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英语（一）试题
Section
I?? Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the
best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,
B, C or D
on the ANSWER SHEET.?(10
points)
①
Though not
biologically related, friends are as “related” as
fourth cousins, sharing about 1%
of
genes.
②
That
is
1
a
study,
published
from
the
University
of
California
and
Yale
University in the
Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences
, has
2
.
①
The
study
is
a
genome-wide
analysis
conducted
3
1,932
unique
subjects
which
4
pairs
of
unrelated
friends
and
unrelated
strangers.
②
The
same
people
were
used
in
both
5
.
①
While 1% may seem
6
, it is not so
to a geneticist.
②
As James
Fowler, professor of
medical genetics
at UC San Diego, says, “Most people do not even
7
their fourth cousins
but
somehow manage to select as friends the people who
8
our
kin.”
①
The study
9
found that the
genes for smell were something shared in friends
but
not genes for immunity.
②
Why this similarity exists
in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now.
③
10
,
as
the
team
suggests,
it
draws
us
to
similar
environments
but
there
is more
11
it.
④
There
could
be
many
mechanisms
working
together
that
12
us
in
choosing
genetically similar friends
13
“functional
kinship” of being friends with
14
!
①
One of the remarkable
findings of the study was that the similar genes
seem to be evolving
15
than other genes.
②
Studying this could help
16
why
human evolution picked pace
in the last
30,000 years, with social environment being a
major
17
factor.
①
The
findings do not simply explain people’s
18
to
befriend those of similar
19
backgrounds,
say
the
researchers.
②
Though
all
the
subjects
were
drawn
from
a
population
of
European
extraction,
care
was
taken
to
20
that
all
subjects,
friends
and
strangers
were
taken
from
the
same
population.
③
The
team
also
controlled
the
data
to
check
ancestry
of
subjects.
1.
[A] what
3.
[A] for
5.
[A] tests
7.
[A] visit
9.
[A] again
11.
[A] about
[B]
why
[B] with
[C] how
[C] by
[D] when
[D] on
[D] connected
[D] examples
[D]
incredible
[D] seek
[D] resemble
[D] thus
[D]
Perhaps
[D] like
2.
[A] defended
4.
[A] separated
[B] concluded
[B] sought
[B] objects
[B] miss
[B] also
[C]
withdrawn
[D] advised
[C] compared
[C] samples
[C] unreliable
[C] know
[C]
favor
6.
[A]
insignificant
[B]
unexpected
8.
[A] surpass
10. [A] Meanwhile
[B] influence
[C] instead
[C] from
[B] Furthermore
[C] Likewise
[B] to
12. [A] limit
[B] observe
[B] rather than
[B] responses
[B] slower
[B] remember
[B]
decision
[B]
religious
[B]
show
[C]
confuse
[C]
benefits
[C]
later
[C]
express
[C]
arrangement
[C] ethnic
[C] prove
[D] drive
[D] missions
[D] earlier
[D]
understand
[D] endeavor
[D] economic
[D] tell
13. [A] according
to
14. [A] chances
15. [A] faster
16. [A]
forecast
18.
[A] tendency
19. [A] political
20. [A] see
[C] regardless
of
[D] along
with
17. [A] unpredictable
[B] contributory
[C] controllable
[D] disruptive
Section
Ⅱ
Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions
：
Read
the following four texts. Answer the questions
after each text by choosing A, B, C or D.
Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
(40 points)
Text 1
①
King Juan Carlos of Spain
once insisted “kings don’t abdicate, they die in
their sleep.”
②
But
embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the
republican left in the recent Euro-elections
have
forced
him
to
eat
his
words
and
stand
down.
③
So,
does
the
Spanish
crisis
suggest
that
monarchy is seeing its
last days?
④
Does that mean
the writing is on the wall for all European
royals, with their magnificent uniforms
and majestic lifestyles?
①
The
Spanish
case
provides
arguments
both
for
and
against
monarchy.
②
When
public
opinion is
particularly polarised, as it was following the
end of the Franco regime, monarchs can
rise above “mere” politics and “embody”
a spirit of national unity.
①
It is this apparent
transcendence of politics that explains monarchs’
continuing popularity
as
heads
of
states.
②
And
so,
the
Middle
East
excepted,
Europe
is
the
most
monarch-infested
region
in
the
world,
with
10
kingdoms
(not
counting
Vatican
City
and
Andorra).
③
But
unlike
their absolutist
counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal
families have survived because they
allow voters to avoid the difficult
search for a non-controversial but respected
public figure.
①
Even so,
kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside.
②
Symbolic of national unity
as
they
claim
to
be,
their
very
history
—
and
sometimes
the
way
they
behave
today
—
embodies
outdated and indefensible privileges
and inequalities.
③
At a time
when Thomas Piketty and other
economists
are
warning
of
rising
inequality
and
the
increasing
power
of
inherited
wealth,
it
is
bizarre
that wealthy aristocratic families should still be
the symbolic heart of modern democratic
states.
①
The most successful
monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old
aristocratic ways.
②
Princes
and
princesses
have
day-jobs
and
ride
bicycles,
not
horses
(or
helicopters).
③
Even
so,
these are wealthy families who party
with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness
makes it
increasingly difficult to
maintain the right image.
While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt
be smart enough to strive for some time to come,
it
is the British royals who have most
to fear from the Spanish example.
①
It is only the Queen who
has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her
rather ordinary
(if well-heeled) granny
style.
②
The danger will come
with Charles, who has both an expensive
taste of lifestyle and a pretty
hierarchical view of the world.
③
He has failed to understand
that
monarchies
have
largely
survived
because
they
provide
a
service
—
as
non-controversial
and
non-political heads of state.
④
Charles ought to know that
as English history shows, it is kings,
not republicans, who are the monarchy’s
worst enemies.
21. According
to the first two paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of
Spain _______.
[A] used to enjoy high public support
[B] was
unpopular among European royals
[C] eased his relationship
with his rivals
[D] ended his reign in
embarrassment
22. Monarchs are kept as
heads of state in Europe mostly _______.
[A] owing to
their undoubted and respectable status
[B] to achieve a balance
between tradition and reality
[C] to give voters more
public figures to look up to
[D] due to
their everlasting political embodiment
23. Which of the following is shown to
be odd, according to Paragraph 4?
[A]
Aristocrats’ excessive reliance on inherited
wealth.
[B] The role of the
nobility in modern democracies.
[C] The
simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families.
[D] The nobility’s adherence to their
privileges.
24. The British
royals “have most to fear” because Charles
_______.
[A] takes a tough
line on political issues
[B] fails to
change his lifestyle as advised
[C]
takes republicans as his potential allies
[D] fails to adapt himself to his
future role
25. Which of the following
is the best title of the text?
[A]
Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined
[B]
Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne
[C] Carlos, a Lesson for All European
Monarchs
[D] Charles, Slow to React to
the Coming Threats
Text 2
①
Just how much does the
Constitution protect your digital data?
②
The Supreme Court will
now consider whether police can search
the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant
if the
phone is on or around a person
during an arrest.
①
California
has
asked
the
justices
to
refrain
from
a
sweeping
ruling,
particularly
one
that
upsets the old assumptions that
authorities may search through the possessions of
suspects at the
time of their arrest.
②
It is hard, the state
argues, for judges to assess the implications of
new and
rapidly changing technologies.
①
The court would be
recklessly modest
if it followed
California’s advice.
②
Enough
of the
implications
are
discernable,
even
obvious,
so
that
the
justices
can
and
should
provide
updated
guidelines to police, lawyers and
defendants.
①
They should
start by discarding Cal
ifornia’s lame
argument that exploring the contents of a
smart
phone
—
a
vast
storehouse
of
digital
information
—
is
similar
to,
say,
rifling
through
a
suspect’s purse.
②
The court has ruled that
police don’t violate the Fourth Amendment when
they
go
through
the
wallet
or
pocketbook
of
an
arrestee
without
a
warrant.
③
But
exploring
one’s
smartphone
is
more
like
entering
his
or
her
home.
④
A
smartphone
may
contain
an
arrestee’s
reading
history,
financial
history,
medical
history
and
comprehensive
records
of
recent
correspondence.
⑤
The
development
of
“cloud
computing,”
meanwhile,
has
made
that
exploration so much the easier.
①
Americans
should
take
steps
to
protect
their
digital
privacy.
②
But
keeping
sensitive
information on
these devices is increasingly a requirement of
normal life.
③
Citizens still
have a
right to expect private
documents to remain private and protected by the
Constitution’s prohibition
on
unreasonable searches.
①
As
so often is the case, stating that
principle doesn’t ease the challenge of
line
-drawing.
②
In
many cases, it would not be overly onerous for
authorities to obtain a warrant to search through
phone contents.
③
They could still invalidate
Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe,
urgent circumstances, and they could
take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data
are not
erased or altered while a
warrant is pending.
④
The
court, though, may want to allow room for
police to cite situations where they
are entitled to more freedom.
①
But
the
justices
should
not
swallow
California’s
argument
whole.
②
New,
disruptive
technology
sometimes demands novel applications of the
Constitution’s
protections.
③
Orin Kerr,
a law
professor, compares the explosion and
accessibility of digital information in the 21st
century
with the establishment of
automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in
the 20th: The justices had
to specify
novel rules for the new personal domain of the
passenger car then; they must sort out
how the Fourth Amendment applies to
digital information now.
26. The
Supreme Court will work out whether, during an
arrest, it is legitimate to_______.
[A]
prevent suspects from deleting their phone
contents
[B] search for suspects’
mobile phones without a warrant
[C] check suspects’ phone contents
without being authorized
[D]prohibit suspects from using their
mobile phones
27. The author’s attitude
toward California’s argument is one
of
_______.
[A] disapproval
[B] indifference
[C]
tolerance
[D]cautiousness
28. The author believes that exploring
one’s phone contents is comparable
to
_______.
[A] getting into
one’s residence
[B] handling
one’s historical records
[C]
scanning one’s corresponde
nces
[D] going through one’s
wallet
29. In Paragraphs 5
and 6, the author shows his concern that_______.
[A] principles are hard to be clearly
expressed
[B] the court is giving
police less room for action
[C]
citizens’ privacy is not effectively
protected
[D] phones are
used to store sensitive information
30.
