于毁灭的边缘。但事实真是这样吗
?
When asked
about the ongoing uproar involving U.S. President
Bill Clinton ,
most people say the
affair involves a purely private matter . But many
other
people regard his actions as
deplorable . I personally think the president
committed impeachable offences .
当被问及对现在有关美国总统比尔
·
克林顿的沸沸扬扬的议论有什么看法
时，大多数人认为这种暧昧关系纯属私事。但是，还有很多人认为他的行为应
当受到谴责
。我个人认为总统犯了这些过错，应该被指控。
When it comes to the
increasing use of motor vehicles in Beijing , some
people think that use should be limited
. Others argue that the opposite is true .
There is probably some truth to both
arguments,but emission controls must be
instituted regardless of the number of
vehicles.
涉及北京机
动车使用量增加这一问题，有的人认为应该限制使用。另一些
人持相反意见。也许双方的
观点都有一定道理，但是，无论车辆多少，必须对
废气排放实行控制。
< br>
It is
widely acknowledged that extensive deforestation
contributed to heavy
summer flooding .
Experts argue that China must introduce a massive
afforestation program . But I doubt
whether afforestation alone will solve the
problem .
人们普遍认为过度砍伐造成了夏季特大洪水。专家认为中国必须推行大规
模
的植树造林计划。但我对仅仅植树造林就能解决问题表示怀疑。
An increasing
number of people are joining the
Internet . In reaction to the
phenomenon , some say the Internet has removed
barrters and provided people with
immediate access to the world . But do they
raelize that rapidly advancing
information technology can also lead to intrusions
of privacy ?
越来越多的人通过互联网进入了
“
信息时代
”
。针对这一现象，一些人认为
互联网
消除了障碍，为人们提供了与世界即时链接的途径。但是，他们有没有
意识到迅速发展的
信息技术也能导致侵犯隐私
?
Most people are of the opinion that
wealth provides solutions to all
problems . But in spite of the material
benefits wealth provides , I believe one
should abandon the pursuit of
materialism and instead concentrate on the
pursuit of happiness .
大多数人认为财富为所有问题提供解决的办法。但是，我认为
，尽管财富
提供物质上的利益，一个人应该放弃物质至上的追求，而是集中精力追求幸福
。
Many people believe that capital
punishment deters crime . But although
criminologists have conducted
exhaustive research regarding the subject , little
evidence exists to support the claim .
很多人相信极刑能阻止犯罪。但是
，虽然刑事学家就这一课题做了详尽的
研究，几乎没有证据能支持这种说法。
The use
of guanxi is a widespread method for conducting
business , but is it
a wise one ? The
method is now being challenged by more and more
people .
利用
关系是做生意的普遍做法，但这种做法明
智吗
?
现在，越来越多的人对这种方法
提出了质疑。
These days we often hear about the
widening gap between the rich and
poor
. Some argue the developed world has totally
ignored the problem . But has
it ?
Close examination fails to bear out the argument .
最近，我们经常听到贫富差距扩大
了的说法。一些人认为发达世界完全忽
略了这个问题。事实是这样吗
?
细致的调查无法证实这一观点。
Working with the disabled
cannot help but leave one impressed with their
indefatigable desire .
与残疾人一起工作使一个人不得不对他们坚持不懈的渴望印象
深刻。
Perhaps the most dangerous phenomenon
gripping the nation today is
official
corruption , which is pervasive in all levels of
government .
也许
当今困扰国家的最危险的现象是遍布各级政府的官员
****
。
Inflation is yet another new and bitter
truth we must learn to face .
通货膨胀又是一个我们必须学会面对的痛苦的新情况。
Perhaps no
issues are more controversial than euthanasia and
abortion ,
both of which involve taking
the life of a human being .
也许没有问题比安乐死和人工流产更有争议性，它们都涉及结
束一个人的
生命。
One of the pressing
problema facing our nation ( China ) today is
overcoming disparities in urban and
rural income levels .
我们国家
(
中国
)
如今面临的紧迫问题之一是克服城乡收入水平之间的差距。
One of the most
serious problems many people talk about centers on
the
lack of adequate housing space .
许多人谈论的一个最严重的问题集中在缺乏足够的居住空间。
The rapid
expansion of urban areas has in many cases
encroached on
valuable cultivatable
land , and led to a general recognition that
development
must not be carried at the
cost of agriculture . The government has attached
greater importance to the problem and
an increasing number of redundant
projects are being terminated .
城区的迅速扩大在很多情况下侵占
了宝贵的可耕地，使人们普遍认识到发
展不能以牺牲农业为代价。政府更加重视这个问题
，越来越多的不必要的工程
被终止。
There is a growing
worldwide awareness of the need for strengthened
environmental protection .
世界上越来越多的人认识到加强环境保护的必要性。
There has been
a dramatic increase in the spread of HIV/AIDS in
recent
years , with a new study
projecting that the dreaded disease will affect
over 30
million people worldwide by the
year 2005 .
近年来
，艾滋病蔓延的幅度进一步扩大，一项新的研究预测，到
2005
年，
世界上有超过三千万人将感染这一可怕的疾病。
Never before in
history has the issue of overpopulation been more
evident
than now .
历史上，人口过剩的问题从来没有比现在更加突出。
Traditional way of thinking
have changed dramatically . The pendulum has
swung and people are exhibiting greater
open-mindedness and a burning desire
to
detemine their own destiny .
传统的思维方式有了显著的变化。舆论发生了剧变，人们表现
出更开放的
思想以及决定他们自己命运的强烈愿望。
A growing
number of people are beginning to realize that
wealth is not the
sole prerequisite for
happiness .
