人力资本与可持续发展中英文对照外文翻译文献

过不断的培训和发展，投资人员

;

支持员工在某 一时刻，在劳动力市场上发现的

“恢复原状的可能性；人才租赁。

薪酬服务的性能，可以通过以下指标进行评价：付 款错误率：支付错误数

/

报酬传单数量；延迟：平均每月拖延数 ；平均成本的薪酬传单：支付服务的成本

/

上市传单数量。

7

、气候指标

我们认为下面这一类很重要：

旋转：

数 年内

/

员工人数离开公司的人；

Num ber

的一个具体的理由

/

员工人数离 开公司的人；

总辞职：

辞职人数

/

总离开公司的人；

稳定率：数

N

/ N

个月前招聘人数后的就业人士；时间花费 在该公司的员工；

旷工：缺席

/

理论小 时的时间；缺席

/

员工人数

*

理论小时的时间；

（缺席

-

持续

时间长旷工时间）

/

员工 人数

*

理论小时；总没有时间

/

员工人数；的平均时间缺

席：缺席

/

缺席数小；没有时间

/

员工人数；缺席的人

/

员工人数的时间；冲突：

频率：清晰冲突 显示数量；范围：采用一种态度的人的数量；失去了

O

强度：工

作小时或天数；罢工：强度：失去罢工的员工在冲突或几小时或几天内丢失

/

人

罢工涉及的网站数量

/

小时或天数；浓度率：罢工员工人数

/

期间的人的数量；

传

输速率：小时或

/

卷入冲突的地点的雇员人数为罢工损失的工作日数；其他危机

的 指标：数（错误等）的生产事故；工作意外的增加；在投诉的增加（请愿书，

个人代表投 诉等）

；员工的满意度

-

学习有关的年度人员的满意度（

“社会

晴雨表“）

；人员参与

-

关于组织参与调查；战略联盟

-

调 查有关员工的知识

和接受（美国）公司的战略重点。

8

、专业的风险指标，他们指工作发生意外。

频率率有关永久性的工作丧失工作能力：有永久丧失工 作能力

/

小时数后果

的事故数量的工作

* 1.000.000

；关于临时工作丧失工作能力的严重率 ：天数损

失

/

工作

* 1.000

个。

结论。

可持续发展的做法称为多个解释，从

1987

年开始在关键时刻。

因此，

可持续发展被看作是从长远来看，

在同一时间，

也有人认为消费增长在时间的福

< br>利增长。

这种观点被接受由欧洲统计会议主席团在

200 5

年举办的面板，

创建组，

支持各国政 府和国际组织在突出可持续发展指标，确定最佳的概念和做法的目

的。

< br>

专家认为，

可持续发 展的两个概念：

人类的发展和福利的基础上，

可以定义。

发展与美好的未来，

传统经济学家根据收入的增长，

< br>人均国内生产总值的增长量

化。

但因为收入不同群体间的 分布和贫困人口不断增加，

一些经济学家正在犹豫

要考虑这方面 的发展。在这个意义上说，联合国发展计划（

1994

）定义通 过发展

的进程，

以确保人们在作出决定，

有一个真正的机会，

有机会发展。

指定的进程，

区别对待，如：环境的过程，健康和教育的过程中，体制和治理进程。

福利由

Desgupta

（

2001

）定义为每一个人个人的情况下 ，在特定的社会状

态相关联的值。

一种社会状态的描述是有限的 资源分配和其他任何有关的个人或

社会的机会。

总之，

发展可以定义为社会 成员的福利增长，

福利可以作为一个消费函数。

（工作组，

2009

）

。可 持续发展，也可以被定义（联合国，

2003

年）

“的发展，

确保人均财富减少非更换或财富资源的保护

;

如：

生产库存

;

< br>自然和人力资本”

的

定义是基于经济

developm

理论。

Human Capital and Sustainable Development Indicators

The notion of human capital was introduced in literature by Becker and Schultze in

1960.

Later,

in

Romer’s

studies

on

economic

growth

(1987,

1990,

1994),

human

capital

was

seen

as

an

important

element

in

understanding

development.

Also

an

OECD

Study2

stresses

the

importance

of

education

and

human

capital

for

the

economic growth.

Gary

Becker,

one

of

the

first

users

of

the

term

“human

capital”,

considers

that

education, continuous training and health represent components of human capital with

consequences over the earnings and the economic productivity

.

Bahrman

and

Taubman

from

the

World

Bank

(2006,

89)

state

that

human

capital

represents

“the

stock

of

human

economic

productive

capacities”,

also

insisting

on

their market value.