Orin Kerr’s comparison is quoted to indicate
that
_______.
[A] the Constitution should
be implemented flexibly
[B] new
technology requires reinterpretation of the
Constitution
[C]California’s
argument
violates principles of the
Constitution
[D]principles of the
Constitution should never be altered
Text 3
①
The
journal
Science
is adding an
extra round of statistical checks to its peer-
review process,
editor-in-chief Marcia
McNutt announced today.
②
The
policy follows similar efforts from other
journals,
after
widespread
concern
that
basic
mistakes
in
data
analysis
are
contributing
to
the
irreproducibility of
many published research findings.
①
“Readers
must
have
confidence
in
the
conclusions
published
in
our
journal,”
writes
McNutt
in
an
editorial.
②
Working
with
the
American
Statistical
Association,
the
journal
has
appointed seven experts to a statistics
board of reviewing editors
(SBoRE).
③
Manuscript will be
flagged
up
for
additional
scrutiny
by
the
journal’s
internal
editors,
or
by
its
existing
Board
of
Reviewing
Editors
or
by
outside
peer
reviewers.
④
The
SBoRE
panel
will
then
find
external
statisticians to review these
manuscripts.
①
Asked whether
any particular papers had impelled the change,
McNutt said: “The creation
of the
‘statistics board’ was motivated by concerns
broadly with the application of statistics and
data analysis in scientific research
and is part of
Science
’s
overall drive to increase reproducibility
in the research we publish.”
①
Giovanni Parmigiani, a
biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public
Health, is a member
of the SBoRE group.
②
He says he expects the
board to “play primarily an advisory
role.”
③
He
agreed to join because he “found the
foresight behind the establishment
of
the SBoRE to be novel,
unique
and
likely
to
have
a
lasting
impact.
④
This
impact
will
not
only
be
through
the
publications in
Science
itself, but
hopefully through a larger group of publishing
places that may
want to model their
approach after
Science
.”
①
John Ioannidis, a physician
who studies research methodology, says that the
policy is “a
most welcome step forward”
and “long overdue.”
②
“Most journals are weak in statistical
review,
and
this damages
the quality
of
what
they
publish.
③
I
think
that,
for
the
majority
of
scientific
papers
nowadays,
statistical
review
is
more
essential
than
expert
review,”
he
says.
④
But
he
noted that biomedical
journals such as
Annals of Internal
Medicine
,
the Journal of the
American
Medical Association
and
The Lancet
pay strong
attention to statistical review.
①
Professional scientists are
expected to know how to analyze data, but
statistical errors are
alarmingly
common
in
published
research,
according
to
David
Vaux,
a
cell
biologist.
②
Researchers
should
improve
their
standards,
he
wrote
in
2012,
but
journals
should
also
take
a
tougher
line,
“engagin
g
reviewers
who
are
statistically
literate
and
editors
who
can
verify
the
process”.
③
Vaux
says that
Science
’s idea to
pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit,
but a weakness is that it relies on the
board of reviewing editors to id
entify
‘the papers that need
scrutiny’ in the
first place”.
31. It can be
learned from Paragraph 1 that _______.
[A]
Science
intends to simplify its peer-review process
[B] journals are strengthening their
statistical checks
[C] few journals are
blamed for mistakes in data analysis
[D] lack of data analysis is common in
research projects
32. The phrase
“flagged up” (Para. 2) is the closest in meaning
to
_______.
[A] found
[B] marked
[C] revised
[D] stored
33. Giovanni
Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the
SBoRE may _______.
[A] pose a threat to all
its peers
[B] meet with strong
opposition
[C] increase
Science
’s
circulation
[D] set an
example for other journals
34. David
Vaux holds that what
Science
is doing now _______.
[A] adds to researchers’
workload
[B] diminishes the
role of reviewers
[C] has room for
further improvement
[D] is to fail in
the foreseeable future
35. Which of the
following is the best title of the text?
[A]
Science
Joins
Push to Screen Statistics in Papers
[B]
Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect
[C] Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto
Editors’ Desks
[D]
Statisticians Are Coming Back with
Science
Text 4
①
Two years ago, Rupert
Murdoch’s daughter, Elisabeth, spoke of the
“unsettling dearth of
integrity across
so many of our institutions”.
②
Integrity had collapsed,
she argued, because of a
collective
acceptance that the only “sorting
mechanism”
in society should be profit
and the market.
③
But “it’s
us, human beings, we the people who create the
society we want, not profit”.
①
Driving
her
point
home,
she
continued:
“It’s
increasingly
apparent
that
the
absence
of
purpose, of a moral
language within government, media or business
could become one of the most
dangerous
goals
for
capitalism
and
freedom.”
②
This
same
absence
of
moral
purpose
was
wounding companies such as News
International, she thought, making it more likely
that it would
lose its way as it had
with widespread illegal telephone hacking .
①
As
the
hacking
trial
concludes
—
finding
guilty
one
ex-
editor
of
the
News
of
the
World
,
Andy
Coulson,
for
conspiring
to
hack
phones,
and
finding
his
predecessor,
Rebekah
Brooks,
innocent of the same
charge
—
the wider issue of
dearth of integrity still stand.
②
Journalists are
known to have hacked the phones of up
to 5,500 people.
③
This is
hacking on an industrial scale,
as was
acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by
the
News of the World
in
2001 to be
the point person for phone
hacking.
④
Others await
trial.
⑤
This long story
still unfolds.
①
In many
respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not
only the fact of such widespread
phone
hacking but the terms on which the trial took
place.
②
One of the
astonishing revelations
was how little
Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her
newsroom, how little she thought to
ask
and
the
fact
that
she
never
inquired
how
the
stories
arrived.
③
The
core
of
her
successful
defence was that she knew nothing.
①
In
today’s
world,
it
has
become
normal
that
well
-paid
executives
should
not
be
accountable for what happens in the
organizations that they run.
②
Perhaps we should not be so
surprised.
③
For
a
generation,
the
collective
doctrine
has
been
that
the
sorting
mechanism
of
society should be profit.
④
The words that have
mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder
value,
business-friendly,
wealth
generation,
sales,
impact
and,
in
newspapers,
circulation.
⑤
Words
degraded
to
the
margin
have
been
justice,
fairness,
tolerance,
proportionality
and
accountability.
①
The purpose of editing the
News of the World
was not to
promote reader understanding, to
be
fair in what was written or to betray any common
humanity.
②
It was to ruin
lives in the quest
for
circulation
and
impact.
③
Ms
Brooks
may
or
may
not
have
had
suspicions
about
how
her
journalists
got
their
stories,
but
she
asked
no
questions,
gave
no
instructions
—
nor
received
traceable, recorded
answers.
36. According to the first two
paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset by_______.
[A] the consequences of the current
sorting mechanism
[B] companies’
financial loss due to immoral
practices
[C] governmental ineffectiveness on
moral issues
[D]the wide misuse of
integrity among institutions
37. It can
be inferred from Paragraph 3 that_______.
[A] Glem Mulcaire may deny phone
hacking as a crime
[B] more journalists
may be found guilty of phone hacking
[C] Andy Coulson should be held
innocent of the charge
[D] phone
hacking will be accepted on certain occasions
38. The author believes the Rebekah
Books’s defence
_______.
[A]
revealed a cunning personality
[B]
centered on trivial issues
[C] was
hardly convincing
[D] was part of a
conspiracy
39. The author holds that
the current collective doctrine shows_______.
[A] generally distorted values
[B] unfair wealth distribution
[C] a marginalized lifestyle
[D] a rigid moral code
40.
Which of the following is suggested in the last
paragraph?
[A]
The quality of writing is of primary importance.
[B] Common humanity is central in news
reporting.
[C] Moral awareness matters
in editing a newspaper.
[D] Journalists need
stricter industrial regulations.
Part B
Directions:
In
the
following
article,
some
sentences
have
been
removed.
For
Questions
41-45,
choose
the
most
suitable
one
from
the
list
A-G
to
fit into
each
of
the
numbered
blanks.
There
are
two
extra
choices,
which do not fit in
any of the blanks. Mark your answers on the ANSWER
SHEET. (10 points)
How does your
reading proceed? Clearly you try to comprehend, in
the sense of identifying
meanings
for
individual
words
and
working
out
relationships
between
them,
drawing
on
your
implicit knowledge of English grammar.
(41) ______________________________ You begin to
infer a context for the text, for
instance, by making decisions about what kind of
speech event is
involved: Who is making
the utterance, to whom, when and
where
？
The ways
of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds
of comprehension. But they show
comprehension to consist not just of
passive assimilation but of active engagement in
inference
and
problem-
solving.
You
infer
information
you
feel
the
writer
has
invited
you
to
grasp
by
presenting you with specific evidence
and clues. (42) ______________________________
Conceived in this way, comprehension
will not follow exactly the same track for each
reader.
What is in question is not the
retrieval of a
n absolute, fixed or
“true” meaning that can be read off
and
checked for accuracy, or some timeless relation of
the text to the world. (43) ______________
Such
background
material
inevitably
reflects
who
we
are.
(44)
_____________________
This
doesn’t,
how
ever,
make
interpretation
merely
relative
or
even
pointless.
Precisely
because
readers
from
different
historical
periods,
places
and
social
experiences
produce
different
but
overlapping
readings
of
the
same
words
on
the
page
—
including
for
texts
that
engage
with
fundamental human
concerns
—
debates about texts
can play an important role in social discussion
of beliefs and values.
How
we read a given text also depends to some extent
on our particular interest in reading it.
(45)____________________
Such
dimensions
of
reading
suggest
—
as others
introduced
later
in
the
book
will
also
do
—
that
we
bring
an
implicit
(often
unacknowledged)
agenda
to
any
act
of
reading.
It
doesn’t
then
necessarily
follow
that
one
kind
of
reading
is
fuller,
more
advanced
or
more
worthwhile
than
another.
Ideally,
different
kinds
of
reading
inform
each
other,
and
act
as
useful
reference points for and counterbalances to one
another. Together, they make up the reading
component of your overall literacy, or
relationship to your surrounding textual
environment.
[A] Are we studying that
text and trying to respond in a way that fulfils
the requirement of a given
course?
Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it for
information? Ways of reading on a
train
or in bed are likely to differ considerably from
reading in a seminar room.
[B] Factors
such as the place and period in which we are
reading, our gender, ethnicity, age and
social class will encourage us towards
certain interpretations but at the same time
obscure or
even close off others.