越来越多的人开始意识到财富不是幸福的惟一先决条件。
In spite of the
extraordinary progress made in science and
technology ,
problems remain in terms
of guaranteeing that achievements benefit the
greatest
number of people .
尽管科学技术取得了非凡的进步，但是在保证进步成果使尽可
能多的人受
益这方面还存在一些问题。
Several years
ago , Chinese streets were filled with people
wearing identical
drab clothing . Today
, however , things are quite different and the
streets are
awash with people wearing
fashionable bright colored outfits . Why has the
change taken place ?
许多年前，中国大街上的人都穿一样的灰褐色衣服。然而，今
天的情况大
不一样了，街上满是一个个身穿色彩艳丽的时髦衣服的人。出现这种变化的原
因是什么呢
?
Perhaps it is time to
reexamine the idea that college degrees are a
guarantee
of intelligence .
也许现在是应该重新考虑大学为是智力的保证这种想法的时候
了。
A
famous thinker once wrote that
mankind
itself !
make us ponder our futuer
existence .
一位著
名的思想家曾经写道：
“
对人类最大的威胁是人类自身
!”
如果事实确
实如此，那么，现状应该促使我
们对我们未来的生存进行思索了。
U.S. President Harry Truman once
remarked :
His view has been confirmed
by numerous world leaders who have assumed full
responsibility for their actions .
美国总统杜鲁门曾经说过：
“
责任止于此
!”(
意为勿再把责任往别处推，这是
杜鲁门办公室桌上的座右铭
)<
/p>
他的观点得到了很多对自己的行动承担完全责任的
世界领袖的肯定
。
Large families were once seen as a
blessing . Today , however , things are
changing and an increasing number of
Chinese parents realize that fewer is
better .
大家庭曾经被看做是一种福气。然而，今天，情况改变了，越来越多的中
国家
长意识到家庭成员越少越好。
People used to place total reliance on
the government . The so-called
rice
bowl
过去，人们习惯完全依
靠政府。以前盛行所谓的
“
铁饭碗
”<
/p>
，但今天的情况
有很大的不同。
Years of
observing human behavior has enabled me to
conclude that the
major difference
between mediocrity and success lies solely with
the individual
concerned . Successful
individuals consistently seek advancement , while
their
less industrious contemporaries
are merely content with the status quo .
对人们行为的多年观察使我能够得
出这样的结论：平庸和成功的主要区别
仅仅在于相关的个人。成功的个人不断寻求进步，
而他们比较懒惰的同时代人
仅仅满足于现状。
Factors such as self-
condidence and ambition , combined with
determination
and willpower ,
contribute to eventual success or failure .
自信、雄心，加上决心和毅力等因
素是造成最终的成功或失败的原因。
One of the most common
failures of people today is to avoid telling the
truth . People must realize that
avoidance and lying have never in the past and ,
in fact , never will right a wrong .
如今人类最常见的一个不足是不说
真话。人们必须意识到不说真话、说谎
话在过去没有，事实上，将来也永远不会变错误为
正确。
Although we do not know the long-term
consequences of separation or
deprivation , we do know that they can
produce acute immediate distress .
虽然我们不知道分离和丧失亲人的长期后果，但我们知道它们
能立即引起
剧烈的悲痛。
Various factors will weigh
heavily on China’s eventual entry into the World
Trade Organization ( WTO ) . One
centers on the total abandonment of
protectionism , and the other on the
adoption of generally accepted international
accounting norms .
许多因素对中国最终加入世界贸易组织
(WTO)
有很大的影响。因素之一是
彻底放弃保护主义，另
一个因素是采用普遍接受的国际会计规范。
One can raedily trace the
disappearance of dinosaurs to a major cataclysmic
event .
人们很容易把恐龙消失的原因归结为重大的灾难性事件。
The raesons for
poverty are many , but for the most part center on
illiteracy , the lack of opportunities
and in some cases pure laziness .
贫困的原因很多，但主要是因为缺少教育、缺少机会，有的情
况下纯粹是
由于懒惰。
Child development depends
on a number of factors , both physical and
psychological . Correct parental
nurturing from infancy through adolescence
determines both the physical and mental
profile of a mature individual .
儿童的发展取决于很多因素，包括生理的和心理的。从婴儿期
到青春期的
正确的家长教育决定一个成熟的个人的体质及智力的状况。
< br>
Central
planning has , at least in part , been blamed for
the current demise
of state-owned
enterprises . Perhaps , however , the greatest
blame should be
placed on factors such
as grossly inefficient management the rampant
practice
of
social benefits
;and without a doubt corruption .
人们认为中央计划至少是现在国有企业失败的部分原因。然而
，最主要的
原因可能是极低效的管理、关系的普遍运用、任用亲信和裙带关系、大量过剩
的劳动力、社会救济金的滥用，当然还包括
****
。
A recent survey revealed large
disparities in the income levels of male and
female workers holding the same
position . The determining factor should be
qualifications , rather than gender ,
when determining both the salary and
position of an individual .
最近的一项调查表明在同样职位上的男性与女性工人的收入水
平存在差
异。在决定工人工资和职位的时候，决定因素应该是资格，而不是性别。
Social
finesse , willingness to relocate and language
capacity are also
determinant factora
in assessing job qualifications .
社交手腕、愿意调动以及语言能力也是评估工作资格的决定性
因素。
The time is right for us
to take full advantage of ample existing
opportunities .
这正是我们充分利用大量现有机会的时候。
While it
remains to be seen whether or not environmental
deterioration can
be controlled , the
current prospects are far from encouraging .
