-狗窝
Chapter Four
From Word to Text
I. Mark the choice that best completes
the statement.
of
the
following
term
does
NOT
mean
the
same
as
the
relation
of
substitutability
A. Associative relation
B. Paradigmatic relation
C. Vertical relation D. Horizontal
relation
2. Clauses can be
used as subordinate constituents and the three
basic
types
of
subordinate
clauses
are
complement
clauses,
adjuncts
clauses
and
_______.
A.
relative clauses B. adverbial clauses
C. coordinate clauses D.
subordinate clauses
3. Names
of the syntactic functions are expressed in all
the following
terms EXCEPT
______.
A. subjects and
objects B. objects and predicators
C. modifiers and complements D.
endocentric and exocentric
4.
In
English,
case
is
a
special
form
of
the
noun
which
frequently
corresponds to a
combination of perception and noun and it is
realized
in all the following channels
EXCEPT _______.
A.
inflection
B.
following
a
preposition
C.
word
order
D.
vertical relation
5. In English, theme and rheme are
often expressed by _____ and ____.
A.
subject;
object B.
subject;
predicate C.
predicate;
object D.
object;
predicate
6. Phrase
structure rules have _____
properties.
A. recursive
B. grammatical C. social D.
functional
7. Which of the
following is NOT among the three basic ways to
classify
languages in the world
A.
Word
order B.
Genetic
classification C.
Areal
classification
D.
Social classification
8. The head of the phrase
the city Rome
is
______.
A.
the
city
B.
Rome
C.
city
D.
the
city Rome
9. The phrase on
the shelf belongs to ______
construction.
A.
endocentric B. exocentric C. subordinate D.
coordinate
10. The sentence
They were wanted to remain quiet and
not to expose
themselves
is
a _____ sentence.
A.
simple B. coordinate C. compound D.
complex
II. Mark
the following statements with “T” if they are true
or “F”
if they are false.
1.
The
relation
of
co-
occurrence
partly
belong
to
syntagmatic
relations,
partly to
paradigmatic relations.
2.
One
property
coordination
reveals
is
that
there
is
a
limit
on
the
number
of coordinated
categories that can appear prior to the
conjunction.
3.
According to Standard Theory of
Chomsky, deep structure contain all
the
information
necessary
for
the
semantic
interpretation
of
sentences.
4.
In English,
the object is recognized by tracing its relation
to word
order and by inflections of
pronouns.
5.
Classes
and
functions
determine
each
other,
but
not
in
any
one-to-one
relation.
6.
Usually noun
phrases, verb phrases and adverbial phrases belong
to
endocentric types of
constriction.
7.
In
English
the
subject
usually
precedes
the
verb
and
the
direct
object
usually follows the
verb.
8.
In
the
exocentric
construction
John
kicked
the
ball
,
neither
constituent stands for the verb-object
sequence.
9.
A noun phrase must contain a noun, but
other elements are optional.
10.
In
a
coordinate
sentence,
two
(or
more)
S
constituents
occur
as
daughters and co-heads of
a higher S.
III.
Fill in each of the following blanks with an
appropriate word. The
first letter of
the word is already given.
1.
The
subordinate constituents are words which modify
the Heads and
consequently, they can be
called m____________.
2.
John
believes
(that
the
airplane
was
invented
by
an
Irishman)
.
The
part
in the bracket is a
c_________ clause.
3.
In order to
account for the case of the subject in passive
voice, we
have another two terms,
p____________ and n__________.
4.
There
is
a
tendency
to
make
a
distinction between
phrase
and
w_______,
which
is
an
extension
of
word
of
a
particular
class
by
way
of
modification with its
main features of the class unchanged.
5.
Recursiveness,
together with o_______, is generally regarded as
the
core of creativity of
language.
6.
Traditionally, p_________ is seen as
part of a structural hierarchy,
positioned between clause and
word.
7.
The case category
is used in
the
analysis of word classes
to identity
the s______ relationship
between words in a sentence.
8.
Clause
can
be
classifies
into
FINITE
and
NON-FINITE
clauses,
the
latter
including
the
traditional
infinitive
phrase,
p__________,
and
gerundial
phrase.
9.
Gender displays such contrasts as
masculine: feminine:
n_______
.
10.
English
gender
contrast
can
only
be
observed
in
g__________
and
a
small
number
of
l__________
and
they
are
mainly
of
the
natural
gender
type.
