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不定式定义由to动词原形构成(精)

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2021-01-29 04:27
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2021年1月29日发(作者:米斯拉)


1.


不定式定义


:



to


+动词原形构成。





不定式是一种非限定性动词。


而非限定动词是指那些在句中不能单独充当谓语的


动词,可分为不定 式,动名词,现在分词和过去分词。





2.


用途:





在句中不能作谓语。它具有动词的 性质,本身可以带宾语和状语。





【动词不定式】





1.


定义:动词



+


不定式





2.


用途:



动词不定式在句中可以作句子除谓语之外的任何句子成分。


动词 不定式的被动形


式除了一般形式外还有其完成式和进行式。



动词不定式的时态、语态





动词不定式可以作以上各种成分,但它毕竟是动词,所以有动 词的属性





动词不定式及其短语还可以有自己的宾语、状语,虽然动词不定式在语法上没有


表面上 的直接主语,但它表达的意义是动作,这一动作一定由使动者发出。这一使动


者我们称之 为



逻辑主语,其形式如下:





主动形式



被动形式





一般式




not)


to


done



not)


to


be


done


完成式




not)


to


have


made


(


n


ot)


to


have


been


done




进行式




not)


to


be


doing


无被动





完成时(


not



to


have


been


done


无被动





(


1)


语态





如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是这个 不定式所表示的动作的承受者,


不定式一般要


用被动语态形式。 如:






It's


a


great


honour


to


be


invited


to


Mary's


birthday


party.


(不 定式作主语


是被动语态


to


be


invited


是被邀请)





It


was


impossible


for


lost


time


to


be


made


up.


(不定式作主语)






I


wish


to


be


sent


to


work


in


the


country.


(不定式作宾语)






Can


you


tell


me


which


is


the


car


to


be


repaired?


(不定式作定语)






He


went


to


the


hospital


to


be


examined.


(不定式作状语)







There


be

< br>结构中,修饰主语的不定式可用被动,也可用主动。如:


There


ar


e


still


many


things


to


take


care


of


(to


be


taken


care


of).


但有时两种形式表 达


的意思不同,如:


These


is


nothing


to


do


now.(


We


have


nothing


to


do


now.)


There


is


nothing


to


be


done


now.(We


can


do


nothing


now.)





(2)


时态





1)


现在时:一般现在时表示的动 词,有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,有


时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。

< p>




He


seems


to


know


this.




I


hope


to


see


you


again.


=


I


hope


that


I'll


see


you


again.



我希望再见


到你。





2)


完成时:表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。





I'm


sorry


to


have


given


you


so


much


trouble.




He


seems


to


have


caught


a


cold.




3)


进行时:



表示动作正在进行,与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。





He


seems


to


be


eating


something.




4)


完成进行时:






She


is


known


to


have


been


wreaking


on


the


problem


for


many


years.





一般在情绪后加


to do to do


也表将来



疑问词+不定式结构





疑问词


who,what,whic h,when,where,whether,how


后可接不定式构成不定式短


语,在句中作主语、宾语、表



语等。如:







When


to


leave


for


London


has


not


been


decided


yet.


(不定式在句子中


做主语)






Mr.


Smith


didn't


know


whether


to


leave


or


stay


there.


(不定式在句子中


做宾语)






I


asked


Professor


Xu


how


to


learn


English


well.


(不定式在句子中做间


接宾语)






The


question


was


where


to


get


the


medicine


needed.


(不定式在句子中


表语)





以上例句中疑问词+不定式部分, 均可转换为相应的从句形式。如:①


When


w


e


shall


leave…



…how


I





could


learn…





经常在这种结构中使用的动词有:


consider, decide, discover, explain, find


out, forget, hear, know, lea rn, observe, understand, wonder


等。



动词不定式的语法功能





一、作主语





动词不定式作主语时,句子的谓语 动词常用单数,其位置有以下两种:






(1)


把不定式置于句首。如:






To


get


there


by


bike


will


take


us


half


an


hour.





(2)



i t


作形式主语,把真正的主语不定式置于句后,常用于下列句式中。如:






It



be

+名词+


to


do





It's


our


duty


to


take


good


care


of


the


old.






It


takes


sb+some


time+to


do





How


long


did


it


take


you


to


finish


the


work?






It


+< /p>


be


+形容词+


for


sb



to


do





It


is


difficult


for


us


to


finish


writing


the


compositionin


a


quarter


of


an


h


our.






It



be


+形容 词+


of


sb



to


do





It


is


stupid


of


you


to


write


down


everything


the


teachersays.






It


s eems(appears)


+形容词+


to


do





It


seemed


impossible


to


save


money.





在句型③中,常用表示客观情况的 形容词,如:


difficult,easy,hard,important,im< /p>


possible,necessary


等;在句型④中,常用


careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kin


d,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise




表示赞扬或批评的词。在不定式前的


sb


,可看


作其逻辑主语。这一句式有时相当 于


Sb


is


+形容词+


to


do


句式



,如:


It'skind


of


you


to


help


me


with


my


English.=You


are


kind


to


helpme


with


my


English.





(3)


举例





1




It's


easy


(for


me)


to


do


that.


我做这事太容易了





easy,



difficult,



hard,



important,



possible,



impossible,



comfortable,



necessary,



better;






the


first,



the


next,



the


last,



the


best,



too


much,



too


little,



not


eno


ugh




It's


so


nice


to


hear


your


voice.




听到你的声音真高兴。





It's


necessary


for


you


to


lock


the


car


when


you


do


not


use


it.




当你不用车的时候,锁车是有必要的。





2)


It's


very


kind


of


him


to


help


us.