People around
the world must act
immediately to prevent the situation from
deteriorating even
further .
环境恶化是否能得到控制这个问题
仍然没有答案，但目前的前景一点儿也
不乐观。全世界的人必须立即行动，防止情况进一
步恶化。
The methodology suggested may not
guarantee ultimate success , but the
eventual pay-off could well be worth
the effort . Achieving even partial success
will benefit mankind and contribute to
creating a better world .
提出的方法不一定保证最终的成功，但最后的结果非常值得付出努力。即
使只获得部分成功也会使人类受益，有利于创造一个更美好的世界。
There are no
immediate solutions for reversing the Asian
financial crisis ,
but convincing
affected nations to practice fiscal restraint will
be highly
beneficial .
没有能立即扭转亚洲金融危机的办法，但是，它使受到影响的
国家相信实
行财政控制将大有益处。
Immediate solutions for
solving problems surrounding poverty remain
elusive . However , public recognition
of the necessity to provide a better quality
of life for millions of people will
represent the first step in finding effective
solutions .
立即解决贫困问题的办法仍然是难以捉摸的。然而，公众认识到为数百万
人提供更高质量的生活的必要性是找到有效的解决办法的第一步。
What dose the
future hold if mankind persists in wasting natural
resources ?
While no one knows for sure
, scientists do exhibit a degree of certainty when
predicting that future generations will
face a dramatically diffrernt world .
如果人类继续浪费自然资源，未来将会有什么贮藏
?
没有人知道明确的答
案，但是，科学家在预测后
代将面对一个迥然不同的世界时确实有一定的把握。
Reversing undesirable
social trends will be far from an easy task and
will
require a dramatic change in
attitudes . A keen awareness of right from wrong
is
essential for determining
appropriate social behavior .
扭转不好的社会趋势远非一件易事，看法需要有巨大的变化。
对正误的深
刻认识是判定得体的社会行为所必需的。
We owe a debt
of gratitude to the many individuals who dedicated
their
lives to making the world a
better place . However , we must not rest on their
accomplishments , but must instead work
assiduously to record even greater
achievements .
我们应该感谢许多为把世界变得更美好而奉献一生的人。然而，我们不能
依靠他们的成绩，而必须努力工作，取得更辉煌的成就。
The two major
challenges facing China today center on
maintaining
sustained economic growth
and feeding its growing population of over 1.2
billion
people with only seven percent
of the world’s cultivable land . Despite the
monumental difficulties involved ,
Chinese people will undoubtedly exhibit their
indefatigable resilience and achieve
great success in both regards .
现在，中国面临的两大挑战是保持持续的经济增长和靠世界上
仅仅百分之
七的可耕地养活仍在增长的
12
亿人口。尽管遇到的困难很大，中国人无疑会表
现出不知疲倦的活力，在两方面都取
得巨大成功。
We do , in fact , have a long way to go
to reach our final goal , but achieving
some remains well within the realm of
possibility .
事
实上，我们达到最终的目标还有很长的路要走，但是，取得一些成绩还
是可能做到的。<
/p>
英语四六级写作七原则帮你构造出彩句
一、长短句原则
工作还得一张一驰呢，老让读者读
长句，累死人！写一个短小精辟的句子，
相反，却可以起到画龙点睛的作用。而且如果我
们把短句放在段首或者段末，
也可以揭示主题：
As a creature,
I eat; as a man, I read. Although one action is to
meet the
primary need of my body and
the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of
mind,
they are in a way quite similar.
如此可见，长短句结合，抑扬顿挫，岂不爽哉？牢记！
强烈建议：在文章第一段（开头）
用一长一短，且先长后短；在文章主体
部分，要先用一个短句解释主要意思，然后在阐述
几个要点的时候采用先短后
长的句群形式，定会让主体部分妙笔生辉！文章结尾一般用一
长一短就可以了。
二、主题句原则
国有其君，家有其主，文章也要有其主。否则会给人造成
“
群龙无首
”
之感
！
相信各位读过一些破烂文学，故意把主体隐藏在文章之内，结果造成我们稀里
糊涂！不知所云！所以奉劝各位一定要写一个主题句，放在文章的开头（保险
型）或者结尾，让读者一目了然，必会平安无事！
特别提示：隐藏主体句可是要冒险的！
To begin with,
you must work hard at your lessons and be fully
prepared
before the
exam
（主题句）
. Without
sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect
to answer all the questions correctly.
三、一二三原则
领导讲话总是第一部分、
第一点、<
/p>
第二点、
第三点、
第二部分、
第一点
…
如
此罗嗦。<
/p>
可毕竟还是条理清楚。
考官们看文章也必然要通过这些关键性的<
/p>
“
标签
”
来判定
你的文章是否结构清楚，条理自然。破解方法很简单，只要把下面任何
一组的词汇加入到
你的几个要点前就清楚了。
1
）
first, second,
third, last
（不推荐，原因：俗）
2
）
firstly,
secondly, thirdly,
finally
（不推荐，原因：俗）
3
）
the first, the
second, the third, the
last
（不推荐，原因：俗）
4
）
in
the first place, in the second place, in the third
place,
lastly
（不推荐，
原因：俗）
5
）
to begin with,
then, furthermore,
finally
（强烈推荐）
6
）
to
start with, next, in addition,
finally
（强烈推荐）
7
）
first and
foremost, besides, last but not
least
（强烈推荐）
8
）
most important
of all, moreover, finally
9
）
on the one
hand, on the other
hand
（适用于两点的情况）
10
）
for one thing,
for another thing
（适用于两点的情况）
建议：不仅仅在写作中注意，平时说话的时候也应该条理清楚！
四、短语优先原则
写作时，尤其是在考试时，如果使用短语，有两个好处：其一
、用短语会
使文章增加亮点，如果老师们看到你的文章太简单，看不到一个自己不认识的
短语，必然会看你低一等。相反，如果发现亮点
—
精彩的短语，那么你的文章
定会得高分了。其二、关键时刻思维短路，只有凑
字数，怎么办？用短语是一
个办法！比如：
I cannot bear
it.