IV. Explain the following
concepts or theories.
1.
Syntax
2.
IC
analysis
3.
Relation of co-occurrence
4.
Category
5.
Recursiveness
V. Match each term in Column A with one
relevant item in Column B.
A
B
(1) syntactic relation
(2) grammatical construction
(3) syntactic function
(4) category
(5)
recusiveness
(6) positional
relation
(7) associative
relation
(8) sentential
connection
(9)
cohesion
(10)
clause
a. number, gender and
case
b. conjoining and
embedding
c. syntagmatic
relation
d.
substitutability
e.
coordination and subordination
f.
hypotactic
and
paratactic
relations
g.
conjunction,
ellipsis,
reference
h.
subject, predicate and object
I. finite and non-infinite
j. paradigmatic relation
VI. Answer the following
question.
1.
What are endocentric construction and
exocentric construction
2.
What are the
basic functional terms in syntax
VII. Essay
question.
1.
Explain an comment on the following
sentence a and b.
a.
John is easy
to please.
b.
John is eager to please.
2.
Comment on the
statement,
“
Linguistic
structure is hiearchical
”
I. Mark the following
statements with “T” if they are true or “F”
if they are false.
1.
The
syntactic
rules
of
any
language
are
finite
in
number,
but
they
are
capable of yielding an
infinite number of sentences.
2.
Although, a
single word can also be uttered as a sentence,
normally
a
sentence
consists
of
at
least
a
subject,
its
predicate
and
an
object.
3.
The
sentences
are
linearly
structured,
so
they
are
composed
of
sequence
of words arranged
in a simple linear order.
4.
his upon an
idea.
idea hit upon
John.
In the above
sentences, the subject and object constituent by
the
sentences switch their position.
Although sentence b is absurd, it is
still grammatical, because John and an
idea are of the same phrasal
category.
5.
Though
they
are
of
a
small
number,
the
combinational
rules
are
powerful
enough
to
yield
all
the
possible
sentences
and
rule
out
the
impossible
ones.
6.
In a sentence
like Mary likes flowers, both Mary and flowers are
not
only Nouns, but also Noun
Phrases.
7.
The
recursive
property
can
basically
be
discussed
in
a
category-based
grammar, but
not in a word-based grammar.
8.
An XP must
contain an X which is called the phrasal
head.
9.
In the
phrase
this very tall girl,
tall
girl
is an obligatory
element
and the head of the
phrase.
10.
a. The man beat the child. b. The
child was beaten by the man.
In
the
above
sentences,
the
movement
of
the
child
from
its
original
place to a new
place is a WH- movement.
11.
Tense and
aspect, the two important categories of the verb,
nowadays
are viewed as separate notions
in grammar.
12.
The structuralists regard linguistic
units as isolated bits in a
structure
(or system).
13.
IC analysis can help us to see the
internal structure of a sentence
clearly and it can also distinguish the
ambiguity of a sentence.
14.
Structural
linguists hold that a sentence does only have a
linear
structure, but it has a
hierarchical structure, made up of layers of
word groups.
15.
In
Saussure
’
s
view,
the
linguist
cannot
attempt
to
explain
individual
signs in a piecemeal fashion. Instead
he must try to find the value
of a sign
from its relation to others, or rather, its
position in the
system.
16.
The
theme-rheme
order
is
the
usual
one
in
unemotional
narration,
which
is a subjective
order.
17.
What is new in Halliday is that he has
tried to relate the functions
of
language to its structure.
18.
Sentence is a
basic unit of structure in functional
grammar.
19.
The interpersonal function of language
refers to the idea held by
Halliday
that
language
serves
ot
establish
and
maintain
social
relations.
20.
Finite is a
function in the clause as a representation, both
the
representation of outer experience
and inner experience.
21.
The
relations
of
co-
occurrence
partly
belong
to
syntagmatic
relations,
partly to
paradigmatic relations.
22.
According to
Chomsky, grammar is a mechanism that should be
able to
generate all and only the
grammatical sentences of a language.
23.
In English,
the subject of a sentence is said to be the doer
of an
action,
while
the
object
is
the
person
or
thing
acted
upon
by
the
doer.
Therefore, the subject is always an
agent and the patient is always
the
object.
24.
In English, the object is recognized by
tracing its relation to word