[C] If you are unfamiliar with words or
idioms, you guess at their meaning, using clues
presented
in the context. On the
assumption that they will become relevant later,
you make a mental note
of discourse
entities as well as possible links between them.
[D] In effect, you try to reconstruct
the likely meanings or effects that any given
sentence, image
or reference might have
had: These might be the ones the author intended.
[E] You make further inferences, for
instance, about how the text may be significant to
you, or
about its
validity
—
inferences that
form the basis of a personal response for which
the author
will inevitably be far less
responsible.
[F] In plays,
novels and narrative poems, characters speak as
constructs created by the author, not
necessarily a
s mouthpieces
for the author’s own thoughts.
[G] Rather, we ascribe
meanings to texts on the basis of interaction
between what we might call
textual and
contextual material: between kinds of organization
or patterning we perceive in a
text’s
formal struct
ures (so especially its
language structures) and various kinds of
background,
social knowledge, belief
and attitude that we bring to the text.
Part C
Directions:
Read
the
following
text
carefully
and
then
translate
the
underlined
segments
into
Chinese.
Your
translation should be
written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Within the span of a hundred years, in
the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a
tide
of
emigration
—
one of the great
folk wanderings of
history
—
swept from Europe to
America. (46)
This movement, driven by
powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation
out of a wilderness and,
by its nature,
shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted
continent.
(47) The United States is
the product of two principal
forces
—
the immigration of
European
peoples
with
their
varied
ideas,
customs,
and
national
characteristics
and
the
impact
of
a
new
country
which modified these traits. Of necessity,
colonial America was a projection of Europe.
Across the Atlantic came successive
groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots,
Irishmen,
Dutchmen, Swedes, and many
others who attempted to transplant their habits
and traditions to the
new world. (48)
But the force of geographic conditions peculiar to
America, the interplay of the
varied
national groups upon one another, and the sheer
difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in
a raw, new continent caused significant
changes. These changes were gradual and at first
scarcely
visible. But the result was a
new social pattern which, although it resembled
European society in
many ways, had a
character that was distinctly American.
(49)The first shiploads of immigrants
bound for the territory which is now the United
States
crossed
the
Atlantic
more
than
a
hundred
years
after
the
15th-and-16th-century
explorations
of
North America. In the meantime,
thriving Spanish colonies had been established in
Mexico, the
West Indies, and South
America. These travelers to North America came in
small, unmercifully
overcrowded craft.
During their six- to twelve-week voyage, they
survived on barely enough food
allotted
to
them.
Many
of
the
ships
were
lost
in
storms,
many
passengers
died
of
disease,
and
infants rarely survived the journey.
Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their
course, and
often calm brought
unbearably long delay.
To the anxious
travelers the sight of the American shore brought
almost inexpressible relief.
Said one
recorder of events, “The air at twelve leagues’
distance smelt as sweet as a new
-blown
garden.” The colonists’ first glimpse
of the new land was a sight of dense woods.
(50)
The virgin
forest with
its richness and variety of trees was a real
treasure-house which extended from Maine
all the way down to Georgia. Here was
abundant fuel and lumber. Here was the raw
material of
houses and furniture, ships
and potash, dyes and naval stores.
Section III?Writing
Part A
51.?Directions:
You
are
going
to
host
a
club
reading
session.
Write
an
email
of
about
100
words
recommending a book to the club
members.
You should state reasons for
your recommendation.
You should write
neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do
not
sign your own name at
the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming”
instead.
Do not
write the address (10 points)
Part B
52.
Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based
on the following picture. In your essay, you
should
1) describe the picture briefly,
2) interpret its intended meaning, and
3) give your comments.
You
should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20
points)
2015
年试题精读透析
Section I
Section II
Part A
Part B
Part C
Section III
Part A
Part B
总分
Section
Ⅰ
Use of
English
(10 points)
1. A
2. B
3.
D
4. C
5. C
6. A
7. C
8. D
9. B
10. D
11. B
12. D
13. B
14. C
15. A
16. D
17. B
18. A
19. C
20. A
Section
Ⅱ
Reading Comprehension
(60
points)
Part A
(40
points)
21. D
22. A
23. B
24. D
25. C
26. C
27. A
28. A
29. C
30. B
31. B
32. B
33. D
34. C
35. A
36. A
37. B
38. C
39. A
40. C
自
Part B
(10
points)
我
41. C
42. E
43. G
44. B
45.
A
评
估
Part C
(10 points)
46.
这场移民运动由各种强大的动机所推动，
在一片荒野之中创立了一个国家，
并且，
就其本质而
言，它也塑造了一个未知大陆的性格和决定了它的命运。
47.
美国是两种主要力量结合的产物：一个是思想、习俗和
民族特征各不相同的欧洲
移民，另一个是这个新国家在融合上述特征之后所带来的影响。
48.
但是美国独特的地理条件，
不同种族之间的相互影响，以及在这个原始的新大陆
维持原有生活方式的极大难度，引起
了巨大的变化。
49.
十五和十六世纪的探索发现了北美洲，过了一百多年之后，第一批满载移民的船
只越过了大西洋，驰往现在被称为美国的那片土地。
50.
这片原始森林中有数不清的树木且种类繁多，从缅因州
一直绵延至乔治亚州，是
一座名副其实的宝库。
Section
Ⅲ
Writing
(30 points)
（见后）
2015
年试题精读透析
Section
Ⅰ
Use of English
主题
来源
朋友之间的基因存在相似性
International Business Times
题材
难度
/
词数
科普知识
★
/
289
DNA of Friendship: Study Finds We are
Genetically Linked to Our Friends
（
2014.6
）
题目
《友情
DNA
：研究发现我们在基因上与朋友存在联系》
文章大意
本文介绍了加州大学和耶鲁
大学的一项最新研究。
该研究揭示，
尽管没有血缘关系，
但朋友
之间存在着基因上的相似性。
朋友之间
最具有相似性的基因是影响嗅觉的基因，
同时，
这些
相似的基因比其他基因进化得更快。
试题透析
①
Though not biologically
related, friends are as “related” as fourth
cousins, sharing about 1%
of
genes.
②
That
is
1
a
study,
published
from
the
University
of
California
and
Yale
University in the
Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences
, has
2
.
1.
[A] what
……的东西
/
事情（
关系代词）
[B]
why
为何（连接副词）
[C]
how
如何（连接副词）
[D]
when
何时（连接副词）
[
试题考点
]
语意关系
+
连接词辨析。
[
难度等级
]
★
[
解题思路
]
本题空格位于首段句②，观察句子可知，两个逗号之间的过去分词短语
publish
ed from
…
为后置定语，
修饰<
/p>
a study
，
句子的主干部分为
That is
1
a
study
…
has
2
。由
于本题空格位于句中系动词
is
之后，因此本题需要填入一个引
导表语从句的连
接词。
That
承上前
指句①所述的内容：
“尽管不存在血缘关系，但朋友就像我们的第四
代表亲一样，与我们拥有
1%
的相同基因。
”显然这里是说这项研究的结果。四个选项
中能表达此意义的只有
what
，故为正确选项。
what
是一个特殊的关系代词，在此引导
一个陈述的内容，
没
有任何疑问的性质，
同时又在这个表语从句中担任宾语。
除了可
以
引导表语从句，
还可用于引导主语从句、
宾语从句，如：
What
caused the accident hasn’
t
been made public.
（
什么事情导致了这场事故还未公之于众。
）
I told
him
what
the problem
was.
（我告诉他问题之所在。
）
< br>
[
干扰排除
]
其他三个选项在语法上都符合条件，但不符合本句语境。这里所说的是与
这项研究相关的内容，而不是指该研究的原因（
why
）
、方式（
how
）和时间（
when
）
，
因此其他
三项均被排除。
2.
[A]
defended
支持；辩护
[B] concluded
下结论；推断
[C]
withdrawn
撤消；撤回
[D]
advised
提议；建议
[
试题考点
]
语意关系
+
动词辨析。
[
难度等级
]
★★
[
解题思路
]
本题空格位于句②中的表语从句中，
需要填入一个动词，
作该
从句的谓语。
由上一题的分析可知，
本段指加利福尼亚大学和耶
鲁大学在
《美国国家科学院院刊》
上
发
表了它们的研究成果，结论即句①所述。四个选项最符合题意的只能是
conclude
d
，
conclude
意思是“经推理
得出结论”
，如：
The jury
concluded
, from the
evidence, that she
was guilty.
（陪审团根据证据作出结论
,
认定她
有罪。
）故答案为选项
[B]
。
[
干扰排除
]
其他三个选项都可以代入空格处，
但不符合上下文语境。
defend
意思是
“支
持；辩护”
，如：
He
defended
his policy of
imposing high rates.
（他为自己征收高地方税
< br>额的政策进行辩护。
）
withdraw
意思是
“撤回或撤消
（诺言、
提议、
言论等）
”
，
< br>如：
I insist
that you
withdraw
your offensive
remarks immediately.
（我要求你必须立刻收回那些过头
的话。
）
advise
意思是“建议；提议”
，如：
We
advised
that they should
start early.
（我们
建议他们应该及早开始。
）从本段内容可知，这是加州大学和耶鲁大学联合研究出来的
成果，
并非对于他人的成果，他们予以支持，故排除选项
[A]
。既然
是研究成果，必然
经过科学推理而得出结论，而非提议或建议，故排除选项
[D]
。浏览后文可知，全文围
绕着这一研究结果而
进行详细说明，因此谈不上撤回或撤消，故排除选项
[C]
。<
/p>
①
The
study
is
a
genome-wide
analysis
conducted
3
1,932
unique
subjects
which
4
pairs
of
unrelated
friends
and
unrelated
strangers.
②
The
same
people
were
used
in
both
5
.
3.
[A] (conducted sth)
for
为……（实施某事）
[B] (conducted sth) with
与……一起（实施某事）
[C]
(conducted sth) by
由……（实施某事）
[D] (conducted sth) on
对……（实施某事）
[
试题考点
]
语意关系
+
介词辨析。
[
难度等级
]
★
[
解题思路
]
本题空格位于过去分词短语
“
conducted
3
1,932 unique subjects
”
之中，
该短语作定语，
修
饰其前的
a genome-wide analysis
，<
/p>
我们可将这两个部分化为一个句子：
(The
researchers) conducted a genome-wide analysis
3
1,932 unique subjects.