可以用短语表达：
I cannot put up with
it.
I want it.
可以用短语表达：
I am looking forward
to it.
这样字数明显增加，表达也更准确。
五、多实少虚原则
原因很简单，写文章还是应该写一
些实际的东西，不要空话连篇。这就要
求一定要多用实词，少用虚词。我这里所说的虚词
就是指那些比较大的词。比
如我们说一个很好的时候，不应该之说
nice
这样空洞的词，应该使用一些诸如
generous
, humorous, interesting, smart, gentle, warm-
hearted, hospital
之类的
形象词。再比如：
走出房间，
general
的词是：
walk out of the
room
但是小偷走出房间应该说：
slip out of the
room
小姐走出房间应该说：
sail out of the
room
小孩走出房间应该说：
dance out of the
room
老人走出房间应该说：
stagger out of the
room
所以多用实词，少用虚词，文章将会大放异彩！
六、多变句式原则
1
）加法（串联）
都希望写下很长的句子，像个老外
似的，可就是怕写错，怎么办，最保险
的写长句的方法就是这些，
可以在任何句子之间加
and,
但最好是前后的句子又
先后关系或者并列关系。比如说：
I enjor music and he is
fond of playing guitar.
如果是二者并列的，我们可以用一个超级句式：
Not only the
fur coat is soft, but it is also warm.
其它的短语可以用：
besides,
furthermore, likewise, moreover
2
）转折（拐弯抹角）
批评某人缺点的时候，我们总习惯
先拐弯抹角说说他的优点，然后转入正
题，再说缺点，这种方式虽然阴险了点，可毕竟还
比较容易让人接受。所以呢，
我们说话的时候，只要在要点之前先来点废话，注意二者之
间用个专这次就够
了。
The car was quite old, yet
it was in excellent condition.
The coat was thin, but it
was warm.
更多的短语：
despite that, still,
however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite,
notwithstanding
3
）因果（
so, so,
so
）
昨天在街上我看到了一个女孩，然后我主动搭讪，然后我们去咖啡厅，然
后我们认识了，然后我们成为了朋友
…
可见，讲故事的
时候我们总要追求先后
顺序，先什么，后什么，所以然后这个词就变得很常见了。其实这
个词表示的
是先后或因果关系！
The snow began to fall, so
we went home.
更多短语：
then, therefore,
consequently, accordingly, hence, as a result, for
this reason,
so that
4
）失衡句（头重脚轻，或者头轻脚
重）
有
些人脑袋大，身体小，或者有些人脑袋小，身体大，虽然我们不希望长
成这个样子，可如
果真的是这样了，也就必然会吸引别人的注意力。文章中如
果出现这样的句子，就更会让
考官看到你的句子与众不同。其实就是主语从句，
表语从句，宾语从句的变形。
举例：
This is what I can do.
Whether he can
go with us or not is not sure.
同样主语、宾语、表语可以改成如下的复杂成分：
When to go, Why
he goes away…
5
）附加（多此一举）
如果有了老婆，总会遇到这样的情
况，当你再讲某个人的时候，她会插一
句说，我昨天见过他；或者说，就是某某某，如果
把老婆的话插入到我们的话
里面，那就是定语从句和同位语从句或者是插入语。
The man
whom you met yesterday is a friend of mine.
I don’t enjoy
that book you are reading.
Mr liu, our oral English
teacher, is easy-going.
其实很简单，同位语
--
要解释的东西删除
后不影响整个句子的构成；定语从
句
—
借用之前的关键词并且用其重新组成一个句子插入其中，
但是
w
hom or that
关键词必须要紧跟在先行词之前。
6
）排比（排山倒海句）
文学作品中最吸引人的地方莫过于
此，如果非要让你的文章更加精彩的话，
那么我希望你引用一个个的排比句，一个个得对
偶句，一个个的不定式，一个
个地词，一个个的短语，如此表达将会使文章有排山倒海之
势！
Whether your tastes are modern or
traditional, sophisticated or simple,
there is plenty in London for you.
Nowadays,
energy can be obtained through various sources
such as oil, coal,
natural gas, solar
heat, the wind and ocean tides.
We have got to study hard,
to enlarge our scope of knowledge, to realize our
potentials and to pay for our life.
（气势恢宏）
要想写出如此气势恢宏的句子非用排比不可！
七、挑战极限原则
既然十挑战极限，必然是比较难的，但是并非不可攀！
原理：在学生的文章中，很少发现
诸如独立主格的句子，其实也很简单，
只要花上
5
分钟的时间看看就可以领会，它就是分词的一种特殊形式，分词要
求主语一致
，而独立主格则不然。比如：
The weather being fine, a large number
of people went to climb the Western
Hills.
Africa is the second largest continent,
its size being about three times that of
China.
< br>正文已结束，您可以按
alt+4
进行评论
新东方英语四级作文教育类话题写作思路
有三句话，写作之中一定可以用：
只要是好
(
坏
)
事：
_
__ in mounting numbers have (not)come to realize
the
significance of ____.