In

our

conception

human

capital

can

be

defined

as

an

aggregate

of

knowledge

obtained

though

education

and

continuous

formation,

of

verified

competences

by

practical implementation having a positive effect over the general results and welfare.

The human capital components are approached differently in the specialized literature.

So,

for

some

authors

(Smith,

2006),

human

capital

comprises:

gross

labor,

education/qualification

and

social

capital.

Other

authors

consider

human

capital

as

covering

education

and

qualification

even

if

the

social

capital

depends

on

human

capital.

The

creation

of

human

capital

represents

consumption

and

investment

at

the

same

time which will prove its efficiency through the results achieved.

All

economists

unanimously

agree

that

education

has

the

greatest

impact

over

the

achieved

earnings

(5-50%,

differing

on

the

country).

Education

only

is

not

enough,

reason for which it must be correlated with better health, a lower rate for delinquency

and crime, civic spirit, education promotion for future generations etc.

In

conclusion,

the

human

capital

becomes

a

component

without

which

the

national

wealth has no meaning, and investing in human capital can only have positive effects

for both present and future.

National wealth includes all types of capital: financial, productive, human, and social

capital,

and

as

regards

capitation

it

is

considered

the

ideal

sustainable

development

indicator (Dasgupta,2001).

If in theory the indicator can be ideal, in reality it cannot be ideal because of the prices

registered in the accountability, which for certain types of capital, are more difficult to

identify.

The

28

indicators

proposed

by

the

United

Nations

panel

of

experts

along

with

the

Organization for Development and Economic Cooperation and the Office of Statistics

of

the

CE,

aim

both

at

welfare

as

the

foundation

and

at

economic

welfare.

The

estimate

of

the

sustainable

development

indicators

requires

the

existence

of

a

quantifying framework, assured by the National Accounts System. On the estimate of

sustainable

development

indicators

based

on

the

capital,

the

National

Accounts

System

must

also

be

filled

in

with

physical

indicators

of

the

ecosystem,

which

is

possible through the creation of an Integrated Accounts System for the Environment

and for the Economy, system which was developed in 2003 by the United Nations and

comprises four account categories:

1.

accounts

for

pollution,

energy

and

materials

that

provide

information

in

the

physical units at industry level on the use of energy and materials, and on the loss

and pollution;

2. accounts for environment protection and expense management which identify the

expenses made by the industry,

government, office for environment

protection or

natural resources management;

3.

asset

accounts

for

natural

resources,

both

in

the

monetary

institutions

and

in

the

physical units (forests, waters, land, ecosystems);

4. production accounts of the National Accounts Systems adjusted so as to be able to

take into consideration the depreciation and degradation of the natural capital. As a

consequence it would be possible to estimate the green gross domestic product.

A

problem

in

estimating

the

sustainable

development

indicators

appears,

as

we

referred before, in evaluating the capital which constitutes the National Asset. In fact,

as it results from the integrated account system, physical and numeric data is needed

in supporting the sustainable development indicators.

As

regards

the

human

capital,

as

in

the

case

of

the

other

capital

components,

a

distinction

must

be

made

between

the

data

gathered

at

economy

level

and

at

entity

level. Sustainable development indicators are nationally calculated and internationally

compared according to the same methodology.

At

national

level,

the

evaluation

of

human

capital

implies

the

existence

of

some

information needed for this estimate which is based on the input method (expenses),

or the output method (efficiency). The information obtained has a statistic character

and

refers

to

the

average

wage

for

a

certain

type

of

worker

with

a

certain

level

of

education; to the number of hours worked by an age group having a specific level of

education; to the size of an age group having a specific level of education etc.; one

must also consider the life expectancy probability factor.

In

addition

we

must

take

into

account

both

the

demographic

changes

and

the

educational system changes.

On the other hand, depending on the aimed mission and vision the human capital is

properly administered at the level of each entity. Two categories of indicators are to be

observed,

namely:

physical

and

numeric.

The

estimate

of

these

indicators

is

less

complex at this level than at the level of economy due to the limited space to which it

refers and of the rapid availability of data.

Human Resources Indicators at Entity Level

Established indicators and written reports that function as a warning for the managers

are in direct relation with the activities that have to be identified by MC. According to

Naro4, HRMC must be directed towards eight activities:

1. economical and financial indicators;

2. structural indicators;

3. planning and recruitment;

4. compensation;

5. training and development;

6. performance appraisal;

7. climate indicators;

8. professional risk indicators.