（
研究人
员
3
1,
932
个独特的受试者
进行了一个基因组范围内的分析研究。<
/p>
）
subjects
一词说明
了他们是接受这个分析研究的被测试对象，
观察四个选项，
能表达这种被测试关系的介
词只能是
on
，
conduct sth on sb
意思就是
“对某人实施某事”
，
再如：
Is it really necessary
to
conduct
experiments
on
animals?
（
真的有必要进行
动物实验吗？）
故答案为选项
[D]
。
[
干扰排除
]
其他三个选项
for
、
with
、
by
代入空格，意
思分别为这个分析研究是为了受
试者进行的、与受试者共同进行的、
由受试者进行的，这都与文意不相符合，故全部被
排除。
4.
[A]
separated
分开；分离
[B] sought
寻找；征求
[C] compared
比较
[D]
connected
联系；联络
[
试题考点
]
语意关系
+
动词辨析。
[
难度等级
]
★★
[
解题思路
]
本题空格位于
which
引导的定语从句中，作该从句的谓语
，后跟
pairs
of
unrelated friends and unrelated strange
rs
（成对的没有亲属关系的朋友和陌生人）作其宾
语。
由前文可知，
这项研究是关于朋友间基因上的相关性问题，
因此很有可能是比较没
有亲属关系的朋友和陌生人的基因来进行的，
所以最佳选项为
compared
。
compare
意思
是“比较”
，如：
The police
compared
the forged
signature with the original.
（警察将伪造
的签名与原来的作比较。
）
[
干扰排除
]
这项研究得出的结论是朋友之间拥有一定比例的相同基因，很明显，这个
结果需要通过将一些属于朋友关系的受试的基因与属于陌生人关系的受试者的基因进
行比对才能得出。三个干扰项
separated
、
sought
、
connected
分别意为“分开；分离”
、
“寻找；征求”
、
“联系；联络”
，与此语境不相符合，故
全部排除。
5.
[A] tests
测试
[B]
objects
物体；对象
[C]
samples
样品，样本
[D]
examples
样例；榜样
[
试题考点
]
语意关系
+
名词辨析。
[
难度等级
]
★★★
[
解题思路
]
本题空格位于句②，
需要填入一个名词，
受
< br>both
的修饰限定。
由句①可知，
该研究通过比对成对的非亲属关系的朋友和非亲属关系的陌生人来判断朋友之间基因
相关性，
unrelated
friends
和
unrelated strangers<
/p>
是两个（
both
）被用于比对的实验对
象群
体。
在统计学中，
研究中从总体中
选取出来用于实际观测或调查的一部分个体称为样本，
与句①中的
subjects
相对应，
这里只能填写
samples
。
sample
意
思是
“样品；
样本”
，
如：
Our
sample
comprised 250 catering workers.
（我们的样本包括
250
名餐饮工作
人员。
）
故答案为选项
[C]
。
[
干扰排除
]
其他几个选项都颇有混淆性：
test
意思是
“测试”
，
如：
The
test
used in
detecting
the disease carries its own r
isks.
（用以检测这种疾病的检验方法本身也带有风险性。
）但
both
5
所指为
unrelated friends and
unrelated strangers
，这并非两次测试，故排除选项
[A]
。
object
意思
是“物体”或“极欲得到的
/
注意的
/
研究的对象
/
目标”
< br>，是行为、感觉
或思想所指向的人或物，如：
Disea
se became the
object
of inve
stigation.
（疾病成为调查
的对象。
）
并不适合本句的语境，
因此选项
[B]
也被排除。
examples
在本题中干扰性最大，
也有
“样例”
的意思，
但它通常指很典型地代表了整体事物的特点，
如：
Japan is often
quoted as the
prime example
of a modern
industrial nation.
（人们经常提及日本
，
视
其为现代工业国家的典范。
）
文中是讲将两个群体的基因进行比较，
examples
代入空格，
并不符合文意，故选项
[D]
也被排除。
①
While 1% may seem
6
, it is not so
to a geneticist.
②
As James
Fowler, professor
of
medical
genetics
at
UC
San
Diego,
says,
“Most
people
do
not
even
7
their
fourth
cousins but somehow
manage to select as friends the people who
8
our
kin.”
6.
[A]
insignificant
不显着的
[B]
unexpected
意想不到的
[C]
unreliable
不可靠的
[D]
incredible
难以置信的
[
试题考点
]
语意关系
+
形容词辨析。
[
难度等级
]
★★
[
解题思路
]
本题空格位于第三段句①中的让步状语从句之中，需填入一个形容词，对
朋友之间有<
/p>
1%
基因相似性的这一比例进行评价。该句的意思为：尽管
1%
可能看起来
似乎
_____
，但遗传学家可不这么认为。可见这里说的是公众与专家对这一数字的不同<
/p>
看法，
本句前后部分形成对比转折的逻辑关系。
< br>由前文可知，
研究人员将这一发现发表
在科学刊物上，<
/p>
可见他们认为这一数字意义重大。
那么，
与之相反，空格处应填入表示
“不重大”的形容词，选项中与此相符合的只有
insignificant
，
insignif
icant
意思是“不
重要的；无足轻重的”
< br>，如：
The rate has fallen by an
insignificant
amount.
（比率虽有下
降
,
< br>但微不足道。
）故答案为选项
[A]
。
[
干扰排除
]
其他三个选项分别意为
“意想不到的”
（
unexpected
）
、
“
不可靠的”
（
unr
eliable
）
、
“难以置信的”<
/p>
（
incredible
）
，如：
His death was not entirely
unexpected
.
（他的死并
非
完全出人意料。
）
He's
totally
unreliable
as a
source of information.
（
他提供的消
息
完全不可信。
）
He
gave an
incredible
explanation of
the cause of the accident.
（他对事故发
生的原因作了令人难以置信的解释。
）本空格所填词表明的是公众对
1%
这一数字的看
法，在公众眼中，
1%
显然是一个非常小的数字，而文中并没有相关文字表明公众对这
一数字的期待，因此谈不上出乎意料，故排除选项
[B]
。文中也没有对这一数字表示怀
疑的论述，故排除选项
[C]
、
[D]
。
7.
[A]
visit
拜访
[B]
miss
思念
[C]
know
知道；认识
[D]
seek
寻找
[
试题考点
]
语意关系
+
动词辨析。
[
难度等级
]
★
[
解题思路
]
本题空格位于第三段句②中
James
Fowler
的话语中，该直接引语是一个表
示转折关系的复
合句。由句子意思不难看出，
“
the
people
who
8
our
kin
”与
their
fourth cousins
所指相对应，因此“
the people who
8
our kin
”可以用“这些人”
模
糊代替，即该引语意思是“绝大多数人甚至不
_____
自己的第四代表亲是谁，但他们却
总会选择这些人做朋友。
”由本句的转折逻辑关系，四个选项中符合要求的只有
know
。
know
意为“知道；认识”
，如
：
But I hardly
know
the woman!
<
/p>
（可是我几乎不认识那个
女人！
）故答案
为选项
[C]
。
[
干扰排除
]
其他三个选项分别意为“拜访”
（
vi
sit
）
、
“思念”
< br>（
miss
）
、
“寻找”
（
seek
）
，
代入空格处，意思为“绝大多数人甚至不拜访
/
思念
/
寻找自己的第四代表亲，但
他们却
总会选择这些人做朋友”
，语意不通，故全部被排除。<
/p>
8.
[A] surpass
超越，胜过
[B]
influence
影响；对……起作用
[C]
favor
喜欢；偏袒；有利于
[D]
resemble
相似
[
试题考点
]
语意关系
+
动词辨析。
[
难度等级
]
★★
[
解题思路
]
本题空格位于第三段句②中的定语从句中，并在从句中作谓语，并且该从
句连同其先行
词
the
people
合为一体，作
select
的宾语。由句意“绝大多数人甚至不认
识自己的第四代表亲，但他们却总会选择与自己的亲戚
_____
的这些人做朋友”可知，
“
the
people who
8
our
kin
”
与
their fourth
cousins
所指相对应，
即这些
被选做朋友
的人与我们的第四代表亲存在关联的，再由前文所说的朋友之间拥有
1%
的相同基因，
可判断我们选择的朋友与我们
的亲戚是存在有相似之处的，所以正确选项为
[D]
rese
mble
。
resemble
意思是“
相似；像”
，如：
He does not
resemble
his brother in any
way.
（他和他兄弟一点儿都不一样。
）
<
/p>
[
干扰排除
]
其
他三个选项分别意为“超越，胜过”
（
surpass
）
、
“影响；对……起作用”
< br>（
influence
）
、
“喜欢；
偏袒；
有利于”
< br>（
favor
）
，
如：
He continued to
surpass
me at all games.
（他仍然在所有的竞赛中都胜过我。
）
Astr
ologers
believe
that
planets
influence
human
character.
（
星相家认为星体能影响人的性格的信念）
Many
countries
favour
a
presidential
system of government.
（
很多国家选择总统制政府。
）
< br>这三个选项代入空格处，
意思为
“他
们总会选择胜过
/
影响
/
喜欢他们亲戚的人做朋友”
，从上下文无法推知这些信息，故全
部被排除。
①
The
study
9
found that the genes for smell were
something shared in friends but
not
genes for immunity.
②
Why
this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult
to explain, for now.
③
10
,
as
the
team
suggests,
it
draws
us
to
similar
environments
but
there
is more
11
it.
④
There
could
be
many
mechanisms
working
together
that
12
us
in
choosing
genetically similar friends
13
“functional
kinship” of being friends with
14
!
9.
[A] again
再次；重新
[B] also
又
[C] instead
反而；却
[D] thus
因此；于是
[
试题考点
]
语意关系
+
副词辨析。
[
难度等级
]
★
[
解题思路
]
本题空格位于第四段句①的主语
The
study
和谓语
found
之间，
found
之后
的
that
从句作其宾语。空格处需要填入一个副词，修饰
f
ound
。上文说到研究发现朋友
之间拥有
1%
的相同基因，本句说到研究发现朋友之间相同的基因是嗅觉基因，而非免
疫基因，这是与朋友之间基因相似性有关的另一个发现，故
[B]
also
为最佳选项。
[
干扰排除
]
本句所述的发现与前文所述的发现是同
一研究中不同层面的发现，
但不是完
全一样的发现，因此称不上
再一次，故排除
again
；它们也不是相互矛盾的发现，故排
除
instead
；后面的发现也不是
在上一发现的基础之上才能得到的结果，故前后无法构
成因果关系，因此，
thus
也被排除。
10.