只要是坏事：
if we
allow this trend to continue as it is, we will not
know
where ____ will be in the
forthcoming future.
结尾处：
By doing so,
/ If we try our utmost to do so, the future of __
will be
promising, hopeful and rosy.
例文中没有用，因为字数已经超出了要求。
§
题目：
My View on
Double BA Degree
§
提纲：
§
1.
现在大学生读双学位的现象很常见
§
2.
对此，人们看法不一
§
3.
我对这一现象的看法
首段现象描述
On many
campuses, it has become a prevalent trend for
college students to
have two majors at
the same time. Meanwhile, a host of teachers and
parents
encourage or advocate students
to attend these courses to gain a favorable job
after graduation. Taking a look around,
we can find a great many students like
this.
§
二段观点对比：
(
前半部分
)
§
A number of students prefer
or favor pursuing double BA degrees. In their
eyes, studying two majors will enhance
their over-all development and
competitiveness, because another major
will enrich their knowledge and broaden
their horizons.
§
二段后半部分
§
Even so, others hold a
different view that double BA degrees may carry
some risks. First, learning another
major calls for plenty of time, energy, and
money; however, the quality of learning
is not always as satisfactory as expected.
Then, what worries many teachers is
that students major courses may be
affected negatively.
§
我的看法
(
建议评论
)
§
By and large, I
am convinced that the advantages derived from
another
degree far outweigh the
disadvantages. Without this experience, it is
impossible
for students to have more
opportunities to acquire the knowledge beyond
their
majors. Therefore, after
mastering their mastering profession knowledge,
students are advisable to attend other
courses to gain another degree.
英语四级写作技巧：
简洁才是美
好的写作，首先而且至关重要的一点就是简洁。繁冗的写作堆
砌了许多无
用的词藻，反而减弱表述的清晰度。当然，也不能仅仅因为简短就认为短句一
定优于长句。只要一个单词确实能起到一定的作用，它就应该留在句中。一般
来说，只有在进行强调或修饰、美化句子时，才能使用重复的单词、语音和短
语。修改文章，就是要删繁就简。比较下面这对句子，注意体会二者的差别及
效果。<
/p>
1)
Dr. Sun Yat-sen went to Japan by means of a big
boat.
2) Dr.
Sun Yat-sen went to Japan by boat.
斜体字部分较啰嗦，因为
就是
。
请看下列例句
Wordy: It makes me feel
painful to think that she has to work 12 hours a
day and seven days a week.
Better: It pains me to
think that she has to work 12 hours a day and
seven
days a week.
Wordy: It will be our aim
to ensure proper health care for each and every
one of the Chinese people.
Better: Our aim is to
ensure proper health care for all Chinese.
Wordy: This
book will help you master the basic elements of
good writing.
Better: This book will help you master
the basics of good writing.
Wordy: The search of the
forest that they conducted was entirely complete.
Better: The
search of the forest was complete.
或
They conducted
a complete search of the forest.
第二个句子合乎汉语表达习惯，即他们对森林进行了彻底的搜
查。
Wordy: He has no sense of principles,
whether he is in public or in private.
Better: He has no
principles, public or private.
Wordy: Whenever anyone
telephoned her to ask her for help with their
homework she always obliged right away.
Better: She
immediately obliged anyone who telephoned for help
with
homework.
Wordy: In a cautious manner the car
went around the corner.
Better: The car negotiated the corner.
Wordy: If the
government agency finds that an individual has
received a
payment to which the
individual was not entitled, whether or not the
payment
was due to the individual’s
fault or misrepresentation, the individual shall
be
liable to repay to the government
the total sum of the payment to which the
individual was not entitled.
Better: If the
government agency finds that you received a
payment that you
weren’t entitled to,
you must pay the entire sum back.
Wordy: Another
important aspect is good health. It is one of our
great
blessings. It may be achieved
through proper diet and exercise. Rest is also
desirable.
Better: The great blessing of good
health may be had through proper diet,
exercise, and rest.
词语简化的一些技巧
2
策略之一：用介词短语替代从句。
例
:
Wordy: While they were
playing tennis, she started an argument that
lasted
all morning.
Better: During tennis she
started an argument that lasted all morning.
Wordy: When you
come to the second traffic light, turn right.
Better: At the
second traffic light turn left.
2
策略之二：
删除诸如
或
之类的关系代词，
变从句为短语。
例
:
Wordy: The novel, which is
written in three parts, told a story that took
place in the Middle Ages.
Better: The three-part
novel told a story set in the Middle Ages.
注：把句中的
”three parts”
改用形容词来表达，节省了四个不必要的单
词
”which
is written in”
。我们经常可以将关系代词如
”
that”
去掉，这只会引起最
少的变动。
2
策略之三：剔除你不需要的单词
call.
写完这样的句子后，你自己再读一
遍，挑出单词
”joint”
和
”te
lephone”
，注
意删去不必要的词。
2
策略之四：表达否定意义时，尽量避免使用否定词。英语中很多词不用
或者
也能表达否定含义的词
汇，你尽可以采取更为委婉的表达方
式。
例：
Thus college
students who do not have sufficient financial
backing ,
也就是
college
students who lacks sufficient financial
backing
。
如果你不想使用太多的否定词，就应该尽量避免使用它们。
变化才是真
许多人将简洁与简短混为一谈，其
实二有很大区别。简洁的主旨是用尽量
少的词汇讲述整个故事，简短的主旨则是为保持文
章篇幅短小，精心撰写或随
意删除文中的某些词语或章节。
简洁并不意味着总写短句子。事实
上，如果句式缺乏变化，文章就会显得
支离破碎，缺少联系，让人觉得写作技巧贫乏。句
式的变化能令文章协调而流
畅，会让读者感觉到作者对主题把握得游刃有余。虽然短句没
什么语法错误，
但用得太多会使本应合在一起的意思分离开来。
记住：不要使用一串串短的、支离
破碎的句子。要理清自己的思路，尽量
使句子长度有所变化。
例
:
Before: The Art
of Strategy was written by Sun Tzu. It is a
fifty-six-hundred-word Chinese
classical work. The writer put forth a set of
principles in a very tightly compressed
manner. They deal with how to defeat
oppositions and win battles.
