英汉语言对比复习资料

It died suddenly, in a terrible rain of fire and ash. The tragedy struck on the 24th of August,

A.D.79.

Mount

Vesuvius,

which

had

slept

quietly

for

centuries,

erupted

with

savage

violence.

Tons of hot ash fell on Pompeii, hiding it from sight. For three days the sun did not break through

the clouds of volcanic ash that filled the sky. And when the eruption ended, Pompeii was buried

deep. A city had perished.

庞贝古城，猝不及防地湮灭于从天而降的火焰和灰烬中。 这场悲剧发生在公元

79

年

8

月

24

日。在那一天，沉睡了几个世纪的维苏威 火山，释放了它狂暴的破坏力。火山喷发出成

吨的灼热火山灰，它们洒落到庞贝古城，灰 幕笼罩其上空达三日之久，这座城市再无天日。

火山喷发平息后，庞贝古城已深埋于灰烬 中。一个城市就此毁于一旦。

Springs are not always

the same.

In some

years, April

bursts upon our Virginia hills in one

prodigious leap and all the stage is filled at once, whole choruses of tulips, arabesques of forsythia,

cadenzas of flowering plum. The trees grow leaves overnight.

In

other

years,

spring

tiptoes

in.

It

pauses,

overcome

by

shyness,

like

my

grandchild

at

the

door, peeping in, ducking out of sight, giggling in the hallway.

“

I know you are out there,

”

I cry.

“

Come in!

”

and April slips into our arms.

春天并非总是一模一样。四月，有时不知 怎地一跃，就来到了弗吉尼亚的山坡上

——

转

< br>眼到处生机勃勃。郁金香组成了大合唱，

连翘展示出优美的舞姿，

洋李奏起华彩乐段。

一夜

之间，林木着装，绿叶瑟瑟。

春天有时又蹑手蹑脚，像我的小孙女一样，羞羞答答地倚在门 外，向里谈谈头，一闪又

不见了，只是在门厅里咯咯地笑。

“< /p>

我知道你在那儿藏着呢，

”

我喊道。

“

进来！

”

春天这 才悄

然跑进了我的怀抱。

There is nothing more disappointing to a hostess who has gone to a lot of trouble or expense

than to have her guest so interested in talking politics or business with her husband that he fails to

notice the flavour of the coffee, the lightness of the cake, or the attractiveness of the house, which

may be her chief interest and pride.

最令女主人失望的是，她费神费财来招待客人，可这位客人只 顾津津有味地同她丈夫谈

政治，谈生意，却忽略了美味的咖啡、松软的糕点，或是房子里 出彩的地方，而这些可以说

是她最想提及也最引以为自豪的话题。

1

、分析与综合：

A synthetic language is

“

characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms to

express grammatical relationships

”

.

综合语的特征是运用词的形态变化来表达语法关系。

An

analytic

language

is

“

characterized

by

a

relatively

frequent

use

of

function

words,

auxiliary verbs, and changes in word order to express syntactic relations, rather than of inflected

forms

”

.

分析语的特征是用语序及虚词来表达语法关系。

Based

on

the

ancient

English,

Modern

English

keeps

the

hereditary

inflection

while

with

numerous function words and relatively settled word order, so it is a synthetic-analytic language.

现代英语是从古英语发展出来，仍然保留着综合语的某些特征，但 也有分析语的特点：

有形态变化，但不像典型综合语那么复杂；语序比汉语灵活，但相对 固定；虚词很多，用得

也相当频繁。

Inflected

forms,

word

order

and

function

words

are

the

major

three

ways

to

express

lexical

relationships. As Chinese language has been recorded in the form of character, namely, ideographs.

Ideographs are not affected by phonological evolution and therefore largely immune to change.

English, though as recorded in phonetic script, has got rid of most its inflections, and expresses

grammatical

relations

by

devices

like

prepositions

and

auxiliary

verbs

and

by

the

order

of

its

words.

形态变化、语序和虚词是表达语法关系的三大手 段，三者之间关系密切。汉语由于缺乏

形态变化，表达语法关系只好借助语序和虚词；现 代英语摈弃了古英语大部分的形态变化，

因而表达语法关系除了借助遗留下来的形态变化 形式，还必须借助语序和虚词。

There

are

great

number

of

function

words

in

Chinese

and

English;

they

are,

while

on

the

opposite side of notion words/full words, still quiet different in either language.

Quantifier

is

broadly

used

in

boss

the

written

and

oral

system

of

Chinese

language,

just

as

article

in English. But they won

’

t stay simultaneously in a certain language through the research

of linguistic taxonomy. This is because that

quantifiers

in Chinese and

articles

in English

are both

used as to classify the type of nouns, just as the gender system in Latin languages.

Function of Quantifier in Chinese:

a) to classify homonyms and avoid the vagueness in communication;

b) to be the symbols in human languages as men

’

s subjective classifications of the reality.

c) to indicate the number of nouns;

An

auxiliary verb

(

abbreviated

aux

) is a

verb

that adds functional or grammatical meaning to

the

clause

in

which

it

appears,

such

as

to

express

tense

,

aspect

,

modality< /p>

,

voice

,

emphasis,

etc.

Auxiliary verbs usually accompany a

main verb

.

The falling tone expresses certainty, completeness, independence and an air of finality.

Often

used in: statements, special questions, instructions and orders.

The

rising

tone

expresses

uncertainty,

incompleteness

and

dependence

(including

yes-no

questions, parenthetical and subsidiary information in a statement, encouraging or polite denials,

commands, invitations, greetings, farewells, etc.)

The fall- rise tone combines the falling tone's meaning of

“

assertion, certainty

”

with the rising

tone's

meaning

“

dependence,

incompleteness

”

.

At

the

end

of

a

sentence,

it

often

conveys

a

feeling

of

reservation;

at

the

beginning

or

in

the

middle

of

a

sentence,

it

is

a

more

forceful

alternative to the rising tone, expressing the assertion of one point, together with the implication

that another point is to follow.

English is an intonation language, while Chinese tonal.

2

、主动与被动

There is a notable difference in the frequency with which the active and passive voices are used.