[A]
Meanwhile
与此同时
[B]
Furthermore
此外；而且
[C]
Likewise
同样地；相似地
[D]
Perhaps
可能；或许
[
试题考点
]
逻辑关系
+
副词辨析。
[
难度等级
]
★★
[
解题思路
]
本题空格位于第四段句③之首，需要填入一个副词，修饰整个句子。句②
说到，这种嗅
觉基因上的相似性迄今尚难以解释。句③中的
it
指代的就是这
种嗅觉基
因上的相似性：研究小组认为，
_____
它吸引我们到相似的环境中去。既然难以解释这
种现象，这里又给出研究小
组的解释，可见这种解释是推测性的。四个选项中，只有
Perhaps
表达的是这种推断性的语气，如：
Perhaps
it will snow tomorrow.
（明天或许会
下雪。
）故答案为选项
[D]
。
[
干扰排除
]
其他几个选项也可以作句子副词，但意思和用法却各不相同。
M
eanwhile
意思是
“与此同时”
，
表达的是前后动作时间上的同时发生的关系，
如：
I went to college.
Meanwhile
, all my friends
got well-paid jobs.
（那时我上大学去
了，与此同时，我的朋友
全都找到了收入不错的工作。
）但文中
前句说这种现象难以说明，后面给出了研究小组
的看法，这种情况并不符合
meanwhile
所表达的关系，故排除选项
[A
]
。
Furthermore
意
思是
“此外；
而且”
，
表达的是递进的关系，
如：
It
was also a highly desirable political goal.
Furthermore
, it gave the
English a door into France.
（这也是个极其值得努力的
政治目标。
而且，它为英国打开了进入法国的门户。
）但文中句
③并非对句②的进一步说明，故排
除选项
[B]
。
Likewise
意思是“同样地；
相似地”
，表达的是比较或对比的关系，如
：
The
clams were delicious.
Likewise
, the eggplant was e
xcellent.
（蛤蜊味道鲜美，茄子也同样美
味。
）但句③与句②之间并不存在这样的关系，故排除选项
[C]
。
11.
[A]
about
关于
[B]
to
对，对于
[C]
from
来自
[D]
like
像；类似
[
试题考点
]
语意关系
+
介词辨析。
[
难度等级
]
★★
[
解题思路
]
本题空格位于本句的后半部分之中
but there is
more
it
，该部分与本
句的前半部分形成转折。
前半部分说明了出现这一现象可能的原因，
后半部分显然在说<
/p>
明还不仅仅是上面的原因，
并且随后的句④也点明
“可能存在许多机制的共同作用……”
也证明了这一点，
因此空格所在部分的意思为
“对于这一现象的产生还有更多
（
因素）
”
，
远非前述原因就说明了问题
。四个选项中能与此意相符合的只有
to
，介词
to
在这里指
受某一行为、某种态度或情况等影响的对
象，如：
The factory clearly represents a
danger
to
health.
（这家工厂对于健康显然是个危害。
）故最佳答案为选项
[B]
。
[
干扰排除
]
其他几个选项虽然也可以代入空格，但代入后意思分别为“关于它还有很
多”
、
“来自它还有很多”
、
“类似它还有很多”
，都不切合文意，因为文中所述为造成这<
/p>
一现象的更为复杂的因素，同时，
“
th
ere is more to it
”基本上是一个固定搭配，故其他
选项全部予以排除。
12.
[A] limit
限制
[B]
observe
观察；监视
[C] confuse
使迷惑；混淆
[D] drive
驱使；促使
[
试题考
点
]
语意关系
+
动词辨析。
[
难度等级
]
★★
[
解题思路
]
本题空格位于句④中
that
引导的定语从句中，
所填词作该从句的谓语动词，
由于
mechani
sms
为定语从句的先行词，
因此，
为
便于理解，
我们可将句④改写为：
many
mechanisms
us in choosing genetically
similar friends
。上文提及朋友之间嗅觉基
因
的相似性并给出一个研究小组推测的原因，
但作者认为产生这一现象远非上述原因那
么简单，于是作者提出了自己的见解：许多机制一起
我们选择基因相似的朋友。
也这就是说有许多机制共同对我们产生影
响，
从而使我们交友时做出这样的行为。
选项
< br>中表明影响或推动意思的词语只有
drive
，
drive
意思为
to strongly
influence some one to
do something
“驱使
（某人做某事）
”
，
如：
Hunger
drove
her to steal.
（
饥饿逼得她行窃。
）
[
干扰排除
]
其他几个选项分别意为“限制”
（
li
mit
）
、
“观察；监视”
（
observe
）
、<
/p>
“使迷
惑；混淆”
（
confuse
）
，文中所述为：可能有几种机制共同作用
使我们在交友时做出了
这样的选择，这种影响是推动我们行为的动力，而非限制，故排除
选项
[A]
，同时，文
中也没有关于这
几种机制对我们交友选择的监控或干扰的说明，因此，选项
[B]
、
[C]
也
被排除。
13.
[A] according
to
根据；依照
[B] rather
than
而不是
[C] regardless
of
不管；不顾
[D] along
with
连同……一起；同时
[
试题考点
]
语意
关系
+
介词短语辨析。
[
难度等级
]
★★
[
解题思路
]
本题空
格位于句④介词短语
in choosing genetically
similar friends
“functional
kinship”
of being friends
…<
/p>
中，对比空格前后的
genetically similar
friends
和
“functional
kinship”
of being friends
…<
/p>
，
它们都是名词短语，
前者意思为
“基因相似的朋
友”
，
后者意思为
“功能上的
/
实用的亲近
关系”
，
一个因基因结交，
一个因功能
结交，
一内一外，
很明显二者是相对的。
上文指出朋友与朋友之间具有基因相似性的特征，
也
就是说人
们交友时，会选择基因相似的人，因此，根据文章主题，这里应是肯定前者，
否定后者，
四个选项中能表达这种关系的只有
rather
than
。
rather
than
相当于
instead
of
“而不是”
，如：
Bryson
decided to quit
rather than
accept the new rules.
（布赖森决定辞
职，而不是接受新规定。
）因此，答案为选项
[B]
。
[
干扰排除
]
其他几个选项分别意为
“根据；
依照”
（
according to
）
、
“
不管；
不顾”<
/p>
（
regardless
of
）
、
“连同……一起；同时”
< br>（
along
with
）
，如：
According
to
their ability, all the students
are
put
in
different
groups.
（根据能力，所有学生被分为不同的小组。
）
< br>He
continued
speaking,
regardless of
my feelings on
the matter.
（他不顾及我在此事上的感情继续往下
说。
）
I was chosen,
along with
twelve other artists.
（我和其他十二位艺术家一起被选中。
）
代入空格处，
意思分别为
“许多机制一起驱使我们根据实用性亲密关系而选择
基因相似
的朋友”
、
“许多机制一起驱
使我们不顾实用性亲密关系而选择基因相似的朋友”
、
“许
多机制一起驱使我们选择基因相似的朋友时也选择了实用性亲密关系”，都无法说通，
故全部予以排除。
14.
[A] chances
机会
[B]
responses
答复；回应
[C] benefits
实惠；好处
[D]
missions
使命；任务
[
试题考点
]
语意
关系
+
名词辨析。
[
< br>难度等级
]
★★
[
解题思路
]
本题空格位
于句④与
genetically
similar
friends
相对应的
“functiona
l
kinship”
of being friends
with
，
共同作
choosing
的宾语。
由于人们选择基因相似的人做朋
友，
而不是选择
因
成为朋友而构成的实用性的关系。
既然是实用性的关系，
那说
明是为了利
益而走到一起的，四个选项中与此相符合的只有
benefits
，
benefit
意为“实
惠；好处
”
，如：
I've
had the
benefit of
a good education.
（我得益于受过良好的教育。
）
2011
年在美国上映的一部由
Will
Gluck
导演的浪漫喜剧电影的名字就叫做
Friends
with
Benefits
。因此，答案为选项
[B]
。
[
干扰排除
]
由“
funct
ional
kinship
”就已经限定了空格处只能填写<
/p>
benefits
，虽然其他几
个词填入
空格处在语法上也没有问题，但要么语义不通，要么没有
benefits
更贴切，故
全部被排除。
①
One
of
the
remarkable
findings
of
the
study
was
that
the
similar
genes
seem
to
be
evolving
15
than
other
genes.
②
Studying
this
could
help
16
why
human
evolution
picked
pace
in
the
last
30,000
years,
with
social
environment
being
a
major
17
factor.
15.
[A]
faster
更快地
[B]
slower
更慢地
[C]
later
更迟地
[D]
earlier
更早地
[
试题考点
]
语意关系<
/p>
+
副词辨析。
[
难度等级
]
★★
< br>[
解题思路
]
本题空格位于第五
段句①中由
that
引导的表语从句中，修饰该从句的谓语
seem to be evolving
，该从句意为
“相似基因似乎比其他基因进化得更
”
。从句①
本身我们无法推出答案，
需要联系后文来判断。
句②中的
this
指代句①所述的相似基因
的进化特征，
句②
意为：
研究这一点有助于
为何人类在近三万年以来加快了进化
的步伐，
也就是说相似基因的进化特征对人类在近三万年以来加快进化步伐起了重大的
作用，<
/p>
显然，
相似基因只有进化更快才能出现这一结果，
句②中的
picked
pace
与
“
seem
to be evolving
”形成呼应，故答案为选项
[A]
faster
。
[
< br>干扰排除
]
将其他三个选项代入空格处，意为“相似基因
似乎比其他基因进化得更慢
/
迟
/
早”，都无法与句②所述“人类在近三万年以来加快了进化的步伐”构成合乎逻辑
的衔接，故全部被排除。
16.
[A] forecast
预测
[B]
remember
记住
[C]
express
表达；陈述
[D]
understand
理解；明白
[
试题考点
]
语意关系
+
动词辨析。
[
难度等级
]
★
[
解题思路
]
本题空格
位于第五段句②，
该句主语为
Studying this
，
谓语为
“
cou
ld help
”
，
宾语为由
why
引导的从句，其句意为“研究这一点有助于
人类在
近三万年以来加
快了进化步伐的原因”
，
研究的目的必然是要弄清楚事实背后的原因，
选项中最符合此
意的只有
understand
，故答案为选项
[D]
。
[
干扰排除
]
其他几个选项分别意为“预测”
（
forecast
）
、
“记住”
（
remember
）
、
“表达”
（
express
）
，代入原文，意思为“研究
这一点有助于预测
/
记住
/
表达……原因”，因为
研究只能是揭示原因，而不能是预测原因，也谈不上
记住或表达原因，
文意不通，
故全
部被
排除。
17.