这种表达的问题在于：
(1)
简单的
“
主语
+
谓语
”
结构太多
;
(2)
和
和
，
< br>和
为重复用语
;
(3)
读起来很单调。
After
：
In his
fifty-six-hundred word classic, The Art of
Strategy, Sun Tzu
put forth a tightly
compressed set of principles for achieving triumph
over
opposition.
介词结构
+
同位语
+
主语
+
谓语的形式比较好，
因为将
放到了最
重
要成分
-
主语的位置，其他成分按逻
辑排序居次要地位。整个句子很流畅。
再看下面各例
Choppy: Of
course, the weapons at Sun Tzu’s time were quite
primitive.
The armies were very large.
They were nearly as large as those in World War
Two. The devastation and human
sufferings were just as profound as in World
War Two.
Better: Compar
ed with World
War Two, the weapons at Sun Tzu’s time
were quite primitive, but the armies
were nearly as large and the devastation and
human suffering just as profound.
Choppy:
Proverbs are short sayings. They are drawn from
long experience.
Better: Proverbs are short sayings
drawn from long experience.
Choppy: People change and
places change as well. Jennifer felt this
strongly.
She had been away for eleven
years.
Better:
On returning after an eleven-year absence,
Jennifer had a strong
feeling of how
people and places change.
Choppy: Beijing streets are crowded
with taxis, company cars and private
vehicles owned by the newly affluent.
The number has been rising rapidly in the
last few years. The latest statistics
show there are now 1.2 million vehicles in
Beijing alone.
Better: Taxis, company cars and private
vehicles owned by the newly
affluent
have crammed Beijing streets in rising numbers in
the last few years -
1.2 million
vehicles at last count.
Choppy: Moby Dick is a book. It is a
long book. It is about a whale. A man
named Ahab tries to kill it. Herman
Melville wrote it.
Better: Herman Melville wrote a long
book called Moby Dick. It is the story
of a struggle of a man against a whale.
Choppy:
Thousands of buildings met the same fate. This
alone is now being
preserved. It marks
the center of the nuclear explosion. It is being
preserved as a
symbol. It symbolizes
our wish that there be no more Hiroshimas.
Better: Of the
thousands of buildings that met the same fate,
this alone,
marking the center of the
nuclear explosion, is now being preserved to
symbolize
our wish that there be no
more Hiroshimas.
Choppy: I have always had a dream. My
dream has been to be a famous
writer.
Everyone would read my books. I would become very
wealthy.
Better: I have always dreamed of being
a wealthy, famous writer, read by
everyone.
Choppy: This is a wreck. It was
formerly the stately Imperial Garden. It is
preserved deliberately as a reminder
and symbol.
Better: This wreck, formerly the
stately Imperial Garden, is preserved
deliberately as a reminder and symbol.
句式变化的一些技巧
英语的一个显著特征是它可轻易地把简单结构
(
一个中心意思
)
转化为复合
结构
(
两个中心意思
< br>)
和复杂结构
(
一个中心意思和
一个从属意思
)
甚至转化为复合
-
复杂结构
(
两个或以上的意思
)
。主句，又称独立句，表达可独立成句的思想内
容
。从句，又称非独立句，表达不能独立成句，而需与主句一起构成完整的思
想内容。
达到句式多
变的最佳期途径是把关键词或短语换到开头或结尾，从中发现
达到你的目的和适合你的品
味的最好方法。通过连接短句
--
省词，增词，改变词
序或把不那么重要的思想放到从句中去
--
你就
可以写出更流畅，成熟的句子。
例
Before: Lu Hao graduated last summer.
He joined the First Auto Works in
Changchun soon after graduation. He
received an engineering degree from his
college.
采用从句能将这三个简单句以不同方式连接起来。
After: After
graduating last summer with an engineering degree,
Lu Hao
soon joined the First Auto Works
in Changchun.
(
介词结构
+
主语
+
谓语
)
或：
An engineering
degree-holder, Lu Hao joined the First Auto Works
in
hangchun last summer soon after
graduation.
(
同位语
+
主语
+
谓语
+
状语
)
或：
Having graduated with an engineering
degree, Lu Hao joined the First
Auto
Works in Changchun last summer.
(
状语
+
主语
+
谓语
)
妙用倒装
精典范例
To be or not to be: that is the
question.
--William Shakespear
Never before have we had so
little time to do so much.
--
美国前总统
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Plain: We sat on the cliffs
by the sea, watching the sunset.
Interesting: On the cliffs
by the sea we sat, watching the sunset.
(
介词短
语
-
主语
-
谓
语
-
分词
)
Normal: The professor
walked in.
Reversed: In walked the professor.
(
谓语<
/p>
-
主语
)
Normal: Jeremy scorned
honest men.
Reversed: Honest men Jeremy scorned.
(
宾语<
/p>
-
主语谓语
)
Normal: Although I am fond
of my children, I hope they won’t grow up
spoilt.
