-走私
Semantics
?
I. Decide
whether each of the following statements is True
or False.
synonyms can often be found in
different regional dialects such as British
English and
American English but cannot
be found within the variety
itself
，
for
example
，
within British
English or American English.
is
concerned with the relationship between the
linguistic element and the non-linguistic
world
of
experience
，
while
the
reference
deals
with
the
inherent
meaning
of
the
linguistic
form.
forms having the same
sense may have different references in different
situations.
semantics
，
meaning
of
language
is
considered
as
the
intrinsic
and
inherent
relation
to
the
physical
world of experience.
is
based
on
the
presumption
that
one
can
derive
meaning
from
or
reduce
meaning
to
observable
contexts.
attempted to define the meaning of a language form
as the situation in which the speaker
utters it and the response it calls
forth in the hearer.
meaning of a sentence is
the sum total of the meanings of all its
components.
languages have sets of lexical items
similar in meaning but ranked differently
according
to their degree of formality.
9.“it is hot.” is a no
-place
predication because it contains no argument.
grammatical
analysis
，
the
sentence
is
taken
to
be
the
basic
unit
，
but
in
semantic
analysis
of a
sentence
，
the basic unit is
predication
，
which is the
abstraction of the meaning of a
sentence.
II. Fill in each of the
following blanks with one word which begins with
the letter given.
can be defined as the
study of meaning.
conceptualist view holds
that there is no d______ link between a linguistic
form and what
it refers to.
means what a
linguistic form refers to in the
real
，
physical
world
；
it deals with the
relationship between the linguistic
element and the non-linguistic world of
experience.
that are close in meaning are called
s________.
two words are identical in
sound
，
but different in
spelling and meaning
，
they
are called
h__________.
opposites are
pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a
relationship between the two
items.
analysis is based upon the
belief that the meaning of a word can be divided
into meaning
components.
a sentence is
semantically meaningful is governed by rules
called s________
restrictions
，
which are constraints on what lexical
items can go with what others.
a________ is a
logical participant in a
predication
，
largely
identical with the nominal
element
（
s
）
in a
sentence.
to
the
n____
theory
of
meaning
，
the
words
in
a
language
are
taken
to
be
labels
of
the
objects
they stand for.
III.
There
are
four
choices
following
each
statement.
Mark
the
choice
that
can
best
complete
the statement.
21. The naming theory is
advanced by ________.
A.
Plato
C. Geoffrey
Leech
B.
Bloomfield
D.
Firth
22. “We shall know a word by the
company it keeps.” This statement represents
_______.
A. the
conceptualist view
C. the
naming theory
B.
contexutalism
D.
behaviorism
23. Which of the following is not
true
A. Sense is concerned
with the inherent meaning of the linguistic
form.
B. Sense is the
collection of all the features of the linguistic
form.
C. Sense is abstract
and de-contextualized.
D.
Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary
compilers are not interested in.
24. “Can I
borrow your bike” _______ “You have a bike.”
A. is synonymous
with
C. entails
B. is inconsistent with
D. presupposes
25. ___________ is a way in
which the meaning of a word can be dissected into
meaning
components
，
called semantic features.
A. Predication analysis
C. Phonemic analysis
B. Componential analysis
D. Grammatical analysis
26. “alive” and
“dead” are ______________.
A. gradable antonyms
C. complementary antonyms
B. relational opposites
D. None of the above
27.
_________
deals
with
the
relationship
between
the
linguistic
element
and
the
non-linguistic world of experience.
A. Reference
C. Semantics
B.
Concept
D. Sense
28. ___________
refers to the phenomenon that words having
different meanings have the same
form.
A. Polysemy
C. Homonymy
B.
Synonymy
D.
Hyponymy
that are close in meaning are called
______________.
A.
homonyms
C.
hyponyms
B.
polysemy
D.
synonyms
grammaticality of a sentence is
governed by _______.
A.
grammatical rules
B.
selectional restrictions
C.
semantic rules
?
IV. Define the following
terms.
D. semantic
features
31.
??????????????????
semantics
32.
??????????????????
sense
34.
??????????????????
synonymy
33.
??????????????????
reference
35.
??????????????????
polysemy
36.
??????????????????
homonymy
39.
??????????????????
complete
homonyms
37.
??????????????????
homophones
38.
??????????????????
Homographs
40.
??????????????????
hyponymy
41.
??????????????????
antonymy
42.
??????????????????
componential analysis
43.
??????????????????
grammatical
44.
??????????????????
predication
meaning
46.
??????????????????
predicate
47.
??????????????????
Two-place
predication
V. Answer the following
questions.
45.
??????????????????
Argument
?
do
we
say
that
a
meaning
of
a
sentence
is
not
the
sum
total
of
the
meanings
of
all
its
components
is componential analysis
Illustrate it with examples.
do you
distinguish between entailment and presupposition
in terms of truth values
do
you
account
for
such
sense
relations
between
sentences
as
synonymous
relation
，
inconsistent relation in terms of truth
values
to the way synonyms
differ
，
how many groups can
we classify synonyms into Illustrate them
with examples.
are the major views
concerning the study of meaning How they
differ
Suggested Answers
?
I. Decide whether each of the following
statements is True or False.
?
II. Fill in each of the following
blanks with one word which begins with the letter
given.
11.
????
Semantics
12.
????
direct
13.
????
Reference
18.
????
14.
????
synonyms
15.
????
homophones
16.
????
Relational
17.
????
19.
????
argument
20.
????
naming