[A]
unpredictable
无法预料的；不可预知的
[B]
contributory
起促成作用的；有助于……的
[C]
controllable
可控制的；可操纵的
[D]
disruptive
破坏性的
<
/p>
[
试题考点
]
语
意关系
+
形容词辨析。
[
难度等级
]
★★
[
解题思路
]
本题空
格位于句②由
with
引导的介词短语中，
需要填入一个形容词，
表达社
会环境对人类进步所起到的作
用。
本句前半部分说人类在近三万年以来加快了进化步伐，
说明
社会环境在其中起了积极的作用。四个选项中，能表达这种促进性的作用的只有
cont
ributory
，
contributory
意思是“起促成作用的；有助于……的”
，如：
Alc
ohol
is
a
contributory factor
in 10%
of all road accidents.
（所有交通事故中有
10%
是酒后驾
车造成的。
）因此，答案为选项
[B]
。
[
干扰排除
]
其他几个选项分别意为“无法预
料的；不可预知的”
（
unpredictable
）
、
“可控
制的；可操纵
的”
（
controllable
）<
/p>
、
“破坏性的”
（
disruptive
）
，如：
Th
e
result
is
entirely
unpredictable
.
（<
/p>
结果是完全无法预料的。
）
Diabet
es is a serious but
controllable
disease.
（糖尿病是一种严重但可以控制的疾病。
）
Long
working hours are very
disruptive
to home
life.
（工作时间长严重影响家庭生活。
）
很明显，
不可预知的、
可控制的或破坏性的因素<
/p>
很大程度上都是起相反作用的，无法满足本句的语境，故其他选项全部被排除。
①
The
findings
do
not
simply
explain
people’s
18
to
befriend
those
of
similar
19
backgrounds, say the researchers.
②
Though all the subjects
were drawn from a population
of
European extraction, care was taken to
20
that all
subjects, friends and strangers were
taken
from
the
same
population.
③
The
team
also
controlled
the
data
to
check
ancestry
of
subjects.
18.
[A] tendency
趋势；倾向
[B]
decision
决定
[C]
arrangement
安排
[D]
endeavor
努力
[
试题考点
]
语意关系<
/p>
+
名词辨析。
[
难度等级
]
★★
< br>[
解题思路
]
本题空格位于最后
一段句①的宾语部分
people’s
to befriend those…
，
而空格后的不定式短语作
“
pe
ople’s
”
的后置
定语，
此处
befriend
意思是<
/p>
“与……
交朋友”，该宾语部分意思即“人们交友的
”。句首的
The finding
s
指代的是前文
所述的朋友之间存在基因上的相似性、
最具相似性的是影响嗅觉的基因、
相似的基因比
其他基因进化快这三个发现，因此，
句①还包含了总结上文的意味。由此可判断，
这里
在说人们交友的特点，
联系第三段句②<
/p>
James Fowler
的话：
“绝大
多数人
（
Most people
）<
/p>
压根不知道自己的第四代表亲是谁，
但他们却总会选择与自己的亲
属相似的人做朋友。
”
可见，
这里说的
是人们普遍性地总会不自觉地选择某一种人做朋友的倾向，
因此，
答案
为选项
[A]
。
tendency
意思为
“
倾
向；趋势
”
，如：
There’
s a growing
tendency
for women to
marry later.
（女性越来越倾向于晚婚。
）
[
干扰排除
]
由上面
的分析可知，人们这种选择朋友的特点是不自觉地，并非有意识的选
择某一类人的行为，
因此“决定
/
安排
/
< br>争取与人交朋友”都不符合本句的语境，其他三
个选项都被排除。
decision
意思为
“
决
定
”
，如：
The
management
committee
upheld
her
decision
to fire two of her
staff.
（管理委员会支持她解雇两名员工的决定。
）<
/p>
arrangement
意思为
“
安排
”
，如：
Her
teacher
made
a
special
arrangement
to
discuss
her
progress
at
school
once
a
month.
她的老师作了特别安排，每月讨论一次她在学业
上的进展情况。
endeavor
意思为
“
努力
”
，
如：
The government made honest
endeavors
to improve the
lives of
the poor.
（政府为改善贫困人口
生活付出了真诚的努力。
）
19.
[A] political
政治的
[B]
religious
宗教的；宗教上的
[C] ethnic
种族的；人种的
[D]
economic
经济学的；经济的
[
试题考点
]
语意关系
+
形容词辨析。
[
难度等级
]
★★
[
解题思路
]
本题
空格位于句①中的名词短语
those of similar
backgrounds
，该句意
思是“人们倾向于与自己
背景相似的人交朋友”，联系到第四段句④所述“人们
总会选择基因
相近的人做朋友（
choosing genetically similar fr
iends
）”，可以判断空格
词与基因有很大的相关性。
四个选项中，
最合适的词为
ethnic<
/p>
，
ethnic
意思为
< br>“种族的；
人种的”
，如：
Th
e school teaches children from different
ethnic
groups.
（该校
教授不同种
族的孩子。
）只有种族背景相似的人才最有可能有相
似的基因，故答案为选项
[C]
。
<
/p>
[
干扰排除
]
其
他三个选项分别意为“政治的”
、
“宗教的”
< br>、
“经济的”
，与基因相关性并
不强，因此其他三个选项都被排除。
20.
[A] see
确保；务必（做到）
[B] show
表明；显示
[C] prove
证明；证实
[D]
tell
显示；断定
[
试题考点
]
语意关系
+
动词辨析。
[
难
度等级
]
★★
[
解题思路
]
本题空格位于句②，
该句的主干为
care was taken
< br>，
其后为不定式短语作句子
的目的状语，逗号之前的部分
为
though
引导的让步状语从句，在不定式短语中又包含<
/p>
了一个由
that
引导的从句，
作空格需填入的动词的宾语。
该句意思为：
尽管
所有选取的
受试都是欧洲血统，研究人员还是花心思
所有受试以及用于比对的他们的朋友和
陌生人源自该血统中的同一族
群。
可以看出，
这里是说，
所有的受试
都是欧洲血统还不
够，
研究人员还要做到他们和他们的朋友和陌
生人都是一个族群，
选项中与此意相符合
的只有
see
，
see
意思是
to make sure or check that something is do
ne
“
确保；
务必
（做到）
”
，
如：
It’
s up to you to
see
that the
job’
s done properly.
（你要确保这项顺
利完成。
）故答案为
选项
[A]
。
[
干扰排除
]
show
意思是通过提供事实或信息表明或证明，如：
The
figures clearly
show
that her claims are false.
（<
/p>
这些数字清清楚楚地表明她的说法是错误的。
）
< br>prove
表明某事
是真实的，如：
All this
proves
conclusively that she
couldn’t have
known the truth.
（这一切
无可置疑地证明她
不可能知道真相。
）
tell
也有
“提示；
说明”
的意思，
< br>如：
The light
tells
you when
the machine is ready.
（
机器准备完毕
灯光会有显示。
）
而文中是说研究人员小心
翼翼地做到不出差错，这三个选项与文意都有出入，不符合本句语境，故全部被排除。
词汇突破
biologically
有血亲关系
proceedings
（讨论会、会议、大会等的）报道，记录，公报
genome
染色体组，基因组
geneticist
遗传学家
immunity
免疫力
kinship
血缘关系；亲属关系
evolve
进化
befriend
对……以朋友相待；和……交朋友
e
xtraction
血统；出身；家世
ancestry
世系；祖先
全文翻译
①尽管不存在血缘关系，但朋友就像我们的第四代表
亲一样
，与我们拥有
1%
的相同基因。②这就是加利福尼亚
大学和耶鲁大学的研究人员发表在《美国国家科学院院刊》
上的一项研究的
结论。
①这项研究在基因组范围内分析了
1,932
个独特的受试，
将成对的没有亲属关系的朋友与
没有亲属关系的陌生人进
行了比较。②每一个人在这两个样本之中都会被用到。
①尽管
1%
可能看起
来微不足道，
但对遗传学家而言却
意义重大。
< br>②正如加州大学圣地亚哥分校医学遗传学教授詹
姆斯
·<
/p>
福勒所言：“绝大多数人压根不知道自己的第四代表
亲是谁，
但他们却总会选择与自己的亲属相似的人做朋友。
”
①这项研究同时还发现朋友之间相同的基因是嗅觉基
因，
而非免疫基因。
②迄今尚难以解释这种嗅觉基因相似性
的原因。
③研究小组认为，
这可能是嗅觉基
因的相似性会吸
引我们到相似的环境中去，
但事情没那么简单。
④可能存在
许多机制的共同作用驱使我们选择基因相似的朋友，
而不是
选择为了好处而结交的“实用性亲密关系”。
①这项研究的一个引人注目的发现就是朋友之间的相
似基因似乎比其他基因进化得更快。
②对此进行研究有助于
第一段引出主题：
尽管没有血缘
关系，
但朋友之间存在着基因上
的相似性。
第二段说明研究过程：
在基因组
范围内通过比对朋友和陌生人<
/p>
来得出结论。
第三至五段说明研究的具
体结
果：
绝大部分人总会不知不觉地
选
择与自己基因相似的人做朋
友（第三段）
。朋友之间相同的
基因是嗅觉基因（第四段）
。朋
友之间的相
似基因比其他基因
进化得更快（第五段）
。
理解为何人类在近三万年以来加快了进化的步伐，
社会环
境
本身就是一种主要的进化动力。
①研究人员声称，这些发现并非简单地证实了人们喜
欢与种族背
景相似的人交朋友的倾向。
②尽管所有选取的受
试都是欧洲血统
，
研究人员还是花心思确保所有受试以及用
于比对的他们的朋友
和陌生人源自该血统中的同一族群。
③
同时，研究小组通过对数
据进行检验来核查受试的血统。
第六段提到研究人员确保数据
准确性的措施。
Section
Ⅱ
Reading
Comprehension
Part A
Text 1
主题
来源
题目
西班牙国王胡安
·
卡洛斯的倒台引发
的欧洲现有王室的存在危机
The Guardian
《这是所有欧洲王室的不祥之兆吗？》
题材
难度
/
词数
社会生活
★★
/417
Is the
writing on the wall for all European
royals?