Reversed: Fond as I am of my children,
I h
ope they won’t grow up
spoilt
Normal: He never gave up certain habits
of his youth, and one of them was
that
he liked to inspect his clothes thoroughly for
wrinkles before he stepped out
of the
door.
Reversed:
Certain habits of his youth he never gave up, and
one of them was
that he liked to
inspect his clothes thoroughly for wrinkles before
he stepped out
of the door.
Normal: Stephen was a
bungler then.
Reversed: A bungler Stephen was then.
(
补语<
/p>
-
主语
-
谓语<
/p>
)
Normal: We shall never feel secure.
Reversed/Interesting: Secure we shall
never feel.
(
补语
-
主语
-
谓语
)
Normal: This is a lost generation.
Reversed: This
is a generation lost.
Plain: The immense expanse of the Gobi
Desert stretches before us.
Interesting: Before us
stretched the immense expanse of the Gobi Desert.
(
介词短
语
-
谓语
-
名
词
)
Plain: He wasn’t cut out to be a
peacetime officer. He wanted glory, he
wanted the excitement of war. No one,
except possibly himself, has ever doubted
his physical courage (or any other kind
of courage).
Interestin
g: He wasn’t cut
out to be a peacetime officer. He wanted glory, he
wanted the excitement of war. His
physical courage (or any other kind of
courage) no one, except possibly
himself, has ever doubted.
Normal: Nobody knows why lands sink
under the sea and rise again.
Reversed: Why lands sink
under the sea and rise again nobody knows.
Normal: I dare
not trust her.
Emphatic: Trust her I dare not.
Normal: I never
thought he would return alive.
Emphatic: Never did I think
he would return alive.
Loose: History has proved amply that
mere numbers may be defeated by
smaller
forces who are superior in arms, organization, and
morale.
Better:
That mere numbers may be defeated by smaller
forces who are
superior in arms,
organization, and morale history has amply proved.
Plain: I hate
taxes and tax collectors equally.
Interesting: Taxes and tax
collectors, I hate equally.
(
宾语
-
主语
-
谓语
)
Normal: This is more noticeable in
Kaohsiung than anywhere else in
Taiwan.
Emphatic:
Nowhere in Taiwan is this so noticeable as in
Kaohsiung.
Normal: Like most Irishmen, Samuel was
quick-tempered.
Reversed: Samuel was quick-tempered, as
are most Irishmen.
Normal: A man lay beside the road,
waiting hopelessly for help.
Reversed: Waiting
hopelessly for help, a man lay beside the road.
Plain: In the
President’s office, there was a pale, thin,
sandy
-haired man in
his
early thirties with the President. He was wearing
a rumpled suit and looking
completely
out of place.
Better: In the office with the
President was a pale, thin, sandy-haired man in
his early thirties, wearing a rumpled
suit and looking completely out of place.
倒装结构中的常见短语：
Strange as it may
sound…
Little did I know...
To your right...; and to
your left ... as in
partially hidden
behind the hill.
Off we go...
Down with ... as in
Happy will be the day...
Reverse the
sequence for effect
妙用倒装
如果你行文平淡，那就枯燥无味。你需要不时地改变一下你的行文规则，
把简单的东西紧缩，放在一起写，有时你得打破你叙述事情的惯用模式。达到
语
言变化自如的途径之一是颠倒句子的正常顺序。倒装使文章清新，出人意料
,
富于创造性。
打破词或句子的自然顺序可获得强调的效果，但注意：如果过分使用倒装
会使文章矫揉造作，有明显的雕琢痕迹。同时句子次序的变化不应该造成歧义。
例
Wrong: Those who teach rarely get rich.
这个句子含义模糊，分辨不出是
还是
Reversed/ Correct:Rarely do those who
teach get rich.
Reversed/Correct:Rarely do people get
rich by teaching.
< br>优秀作家一般在句子的一半处引出主语。可是很多学生几乎不用这种写法。
应该变
换这种主语开头的写法。
平行结构
相似的思想应用相似的形式表达出来。句子的成份相近，则也应以相似的
形式出现。请注意以下标有
的句子是不规范的。
No:
The school bus skidded, turned sideways, then
comes to a stop.
Yes: The school bus skidded, turned
sideways, and came to a stop.
(
并列时态
)
No: I don’t
know why I married someone who is miserly, sloppy
and a bore.
Yes: I don’t know why I married someone
who is miserly, sloppy and
boring.
(
形容词平行结构
)
No: In the
wreck the circus lost a panda and elephant.
Yes: In the
wreck the circus lost a panda and an elephant.
(
不定冠词的平行结构
)
No: I debated
whether I should give the beggar money or to offer
him food.
Yes:
I debated whether to give the beggar money or to
offer him food.
(
不定式的平行结构
)
No: They would
lie on the battlefield for hours and sometimes
days.
Yes: They
would lie on the battlefield for hours and
sometimes for days.
(
介词平行结构
)
No: Michael’s
vacuum cleaner squealed loudly, shook violently,
and dust
filled the air.
Yes:
Michael’s
vacuum cleaner squealed loudly, shook violently,
and filled
the air with dust.
(
并列谓语
)
No: The
mechanic explained the problem, method, and the
tools that he was
going to use.
Yes: The
mechanic explained the problem, method, and tools
that he was
going to use.
(
并列带有定冠词
< br>
的名词
)
No: He retired respected by
his associates, admired by his friends, and his
employees loved him.
Yes: He retired respected
by his associates, admired by his friends, and
loved by his employees.
(
并列被动语态
)
No: As a young
man he had been to Shanghai, fighting in the Anti-
Japanese
War, and following the
Nationalist Party to Chongking.
