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1.
不定式定义
:
由
to
+动词原形构成。
不定式是一种非限定性动词。
p>
而非限定动词是指那些在句中不能单独充当谓语的
动词,可分为不定
式,动名词,现在分词和过去分词。
2.
用途:
在句中不能作谓语。它具有动词的
性质,本身可以带宾语和状语。
【动词不定式】
1.
定义:动词
+
不定式
2.
用途:
动词不定式在句中可以作句子除谓语之外的任何句子成分。
动词
不定式的被动形
式除了一般形式外还有其完成式和进行式。
动词不定式的时态、语态
动词不定式可以作以上各种成分,但它毕竟是动词,所以有动
词的属性
动词不定式及其短语还可以有自己的宾语、状语,虽然动词不定式在语法上没有
表面上
的直接主语,但它表达的意义是动作,这一动作一定由使动者发出。这一使动
者我们称之
为
逻辑主语,其形式如下:
主动形式
被动形式
一般式
(
not)
to
done
(
not)
to
be
done
完成式
(
not)
to
have
made
(
n
ot)
to
have
been
done
进行式
(
not)
to
be
doing
无被动
完成时(
not
)
to
have
been
done
无被动
(
1)
语态
如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是这个
不定式所表示的动作的承受者,
不定式一般要
用被动语态形式。
如:
It's
a
great
honour
to
be
invited
to
Mary's
birthday
party.
(不
定式作主语
是被动语态
to
be
invited
是被邀请)
It
was
impossible
for
lost
time
to
be
made
up.
(不定式作主语)
I
wish
to
be
sent
to
work
in
the
country.
(不定式作宾语)
Can
you
tell
me
which
is
the
car
to
be
repaired?
(不定式作定语)
He
went
to
the
hospital
to
be
examined.
(不定式作状语)
在
There
be
< br>结构中,修饰主语的不定式可用被动,也可用主动。如:
There
ar
e
still
many
things
to
take
care
of
(to
be
taken
care
of).
但有时两种形式表
达
的意思不同,如:
These
is
nothing
to
do
now.(
We
have
nothing
to
do
now.)
There
is
nothing
to
be
done
now.(We
can
do
nothing
now.)
(2)
时态
1)
现在时:一般现在时表示的动
词,有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,有
时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。
He
seems
to
know
this.
I
hope
to
see
you
again.
=
I
hope
that
I'll
see
you
again.
我希望再见
到你。
2)
完成时:表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
I'm
sorry
to
have
given
you
so
much
trouble.
He
seems
to
have
caught
a
cold.
3)
进行时:
表示动作正在进行,与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。
He
seems
to
be
eating
something.
4)
完成进行时:
She
is
known
to
have
been
wreaking
on
the
problem
for
many
years.
一般在情绪后加
to do to
do
也表将来
疑问词+不定式结构
疑问词
who,what,whic
h,when,where,whether,how
后可接不定式构成不定式短
语,在句中作主语、宾语、表
语等。如:
①
When
to
leave
for
London
has
not
been
decided
yet.
(不定式在句子中
做主语)
②
Mr.
Smith
didn't
know
whether
to
leave
or
stay
there.
(不定式在句子中
做宾语)
③
I
asked
Professor
Xu
how
to
learn
English
well.
(不定式在句子中做间
接宾语)
④
The
question
was
where
to
get
the
medicine
needed.
(不定式在句子中
表语)
以上例句中疑问词+不定式部分,
均可转换为相应的从句形式。如:①
When
w
e
shall
leave…
③
…how
I
could
learn…
经常在这种结构中使用的动词有:
consider,
decide, discover, explain, find
out,
forget, hear, know, lea rn, observe, understand,
wonder
等。
动词不定式的语法功能
一、作主语
动词不定式作主语时,句子的谓语
动词常用单数,其位置有以下两种:
(1)
把不定式置于句首。如:
To
get
there
by
bike
will
take
us
half
an
hour.
(2)
用
i
t
作形式主语,把真正的主语不定式置于句后,常用于下列句式中。如:
①
It
+
be
+名词+
to
do
It's
our
duty
to
take
good
care
of
the
old.
②
It
takes
sb+some
time+to
do
How
long
did
it
take
you
to
finish
the
work?
③
It
+<
/p>
be
+形容词+
for
sb
+
to
do
It
is
difficult
for
us
to
finish
writing
the
compositionin
a
quarter
of
an
h
our.
④
p>
It
+
be
+形容
词+
of
sb
+
to
do
It
is
stupid
of
you
to
write
down
everything
the
teachersays.
⑤
It
s
eems(appears)
+形容词+
to
do
It
seemed
impossible
to
save
money.
在句型③中,常用表示客观情况的
形容词,如:
difficult,easy,hard,important,im<
/p>
possible,necessary
等;在句型④中,常用
careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kin
d,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise
等
表示赞扬或批评的词。在不定式前的
sb
,可看
作其逻辑主语。这一句式有时相当
于
Sb
is
+形容词+
to
do
句式
,如:
It'skind
of
you
to
help
me
with
my
English.=You
are
kind
to
helpme
with
my
English.
(3)
举例
1
)
It's
easy
(for
me)
to
do
that.
我做这事太容易了
easy,
difficult,
hard,
important,
possible,
impossible,
comfortable,
necessary,
better;
the
first,
the
next,
the
last,
the
best,
too
much,
too
little,
not
eno
ugh
It's
so
nice
to
hear
your
voice.
听到你的声音真高兴。
It's
necessary
for
you
to
lock
the
car
when
you
do
not
use
it.
当你不用车的时候,锁车是有必要的。
2)
It's
very
kind
of
him
to
help
us.