(2014.6)
文章大意
本文由西班牙国王胡安
·
卡洛斯的退位，引出欧洲各国王室的存在危机，并着重指出了
英国王室存在的问题。
作者指出，
在当代民
主社会中，
欧洲各国王室的继续存在体现了过时
了的特权和不平
等。
试题透析
21.
According
to
the
first
two
paragraphs,
根
据前两段，西班牙国王胡安
·
卡洛斯
K
ing Juan Carlos of Spain _______.
_______
。
[A] used to enjoy high public
support
[B]
was
unpopular
among
European
royals
[C]
eased
his
relationship
with
his
rivals
[D] ended his reign in embarrassment
[A]
曾经获得过很高的公众支持
[B]
在欧洲王室中不受欢迎
[C]
与其对手的关系缓和
[D]
尴尬地结束了统治
[
试题类型
]
具体
信息题。
[
难度等级
]
★<
/p>
[
解题思路
]
由题干关键词
the first two paragrap
hs
定位至文章第一、二段。第一段提到了西班牙
国王胡安
·
卡洛斯的退位。其中第一句指出他是不愿意退位的，但是第二句指
出，尴尬的丑闻和
共和党左派在最近的欧洲选举中大受欢迎，
他
被迫退出王位
（
forced him to eat his
words and stand
down
）
，
选项
[D]
是该处原文的同
义转述，
选项中的
in
embarrassment
对应文中的
forced him
to eat
his words
，也指丑闻使其身处尴尬之
中（
embarrassing
scandals
）
，
ended
his reign
对应文中
stand
down
，故该项为答案。
[
干扰排除
]
前两段没有提及胡安
·
卡洛斯是否曾经获得过很高的公众支持
，故排除选项
[A]
。第
一段作者仅提
到胡安
·
卡洛斯的退位是否意味着欧洲王室（
< br>European royals
）的厄运临头，但并未
说明胡安
·
卡洛斯与其他欧洲王室的关系，
故排除选项
[B]
。
第一段第二句
提到了胡安
·
卡洛斯的对
手
“
共和党左派在选举中大受支持
”
，
但是文中没有说明胡安
·
卡
洛斯和他的对手之间的关系如何，
故排除选项
[D]
。
22.
Monarchs are kept as heads of state in
在欧洲，君主被保留作为国家元首主要是
Europe
mostly _______.
_______
。
[A]
owing
to
their
undoubted
and
[A]
由于他们不容置疑的、
受人尊敬的地位
respectable status
[B]
to
achieve
a
balance
between
[B]
为了获得传统和现实的平衡
tradition and reality
[C]
to
give
voters
more
public
figures
[C
]
为了给选民提供更多可供敬仰的公众
to look up
to
人物
[D]
due
to
their
everlasting
political
[D]
由于他们永久的政治体现
embodiment
[
试题类
型
]
推理引申题。
[
难度等
级
]
★★
[
解题思路
]
由题干关键词
Monarchs
和
a
s heads of state
定位至文章第三段第一句。
该句指出，
正是这种明显的超越政治的存在（
this
apparent transcendence of politics
），解释了
君主能持
续成为国家元首的原因。
这里的
this apparent transcendence of politics
回指的是上一段中的内
容，即
monarchs can
rise above “mere” politics and “embody” a spirit
of national unity
（君主可
以超越
“
单纯的
”
政治概念，
“
体现
”
出国
家统一的精神）
，
也就是说君主只是国家统一的象征，
但他们并不参与政治。
第二句说到君主制在欧洲最为盛行，
第三句则点明了原因：
most royal
families
have
survived
because
they
allow
voters
to
avoid
the
difficult
search
for
a
non-
controversial but respected public figure
（欧洲的大多数皇室依然存在，
是因为他们使选民
无须费力
就能找到一个毫无争议同时令人尊重的公众人物）
。
从这里可以
推知，
君主能一直
成为国家元首正是由于他们这种毫无争议同时
令人尊重的身份。观察四个选项，选项
[A]
中
undoubted and respectable
status
正是第三句中
non-
controversial but respected public figure
的
同义替换，故选项
[A]
为答案
。
[
干扰排除
]
选项
[B]
中的内容文中没有提及，故
排除。第三段最后一句提到，
他们使选民无须
费力就能找到一个
毫无争议同时令人尊重的公众人物
，可见他们的存在减少了公众寻找可供
敬仰的公众人物的麻烦，
而不是提供了更多的可供敬仰的公众人物让大家选择，
故排除选项
[C]
。
< br>选项
[D]
是根据第二段最后一句
rise above “mere” politics and “embody” a spirit
of national unity
设置的干扰，
原文是说君
主只是国家统一的象征，
他们是超越于政治的，
因此不可能是政
治
的永久体现。
同时，
最后一段第三句
谈到查尔斯没能认识君主制能够存在下来在很大程度上
是
因
为
这
种
制
度
提
供
了
不
受
争
议
< br>的
和
非
政
治
性
的
国
家
元
首
（
non
-controversial
and
non-
political heads of state
）
，
这也进一步说明他们并不参与具体的政治，
因此，
< br>可排除
选项
[D]
。
除此之外，选项
[D]
中的
everlasting
带有一种绝对性，也说明了该选项不可能为答案。
23.
Which of the
following is shown to be
根据第四段，下面那一项被证明是古怪
odd,
according to Paragraph 4?
的？
[A]
Aristocrats’
excessive
reliance
on
[A]
贵族成员对由继承得到的财富的过分
inherited
wealth.
依赖。
[B] The role of
the nobility in modern
[B]
在现代民主中贵族的角色。
democracies.
[C]
The
simple
lifestyle
of
the
[C]
贵族家庭中简单的生活方式。
aristocratic families.
[D]
The
nobility’s
adherence
to
their
[D]
贵族对其特权的坚持。
privileges.
[
试题类型
]
具体信息题。
[
难度等
级
]
★★
[
解题思路
]
由题干关键词
Paragraph 4
定位至文章第四段。该段指出了王室存在的不利之处。其
中第三句提到，
在经济学家向人们警告不平等的加重和因世袭财富而拥有不断扩大的权力时，
富
有的贵族家庭竟然仍然是现代民主国家的核心象征是很怪异的（
it
is
bizarre
that
wealthy
aristocratic families should still be
the symbolic heart of modern democratic states
），题干中的
odd
对应原文中的
bizarre
，选项
[B]
是该句原文中的
wealthy
aristocratic
families
should
still
be
the
symbolic heart of modern democratic
states
的同义转述，故该项为答案。
[
干扰排除
]
该段第三句提到了
inherited wealth
，
但是没有说明贵族成员是否对其存在过分依赖，
选项
[A]
是对该处文意的曲解，故排除。第五段第一句提到
最成功的王室成员们努力放弃或隐藏
他们过去的贵族生活方式，
但这不是第四段的内容，
也不是作者觉得奇怪的的事情，
故排除
选项
[C]
。该段第一句提到他们体现了过时的和站不住脚的特
权和不平等（
outdated
and
indefensible
privileges and
inequalities
），但没有提及他们对其特权的坚持，故排除选项
[D]
。
24.
The
British
royals
“have
most
to
fear”
英
国
王
室
“
最
害
怕
”
是
因<
/p>
为
查
尔
斯
because Charles _______.
_______
。
[A] takes a
tough line on political issues
[B]
fails to change his lifestyle as advised
[A]
在政治问题上采取强硬政策
[B]
没能听取建议改变生活方式
[C] takes
republicans as his potential allies
[D]
fails to adapt himself to his future role
[C]
将共和党人作为潜在的盟友
[D]
没有适应自己未来的角色
<
/p>
[
试题类型
]
推
理引申题。
[
难度等级
]
★★
[
解题思路
]
由题干关键词
British royals “have
most to fear”
定位至文章第六段。
第六段承上启
下，
上接第五段，
其下第七段引出对英国王室的描述。
第七段指出只有英国女王用她那普通
（是否可
以
说富有的）
奶奶风格保留住了君主制的名声。
查尔斯可能会遇到
麻烦，
他既喜欢奢华的生活方
式，又将这个世界看得等级分明。
他没能明白（
failed to understand
）君
主是作为不受争议的和非
政治性的国家元首而存在下来的。
可见
查尔斯与第五段提到的
“
最成功的王室成员们
< br>”
和英国女王
的低调表现不同，他没有适应时代的发展，
没有适应自己的未来角色，故选项
[D]
为答案。
[
干扰排除
]
作者在第七段中提及查尔斯时没有涉及他是否在政治问题上采取强硬政策，故排除
选项
[A]
。
该段也没有提及
是否有人给予查尔斯建议以及是否听取建议的问题，
选项
[B]
可以排除。
该段最后一句提到了共和党人（
republicans
），该句说，查尔斯应该知道，正如英格兰的历史所
表明的，
国王，
而不是共和主义人士，
才是君主制的最大的敌人
（
the
monarchy’s worst enemies
）
，
可见，他是将共和党人当做了敌人，而不是潜在的盟友，排除选项
[
C]
。
25.
Which of the
following is the best title of the
下面哪一项是本文的最佳标题？
text?
[A]
Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined
[A]
卡洛斯，光荣和耻辱并存
[B]
Charles,
Anxious
to
Succeed
to
the
[B]
查尔斯，渴望继承王位
Throne
[C]
Carlos,
a
Lesson
for
All
European
[C]
卡洛斯，所有欧洲王室的教训
Monarchs
[D]
Charles,
Slow
to
React
to
the
Coming
[D]
查尔斯，面对来临的威胁反应迟
Threats
钝
[
试题类
型
]
主旨要义题。
[
难度等级
]
★★★
[
解题思路
]
本题要求选择文章的最佳标题，实际上是考查文章的主旨大意。通读全文，首段由
西班
牙国王的下台引出对所有欧洲王室的存在的疑问。
紧接着，
作者
在接下来的第二、
三段介绍
了欧洲一些国家的君主制作为国家统
一的精神化身得以存在至今。
作者在第四、
五段着重指出欧
洲王室面临的不利处境：王室的存在意味着特权和不平等（
embo
dies
outdated
and
indefensible
privileges and
inequalities
）
；即使低调不露富仍难逃形象的下
降（
increasingly difficult to maintain
the right image
）
。
最后第六、七段描述了英国王室面临的问题。由上可知，本文由西班牙国王胡
安
·
卡洛斯的下台引出了欧洲王室的危机以及对策，并着重指出英国的查尔
斯的麻烦。对比各选
项，选项
[C]
最
能概括全文的思想主题，故为答案。
[
干扰排除
]
通读全文可知，
文章仅在第一段介绍的西班牙国王卡洛斯的情况，且第一段没有涉
及卡洛斯的
“
光荣
”
方面的事迹，可见
“
卡洛斯，光荣和
耻辱并存
”
不足以概括全文，故选项
[
A]
可
排除。最后一段提到了查尔斯，文中没有提及他是否渴望
继承王位，虽然说到他没能认清形势，
不明白自己在未来发展中的角色，但对他的描述，
不足以概括全文，故排除选项
[B]
和
[D]
。
词汇突破
abdicate
退位，逊位
scandal
丑事
monarchy
君主政体；君主政治
the writing is on the
wall
不祥之兆；不祥预感
polarise
使两极分化
regime
政治制度，政权，政体
embody
表现，象征；
?
