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初中现在完成时时态讲解
一、注意弄清时态的实际意义
现在完成时表示的是在过去某个时间开始并持续到现在的动作
/
状态
,
或者
过去的
动作或状
态对现在造成的影响或结果。
They have left.
--
他们已经离开了
,
也就是说现在他
们人不在这里
I have had my lunch.
--
我已经吃过午饭了
,
也就是说我现
在不饿
也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，或有可能有可能停
止，或有可能继续延续下去。
。
He has learned English since 2001.
-
从
2001
年开始学的
,
现在还在继续学着呢
二、基本句型结构
现在完成时的构成形式：
have /has (
助动词
)+d
one(
过去分词
)
I/You/They/We
have talked .
He/She has talked.
< br>现在完成时的否定结构就是在助动词
have
或
has
后加上否定词
not
；
I/You/They/We
haven’t(have not) talked .
He/She hasn’t(has not)
talked.
其一般疑问句就是将助动词
< br>have
或
has
提到句首，<
/p>
Have
I/You/They/We
talked .
Has he/she talked.
肯定的简略回答是：
Yes
，主语＋
have/has
.
，否定的简略回答是：
No
，主语＋
have/has
not.
。
如：
I
have seen the film. →Have you seen the
film
？
Yes
，
I have./No
，
I haven’t.
三、
注意掌握两种基本用法
1.
“
过去
的经历
”
：动作发生在过去的某一时刻且已经结束，但未说明动
作发生的具体时间
或情景，强调该经历
(
即动作发生后
)
对现在所造成的影响或产生的结果。
如：
I have heard of
the man.
我听说过这个人。
2. “
完成情况
< br>”
：表示过去已经开始并持续到现在的动作或状态，或有可能继续延续下去。
句子中一般有说明其完成情况的短语或从句。
①句子中有
“
已发生了多久
”
的时间状语的短语或从句。如：
?
I have lived in
Shanghai since I was ten years old.
我从十岁起就住在上海。
②说明
“
到说话时为止，已完成了多少
”
。即句中，含有表示
“
完成了多少
”
的宾语或表示动作发
生次数的状语。如：
I have read the book three times.
这本书我看了三遍。
四．
一般过去时与现在完成时的区别
1
）一般过去时表示过去某时发生的
动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；
现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强
调的是影响。
I saw this film
yesterday.
（强调看的动作发生过了。
）
I have seen this film.
（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。
）
2
）一般过去时常与具
体的表示过去的时间状语连用
;
现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语
: yesterday, last
week
，
…ago, in1990, in
October, just now,from..on,
--
具体的过去时间状语
现在完成时的时间状语
: for, since, so
far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until,
up
to now, in the past few years, recently,
--
模糊的时间状语
句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如
yesterday, last, week, in
1960
）时，
不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时
（错）
Tom has
written a letter to his parents last night.
（对）
Tom wrote a letter to his
parents last night.
3
）现在完成时可
表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如
live,
teach,
learn, work, study, know.
一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有
come, go,
leave, start, die, finish, become,
get
married
等。
She
joined the League three years ago.
(
加入的动作不是延续的
)
She has been in the League for three
years (since three years ago).
(
在团内的状态可延续
)
She
has been a League member for three years (since
three years
ago).
是团员的状态可持续
)
五．比较延续动词与瞬间动词
延续动词表示经验、经历；
瞬间动词表示行为的结
果，不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。
He has finished the work.
他已完成了那项工作。
(
表结果
)
I’ve known him
since
then.
我从那时起就认识他了。
(
表经历
)
注意延续性动词和短暂性动词的用法
1.
短暂性动词与短暂性时间
(
时间点
)
连用。如：
?
He joined the
Party three years ago.
他入党三年了。
(
他三年前入党的
)
2.
用
“It is/has be
en
＋时间段＋
since…”
句型。
如：
It is/has been three years since I
bought the book.
这本书我买了三年了。
(
从买这本书起到现在已三年了
)
3.