他帮助我们,他真好。





Kind,



nice,



stupid,



rude,



clever,



foolish,



thoughtful,



thoughtless,



b


rave,



considerate(


考虑周到的


),

< br>


silly,



selfish(


自私的


)




例句


:




It


was


silly


of


us


to


believe


him.



我们真愚蠢,竟然相信了他。





It


seemed


selfish


of


him


not


to


give


them


anything.



他不给他们任何东


西,这显得太自私了。





注意:


1)


其他系动词如,


look



appear


等也可用于此句型





2)


不定式作为句子成分时,动词用单数形式。





3)


当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时,不能用


It


is…


to…


的句






(



)To


see


is


to


believe.



百闻不如一见。





(



)It is to believe to see.


二、作宾语





1)


以下动词后,只能跟不定式作宾语






afford

< br>(付得起),


agree


(同意),

aim(


力求做到


),


appe ar


(显得),


arrang


e


(安排),


ask


(要求),


attempt


(试图),


care


(想要),


choose


(决定),

< br>cl


aim


(声称),


cond escend


(屈尊),


consent


(准许),


decide


(决定),


demand


(要求),


determine

< br>(决心),


endeavor


(竭力),


expect


(期待),


fail

(未履行),


help


(帮助),


hesitate


(犹豫),


hope


(希望),


learn


(学会),


ma nage


(设法),


neglect


( 疏忽),


offer


(主动提出),


p lan


(计划),


prepare


(准 备),


pretend


(假


装),


proceed


(接着做),


promis e


(答应),


prove


(证明),< /p>


refuse


(拒绝),


r


esolve


(解决),


seem

< br>(觉得好像),


swear


(发誓),

< br>tend


(往往会),


threaten


(预示),


undertake


(承诺),

< p>
volunteer


(自愿做),


vow


(发誓),


want


(想要),


wish


(希望)



pretend




举例:






The


driver


failed


to


see


the


other


car


in


time.




司机没能及时看见另一辆车。





I


happen


to


know


the


answer


to


your


question.




我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。





2




动词< /p>


+


疑问词


+


不定式





decide,


know,


consider


forget,


learn,


remember,


show,


understand,


see,


wonder,


hear,


find


out,


explain,


tell




Please


show


us


how


to


do


that.


请演示给我们如何去做。





There


are


so


many


kinds


of


tape-recorders


on


sale


that


I


can't


make


u


p


my


mind


which


to


buy.


有这么多的录音机,我都拿不定主意买哪一种。





注意


:


疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时,谓语动词用单数。





The


question


is


how


to


put


it


into


practice.




问题是怎样把它付诸实施。





3)


当复 合宾语中的宾语是不定式时,


先用形式宾语


it


代替不定式,


把不定式置于


补语之后,即:主语+动< /p>



词+


it


+补 语+


to


do


句式。


如:






We


think


it


quite


important


for


us


to


learn


a


foreignlanguage


well.





He


feels


it


his


duty


to


help


the


poor.





I find it difficult to learn English well.


三、作补语






1)


动 词


+


宾语


+


不 定式


(to


do)





advise



allow



appoint



believe



cause



challenge



command



compel



c


onsider



declare



drive



enable



encourage



find



forbid



force



guess



hire



imagine



impel



induce



inform



instruct



invite



judge



know



like



order



permit



persuade



remind



report



request



require



select



send



state



s


uppose



tell



think



train



trust



understand



urge



warn






例句:





a.



Father


will


not


allow


us


to


play


on


the


street.






父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。





b.



We


believe


him


to


be


guilty.




我们相信他是有罪的。





Find


的特殊用法:






Find


后可用分词做宾补,或先加形式宾语,再加形容词,最后加带


to

< br>的动词不


定式。


find


后也可 带一个从句。此类动词还有


get



h ave






I


found


him


lying


on


the


ground.





I


found


it


important


to


learn.





I


found


that


to


learn


English


is


important.




典型例题


:





The


next


morning


she


found


the


man


___


in


bed



dead.






A.


lying



B.


lie



C.


lay



D.


laying






答案:


< /p>


的宾语后面,用分词或分词短语,起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表


达主动,也表达正在进行,过去分词表达被动。





2)


to


+


be


的不定式结构,作补语的动词。





Acknowledge,



believe,



consider,



think,



declare(


声称


),



discover,


fancy


(< /p>


设想


),



feel



find,



guess,



judge,



imagine,



know,



prove,



see(


理解


),


sho


w,



suppose,



take(


以为


),



understand





We


consider


Tom


to


be


one


of


the


best


students


in


our


class.




我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。





典型例题





Charles


Babbage


is


generally


considered



___


the


first


computer.






A.


to


invent



B.


inventing



C.


to


have


invented



D.


having


invented






答案:


A.



consider


to


dosth.


排除


B



D



.

< br>此句只说明发明这一个事实,不


定式后用原形即可。而


C


为现在完成时,发明为点动词一般不用完成时,且此处也不


强调 对现在的影响,因此不选


C






3)


to


be


+


形容词





Seem,



appear,



be


said,



be


supposed,



be


believed,



be


thought,



be



known,



be


reported,



hope,


wish,



desire,



want,



plan,



expect,



mean…





The


book


is


believed


to


be


uninteresting.




人们认为这本书没什么意思。





4)



there


be+


不定式





believe,


expect,


intend,


like,


love,


mean,


prefer,


want,


wish,


undrstand





We


didn't


expect


there


to


be


so


many


people


there.


我们没料到会有那么


多人在哪 里。





有些动词需用


as


短语做补语,如


regard,


think


believe,


take,


consider.




We


regard


Tom


as


our


best


teacher.



我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。





Mary took him as her father .



玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。



四、作表语





不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作;动名词作表语表示抽 象的一般行为。



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