使具体化
transcendence
超越
infested
遍布的
survive
幸存，活下来
controversial
有争议的；有争论的
downside
负面，消极面
indefensible
站不住脚的
inherited
通过继承得到的，遗传的
< br>
bizarre
离奇的；奇怪的
aristocratic
贵族的，贵族气派的
intrusiveness
干涉性；侵扰性；侵入性<
/p>
well-
heeled
富有的，穿着考究的
h
ierarchical
分层的；等级体系的
全文翻译
①西班牙国王胡安
·
卡洛斯曾坚信
“
国王
是不退位的，
他
们会终老于王位
”
。②但尴尬的丑闻和共和党左派在最近的
欧洲选举中的大受欢迎，<
/p>
却使他自食其言，
让出王位。
③那
么，西班牙危机是否表明，君主制就要被终结了吗
?
< br>④对于
所有欧洲王室而言，
这是否意味着他们将要与华丽
的宫庭服
装和高贵的生活方式一起遭遇厄运的到来呢？
①西班牙发生的这个事件引起了支持和反对君主制的
争论。
②当舆论出现了严重的两极分化时，
正如在佛朗哥政
权末期那样，君主可以超越“单纯的”政治概念，
“化身”
为
国家统一的精神。
①正是这种明显的超越政治的存在，
解释了君主为什么
能继续被欢迎做国家的元首。
②因此，
除了中东之外，
欧洲
是世界
上君主制最集中的地区，有
10
个王国（不包括梵蒂
冈城和安道尔共和国）
。③但是与海湾地区和亚洲的绝对专
制的君主不同的是，
欧洲的大多数王室都幸存了下来，
因为
他们使选民无须费力就能找到一个毫无争议同时令人尊重
的
公众人物。
①即便如此，
国王们和王
后们仍然处境不利。
②尽管他
们声称他们是国家统一的象征，<
/p>
但是他们的历史以及他们现
在有时的行为方式，
< br>却体现了过时的和站不住脚的特权和不
平等。③在汤马斯
·
皮凯提和其他经济学家向人们警告不平
等的加重和因世袭财富
而拥有不断扩大的权力时，
很怪异的
是这些富有的贵族家庭竟然
仍是现代民主国家的核心象征。
①最成功的王室成员们努力放
弃或隐藏他们原有的贵
族生活方式。
⑤王子和公主有自己的日常
工作，
他们骑自行
车出行，而不是骑马（或乘坐直升机）
。⑥即便如此，这些
都是与在全球排前
1%<
/p>
的富人一起聚会的富有家庭，媒体的
侵扰使得他们越来越难以维持
合适的形象。
①当欧洲的王室们无疑会聪明到可以争取一些时
间的
时候，
从西班牙的例子中最能感受到害怕的，
当属英国王室
了。
①只有
英国女王用她那普通
（是否可以说是富有的）
奶
奶式的风格保留住了君主制的名声。
②查尔斯可能会遇到麻
烦，
他既喜欢奢华的生活方式，
又认为这个世界的等级相当
分明。
③他没能明白君主制够存在下来在很大程度上是因为
这种制度提供了不受争议的和非政治性的国家元首。
④查尔
斯应该知道，
正如英格兰的历史所表明的，
国王
才是君主制
最大的敌人，而不是共和党人。
Text 2
主题
对智能手机里个人数字信息的法律保护
题材
法律法规
第一段由西班牙国王的退<
/p>
位引出对所有欧洲王室的
能否继续存在的疑问。
< br>
第二、
三段说明君主制可以
继
续存在的方式及理由。
第四、
五段指
出欧洲王室的
不利处境。
第六、
七段指出英国王室面
临的问题。
来源
题目
The Washington Post
难度
/
词数
★★
/
440
Supreme Court should begin laying out
privacy protections for
smartphones
(2014.4)
《最高法院应该开始拟定法律以保护智能手机内的个人隐私》
文章大意
本文探讨了警方在没有搜查
令的情况下是否可以查看嫌疑犯的智能手机的问题。
加州认
为智
能手机类似于钱夹等个人物品，
警方在没有搜查令的情况下可以进行翻查。
但作者认为
智能手机储存了大量的个人隐私，
在没有
搜查令的情况下进行翻查相当于非法入室，
科技的
发展需要宪法
保护做出相应的调整。
试题透析
26.
The
Supreme
Court
will
work
out
在实施逮捕时，
最高法院应该
决定
_______
whether,
during
an
arrest,
it
is
是否合法。
legitimate
to_______.
[A]
prevent
suspects
from
deleting
[A]
防止嫌犯删除他们手机里的内容
their phone contents
[B]
search
for
suspects’
mobile
[B]
在没有搜查令的情况下，
搜寻嫌犯的手机
phones without a warrant
[C]
check
suspects’
phone
contents
[C]
在没有授权
的情况下翻查嫌犯手机里的
without being authorized
内容
[D]
prohibit
suspects
from
using
[D]
禁止嫌犯使用手机
their mobile phones
[
试题类型
]
具体信息题。
< br>[
难度等级
]
★
[
解题思路
]
由题干关键词
The Supreme Court
定位至文章第一段第二句。
该段提出本文的论题。
其中第二句提
到：目前，最高法院正在考虑一种情况，那就是在没有搜查令的情况下
(without
a
warrant)
，逮捕嫌疑犯时，如果嫌犯的手机开着或
者在嫌犯身边，
警察是否能够搜查其手机内容
(search
the contents of a mobile phone)
。选项
[C]
是对上述信息的同义转述，选项中的
wit
hout
being
authorized
对应文中的
without a war
rant
，
check
对应文中
search
，故该项为答案。
[
干扰排除
]
文章的第一
段开篇第一句指出宪法对于个人数字化信息保护的问题，
从而引出最高法
院正在考虑，
当局在逮捕嫌犯时，
能否翻查嫌犯手机内
的数字化内容，
但并未提及当局是否要阻
止嫌犯删除手机里的内
容，故排除选项
[A]
。第二句提到最高法院在考虑警方在没有
搜查令的情
况下是否可以查看嫌疑犯的手机中内容的问题，
但并
未提及当手机不在嫌犯身边时，
警方是否可
以搜寻手机的问题，
故排除选项
[B]
。同时，也没有提及嫌犯对于手机使用与否，
故选项
[D]
可以
排除。
27.
The
author’s
attitude
toward
作者对于加州观点的态度是
_______
。
is
one
[A]
不赞成
[B]
冷淡
California’s
of_______.
argument
[A] disapproval
[B]indifference
[C]tolerance
[D]cautiousness
[C]
容忍
[D]
谨慎
[
试题类型
]
观点态度题。
[
难度等级
]
★★
[
解题思路
]
由题干关键词
California
’
s argument
定位至文章第三段第一句。第三段承接第二段
，
第二段指出加州对此问题的观点：
加州希望最高法院作出裁决
时，
不要推翻警方可以搜查嫌犯财
物的设想，
< br>并指出法官们很难对新技术与案件的牵连做出判断。
而第三段第一句就表明作者的
看
法：如果接受加州的建议，最高法院将是不计后果的谦虚，
并
给出原因：
法官们能够对新技术与
案件的牵连做出判断。第四段
是第三段的延续，第四段第一句给法官们提出建议，首先，他们应
该摒弃加州无说服力的
观点
(lame argument)
。由此可知，作者对于加
州的观点并不赞成。
[
干扰排除
]
第二段提出加州的论点之后，
第三段首句
表明了态度，
指出接受加州的论点是不计后
果的，故可知作者对
此并非冷淡，故排除选项
[B]
。第四段第一句作者建议法官们
首先要做的就
是摒弃加州毫无说服力的观点，可见，
作者并不容
忍其观点，而且态度十分明确肯定，
故排除选
项
[C]
和
[D]
。
28.
The
author
believes
that
exploring
作<
/p>
者
相
信
翻
查
别
人
的
手
机
内
容
相
当
于
one’s
phone
contents
is
comparable
____
。
to_______.
[A]
getting into one’s residence
[B] handling one’s historical
records
[C] scanning one’s
correspondences
[D] going
through one’s wallet
[A]
侵入别人的住所
[B]
处理别人的历史记录
[C]
浏览别人的通信
[D]
检查别人的钱包
[
试题类型
]
具体
信息题。
[
难度等级
]
★
[
解题思路
]
由题干关键词
exploring
one’s
phone
定位至文章第
四段第三句。第四段首先提出加
州认为翻查手机内容如同翻查嫌犯的钱包，
但是，
作者表明这种观点应该被摒弃。
第三句指出翻
查智能手机更像是进入他们的家
(entering his
or her home)
。选项
[A]
是对上述信息的同义转述，
选项中
getting into
对应文中
entering
，
residence
对应文中的
home
，故该项为答案。
[
干扰排除
]
第四句列举了智能手机内所包含的个人信息，包括
阅读历史、财务状况、
病史以及近
期通信等等，选项
[B]
、
[C]
是该条信
息的片面理解，故皆可排除。文章第四段第一句提到了加州
的观点——翻查手机内容如同
翻查嫌犯的钱包，这并非作者的观点，故排除选项
[D]
。
29.
In
Paragraphs
5
and
6,
the
author
shows
在第五、六段，作者表明对
_______
的
his concern that
_______.
关注
。
[A]principles
are
hard
to
be
clearly
[A]
准则很难表达清楚
expressed