用相应的延续性动词替换短暂性动词，句中谓语动词用现在完成时，时间状语为
“for
＋时间
段
”<
/p>
或
“since
＋时间点
”
。如：
He has
been in the Greener China for three years.----
He has been a member of the Greener
China fot three years.
他加入
“
绿色中国
”
已经三年了。
< br>
The old man died 4
years ago.
----The old man has been dead for 4
years.
He joined the
Party 2 years ago.
-----He has been in the Party for 2
years.
I bought the book 5 days
ago.
---- I have had the book for 5 days.
英语延续动词与非延续动词的转换
延续性动词表示能够延续的动作
,<
/p>
如：
learn, work, stand, lie,
know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch,
sing, read, sleep, live,
stay
等。延续性动词可以与表示时间段的状语连用。
表示时间段的短语有
:
for+
一段时间
:for 2
years; since
从句
,since he came
here;
since+
时间点名词
,since
last year, since 5 days ago;
how
long; for a long time
等。
非延续性动词也称终止性动词、瞬间动词
,
表示
不能延续的动作
,
这种动作发生后立即结束。
< br>
如
:open, die, close,
begin, finish, come, go, move, borrow, lend,
buy
等。
非延续性动词在肯定句中与表示时间点的状语连用，如：
two
years ago; at 5 o'clock;
例
:He died 5 years ago.
延续性动词与非延续性动词之间的转换
leave --- be away
borrow --- keep
buy --- have
begin/start --- be on
die
--- be dead
finish --- be
over
open sth --- keep sth open
fall ill ---
be ill
get up---be up
catch a cold
--- have a cold
come here
--- be here
go there --- be
there
become --- be
come back ---
be back
fall asleep ---
be asleep
get to/ arrive/reach --- be
(in)
leave --- be away from
get
to know --- know
go (get) out →be out
put on→ wear
比较
since
和
for
since
用来说明动作起始时间
—
“
自从
……”
for
用来说明动作延续时间长度
—<
/p>
“
长达
……”
I have lived
here for more than twenty years.
I have lived here since I
was born.
My
aunt has worked in a company since
1949.
I have not
heard from my uncle for a long time.
注意：并非有
for
作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时
I worked here
for more than twenty years.
(
我现在已不在这里工作。
)
I
have worked here for many years.
(
现在我仍在这里工作。
)
比较
have/has
been
to
have/has
gone
to
have/has
been
in
He went to
Shanghai last week
上周他
[
做了一件事
:
那就是<
/p>
]
去了上海
He
has
been
to
Shanghai.
他
(
曾经
)
到
/
去过上海
[
在他人生中曾经有过这样的经历
,
但他人现在
肯定不是在上海而是回来了
]
He
has
gone
to
Shanghai.
他已经去上海了
[
< br>也许刚动身出发
,
也许已经到了
,
也许还在路上
,
反正
他人不在这里
]
He has been in
Shanghai for 10 years.
他呆在上海迄今为止已经
10
年了
[
现在还在上海没有离开
呢
]
He lived in Shanghai for 10 years.
以前他在上海住过
10
年
[
现在不在上海了
]
延续性动词和瞬间性动词之间的转化
1.
He died 10
years ago. --- He ____ ____ ____ for 10 years /
since 10 years ago.
2. He borrowed the
book 2 weeks ago.
--- He ____ ____ the book for 2 weeks.
3. He bought the motorbike a month ago.
---He ____ ____ the motorbike for a month.
4. He arrived here three days ago.
--- He ____ ____ here since
three days ago.
5. They turned off the
light 2 hours ago.
--- The light ____ ____ ____ for 2
hours.
6. He left here 2 years ago.
--- He ____
____ ____ from here for 2 years.
7. The
film began 30 minutes ago.
--- The film ____ ____ ____ for 30
minutes.
8. They opened the door an
hour ago.
---
The door ____ ____ ____ for an hour.
9.
They closed the door an hour ago.
--- The door ____ ____ ____
for an hour.
10. He joined the army
last year.
--- He ____ ____ a ____ for
a year.
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