他帮助我们,他真好。
Kind,
nice,
stupid,
rude,
clever,
foolish,
thoughtful,
thoughtless,
b
rave,
considerate(
考虑周到的
),
< br>
silly,
selfish(
自私的
)
例句
:
It
was
silly
of
us
to
believe
him.
我们真愚蠢,竟然相信了他。
It
seemed
selfish
of
him
not
to
give
them
anything.
p>
他不给他们任何东
西,这显得太自私了。
注意:
1)
其他系动词如,
look
,
appear
等也可用于此句型
2)
不定式作为句子成分时,动词用单数形式。
3)
当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时,不能用
It
is…
to…
的句
型
(
对
)To
see
is
to
believe.
百闻不如一见。
(
错
)It
is to believe to see.
二、作宾语
1)
以下动词后,只能跟不定式作宾语
afford
< br>(付得起),
agree
(同意),
aim(
力求做到
),
appe
ar
(显得),
arrang
e
(安排),
ask
(要求),
attempt
(试图),
care
(想要),
choose
(决定),
< br>cl
aim
(声称),
cond
escend
(屈尊),
consent
(准许),
decide
(决定),
demand
(要求),
determine
< br>(决心),
endeavor
(竭力),
expect
(期待),
fail
(未履行),
help
(帮助),
hesitate
(犹豫),
hope
(希望),
learn
(学会),
ma
nage
(设法),
neglect
(
疏忽),
offer
(主动提出),
p
lan
(计划),
prepare
(准
备),
pretend
(假
装),
p>
proceed
(接着做),
promis
e
(答应),
prove
(证明),<
/p>
refuse
(拒绝),
r
esolve
(解决),
seem
< br>(觉得好像),
swear
(发誓),
< br>tend
(往往会),
threaten
(预示),
undertake
(承诺),
volunteer
(自愿做),
vow
(发誓),
want
(想要),
wish
(希望)
pretend
举例:
The
driver
failed
to
see
the
other
car
in
time.
司机没能及时看见另一辆车。
I
happen
to
know
the
answer
to
your
question.
我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。
2
)
动词<
/p>
+
疑问词
+
不定式
decide,
know,
consider
forget,
learn,
remember,
show,
understand,
see,
wonder,
hear,
find
out,
explain,
tell
Please
show
us
how
to
do
that.
请演示给我们如何去做。
There
are
so
many
kinds
of
tape-recorders
on
sale
that
I
can't
make
u
p
my
mind
which
to
buy.
有这么多的录音机,我都拿不定主意买哪一种。
注意
:
疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时,谓语动词用单数。
The
question
is
how
to
put
it
into
practice.
问题是怎样把它付诸实施。
3)
当复
合宾语中的宾语是不定式时,
先用形式宾语
it
代替不定式,
把不定式置于
补语之后,即:主语+动<
/p>
词+
it
+补
语+
to
do
句式。
如:
We
think
it
quite
important
for
us
to
learn
a
foreignlanguage
well.
He
feels
it
his
duty
to
help
the
poor.
I find it
difficult to learn English well.
三、作补语
1)
动
词
+
宾语
+
不
定式
(to
do)
advise
allow
appoint
believe
cause
challenge
command
compel
c
onsider
declare
drive
enable
encourage
find
forbid
force
guess
hire
imagine
impel
induce
inform
instruct
invite
judge
know
like
order
permit
persuade
remind
report
request
require
select
send
state
s
uppose
tell
think
train
trust
understand
urge
warn
例句:
a.
Father
will
not
allow
us
to
play
on
the
street.
父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。
b.
We
believe
him
to
be
guilty.
我们相信他是有罪的。
Find
的特殊用法:
Find
后可用分词做宾补,或先加形式宾语,再加形容词,最后加带
to
< br>的动词不
定式。
find
后也可
带一个从句。此类动词还有
get
,
h
ave
。
I
found
him
lying
on
the
ground.
I
found
it
important
to
learn.
I
found
that
to
learn
English
is
important.
典型例题
:
The
next
morning
she
found
the
man
___
in
bed
,
dead.
A.
lying
B.
lie
C.
lay
D.
laying
答案:
<
/p>
的宾语后面,用分词或分词短语,起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表
达主动,也表达正在进行,过去分词表达被动。
2)
to
+
be
的不定式结构,作补语的动词。
Acknowledge,
believe,
consider,
think,
declare(
p>
声称
),
discover,
fancy
(<
/p>
设想
),
feel
find,
guess,
judge,
imagine,
know,
prove,
see(
理解
),
sho
w,
suppose,
take(
以为
),
understand
We
consider
Tom
to
be
one
of
the
best
students
in
our
class.
我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。
典型例题
Charles
Babbage
is
generally
considered
___
the
first
computer.
A.
to
invent
B.
inventing
C.
to
have
invented
D.
having
invented
答案:
A.
由
consider
to
dosth.
排除
B
、
D
。
.
< br>此句只说明发明这一个事实,不
定式后用原形即可。而
C
为现在完成时,发明为点动词一般不用完成时,且此处也不
强调
对现在的影响,因此不选
C
。
3)
to
be
+
形容词
Seem,
appear,
be
said,
be
supposed,
be
believed,
be
thought,
be
known,
be
reported,
hope,
wish,
desire,
want,
plan,
expect,
mean…
The
book
is
believed
to
be
uninteresting.
人们认为这本书没什么意思。
4)
there
be+
不定式
believe,
expect,
intend,
like,
love,
mean,
prefer,
want,
wish,
undrstand
We
didn't
expect
there
to
be
so
many
people
p>
there.
我们没料到会有那么
多人在哪
里。
有些动词需用
as
短语做补语,如
regard,
think
believe,
take,
consider.
We
regard
Tom
as
our
best
teacher.
我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。
Mary took him as her father
.
玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。
四、作表语
不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作;动名词作表语表示抽
象的一般行为。
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