Yes: As a young man he had
been to Shanghai, had fought in the
Anti-Japanese War and had followed the
Nationalist Party to Chongking.
(
并列过去完成时
)
No: Jane is
pretty, with brown hair, and has a graceful
manner.
Yes:
Jane is pretty, brown-haired, and graceful.
(
形容词平行结构
)
No: He left the
city because of his lack of success in business,
the departure
of his friends and
because his health deteriorated rapidly.
Yes: He left
the city because of his lack of success in
business, the departure
of his friends
and his rapidly failing health.
(
作宾语的名词平行结构
)
No: They bought
the house for location and affordability.
Yes: They
bought the house because of its location and its
affordability.
(
并列名词
;
注意代词的所有格
)
No:
Why did you make Xiao Zhang feel useless and as if
he was
unimportant?
Yes: Why did you make Xiao
Zhang feel useless and unimportant?
(
形容词的平行结构
)
No: This could
be a problem for both the winners and for those
who lose.
Yes:
This could be a problem for both the winners and
losers.
(
名词平行结构
)
No: The
prisoner was not only found guilty of bribery but
also adultery.
Yes: The prisoner was found guilty not
only of bribery but also of adultery.
(
并列介词短语
)
为使平行结构清楚明了，随时都可
以重复介词、冠词、助动词、不定词标
志，或者长的短语或句子的介绍词。
Awkward:
I admire Tennyson for the ideals in his poems but
not his style.
Improved: I admire Tennyson for the
ideals in his poems but not for his
style.
Awkward: The sentences are difficult to
understand, not because they are
long
but they are obscure.
Improved: The sentences are difficult
to understand, not because they are
long but because they are obscure.
Awkward: He
explained that the advertising campaign had been
successful,
business had increased more
than forty per cent, and additional capital was
sorely needed.
Improved: He explained that the
advertising campaign had been successful,
that business had increased more than
forty per cent, and that additional capital
was sorely needed.
在商业和正式文件写作中，越来越多的用到圆点散句。除了更
易读之外，
它们更能从视觉上引起人们注意。作者需要决定在圆点之后用什么形式来写，
是用名词，动词，形容词，副词，还是介词短语，定语从句甚至完整的句子。
应该记住的是它们相互间应该保持一致。平行结构较多用。
Examples:
Our
recommendations for improving computer-user
comfort are as follows:
·
Anti-radiation screens
should be available for computer monitors.
·
Wrist supports should be used to help maintain
proper wrist position
during computer
use and possibly reduce the risk of carpal tunnel
syndrome.
·
Employees need adjustable
chairs with a stronger back support.
(
主谓一致结构
)
What makes me
different from other job applicants?
·
Ability to
converse in English, Japanese in addition to my
native Mandarin
·
Completion of two-month
customer satisfaction training
·
Impeccable
medical report card
·
Outgoing personality and
eager desire to help
(
名词平行结构
)
Awkward: At Yi
Xin Associates, we have 15 years of combined legal
experience in all types of injury cases
one can think of. Other areas we handle
are wrongful death, automobile
accidents and medical malpractice. If you slip
and fall in a public building, we can
represent you in filing a law suit against the
owner. Also, our clients come to seek
our help in handicap discrimination and
denial of insurance claim cases.
Better: At Yi
Xin Associates, we have 15 years of combined legal
experience
in:
·
All injury cases
·
Wrongful death
·
Automobile accidents
·
Medical malpractice
·
Slip and fall
·
Handicap
discrimination
·
Denial of insurance claims
Incorrect: The
duties of the Executive Secretary of the
Administrative
Committee are:
·
To
take minutes of all meetings
(
不定式短语
)
·
The Executive
Secretary answers all the correspondence; and
(
句子
)
·
Writing of month reports.
(
话题
)
Correct: The duties of the Executive
Secretary of the Administrative
Committee are:
·
To take minutes of all
meetings;
·
To answer all the
correspondence; and
·
To write monthly reports.
精典范例
:
Let the word go forth from
this time and place, to friend and foe1 alike,
that
the torch has been passed to a new
generation of Americans, born in this century,
tempered by war, disciplined by a hard
and bitter peace, proud of our ancient
heritage, and unwilling to witness or
permit the slow undoing of those human
rights to which this nation has always
been committed, and to which we are
committed today at home and around the
world.
So let
us begin anew, remembering on both sides that
civility is not a sign of
weakness, and
that sincerity is always subject to proof. Let us
never negotiate out
of fear, but let us
never fear to negotiate.
Now the trumpet summons us again - not
as a call to bear arms, though
arms we
need2; not as a call to battle, though embattled
we are3; but a call to
bear the burden
of a long twilight struggle, a year in and year
out
hope, patient in
tribulation,
tyranny, poverty, disease,
and war itself.
And so, my fellow Americans, ask not
what your country can do for you6;
ask
what you can do for your country.
--
美国前总统
John F.
Kennedy
注意：
(1)
划线部分为平行结构
(2)
例
1
.
头韵
;
例
2
&3.
和
为倒装结构
;
例
4.
< br>同位语
;
例
5.
见冒号的用法。
在句中使用
或
时
,
须连
接结构相同的部分。总的原则是：词与
词相配
,
短语和短语相配
,
从句和从句相配
< br>
,
句子则和句子放在一起。
所
有这些搭
配必须是平行结构，它们应采用相同的形式。
No: My parents
went to Tibet, to Mongolia, and they even saw Hong
Kong
and Macau.
Yes: My parents went to Tibet, to
Mongolia, and even to Hong Kong and
Macau.