-胖
二
十
谬
误
< br>英
对
照
四
中
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第一部分
考试范围内
本次考试考第一部分列举
的前
15
个。后面第二部分列举的仅供以后
学习参考。
(
一
)
了解基本逻辑，避免常见错误
要了解基本逻辑错误一定不能
错过一篇英文小品文
Love
Is A Fallacy(
作者
Max Shulman)<
/p>
，这里
仅列举出十种最常见的逻辑错误。
1.
草率前提
(Dicto
Simpliciter)
例如：
Women are on average not
as strong as men and
less able to
perform well politically. Therefore, women can't
pull
their weight in government work.
点评：
虽然女性确实在政界担任较少工作，但这不意味着女
性群体中所有的人都是这样。
2.
过度概化
(Hasty
Generalization)
例如：
McDonald's
and KFC offer foods with little nutrition,
and thus we cannot expect any fast food
restaurant to provide us
with
nutritious foods.
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点评：两个个例不足以推出一个真理。
3.
因果颠倒
(Post Hoc)
例如：
Most young criminals
watch violent movies before
they commit
their crimes; obviously, violent movies lead to
juvenile
delinquency.
点评：甲事情发生在乙事情之前，
这并不代表着先发生的甲
事情就是后发生的乙事情的原因。
4.
矛盾前提
(Contradictory Premises)
例如：
If God can do
everything, can he make a stone so
heavy that he can't carry?
点评：前提条件中就有相互矛盾的
地方，结论当然是错误
的。
5.
感性论证
(Ad
Misericordiam)
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例如：
Think of all
the poor, starving African children! How
could rich countries be so cruel as not
to help them?
点评：抒情是不能当作论证的。
6.
错误类比
(False
Analogy)
例如：
Young children are like
flowers---flowers should stay
away from
terrible weather to grow, so children need to get
rid of
everything negative.
点评：
孩子和花朵的区别太大。成长的过程也太复杂。最好
不要用这两者来类比。
7.
虚假假设
(Hypothesis Contrary to Fact)
例如：
If TV were not invented,
today people would never
have such
wonderful entertainment brought by TV.
点评：
因为电视已经被发明了，对于过去的否定假设后所得
出的结论都是逻辑上的错误结论。<
/p>
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8.
无关转移
(Red
Herring)
例如：
Many people say we need
to exploit the outer space,
a point
which I believe is wrong, because there are so
many poor
people on Earth who hardly
make ends meet.
点评：有一个问题没解决并不代表着另一个问题不值得解
决。
9.
从众错误
(Bandwagon)
例如：
Everyone says it is
justified to learn a second
language so
we must learn one.
点评：人人都说，或者大多数都说
，这并不意味着该观点正
确。
10.
滑坡谬误
(Slippery
slope)
例如：
If we don't care about
the environment, the world will
die in
50 years.
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点评：
从环境问题到世界灭亡，中间有无数环节未提供论
证。
Examples of Slippery Slope
1.
they'll be
charging $$40,000 a semester!
2.
Once the government sends in
a few troops, it will then send in
thousands to die.
3.
over you.
4.
start banning one form of
literature, they will never stop. Next
thing you know, they will be burning
all the books!
11. appeal to
emotion
You attempted to
manipulate an emotional response in place of a
valid
or compelling
argument.
Appeals to emotion
include
appeals to fear, envy, hatred,
pity, pride, and
more.
It's
important to note that sometimes a logically
coherent argument may
inspire emotion
or have an emotional aspect, but the problem and
fallacy
occurs when emotion is used
instead of a logical argument, or to obscure the
fact that no compelling rational reason
exists for one's position. Everyone, bar
sociopaths, is affected by emotion, and
so appeals to emotion are a very
common
and effective argument tactic, but they're
ultimately flawed, dishonest,
and tend
to make one's opponents justifiably emotional.
Example:
Luke didn't want to
eat his sheep's brains with chopped liver and
brussel sprouts, but his father told
him to think about the poor, starving
children in a third world country who
weren't fortunate enough to have any
food at all.
12
. ad hominem
,personal
attack
人身攻击
You
attacked your opponent's character or personal
traits in an attempt
to undermine their
argument.
Ad hominem attacks
can take the form of overtly attacking somebody,
or more
subtly casting doubt on their
character or personal attributes as a way to
discredit their argument. The result of
an ad hom attack can be to undermine
someone's case without actually having
to engage with it.
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Example:
After Sally
presents an eloquent and compelling case for a
more
equitable taxation system, Sam
asks the audience whether we should believe
anything from a woman who isn't
married, was once arrested, and smells a bit
weird.
第七条：诉诸虚伪
13.
loaded question
含沙射影
You asked a question that had a
presumption built into it so that it
couldn't be answered without appearing
guilty.
Loaded question
fallacies are particularly effective at derailing
rational
debates because of their
inflammatory nature - the recipient of the loaded
question is compelled to defend
themselves and may appear flustered or on
the back foot.
Example:
Grace and Helen
were both romantically interested in Brad. One
day, with Brad sitting within earshot,
Grace asked in an inquisitive tone
whether Helen was having any problems
with a drug habit.
14
.
appeal to authority
诉诸权威
You said that because an authority
thinks something, it must therefore
be
true.
It's important to note
that this fallacy should not be used to dismiss
the claims
of experts, or scientific
consensus. Appeals to authority are not valid
arguments, but nor is it reasonable to
disregard the claims of experts who
have a demonstrated depth of knowledge
unless one has a similar level of
understanding and/or access to
empirical evidence. However it is, entirely
possible that the opinion of a person
or institution of authority is wrong;
therefore the authority that such a
person or institution holds does not have
any intrinsic bearing upon whether
their claims are true or not.
Example:
Not able to defend
his position that evolution 'isn't true' Bob says
that he knows a scientist who also
questions evolution (and presumably isn't a
primate).
15
窃取论点
. begging the
question
You presented a
circular argument in which the conclusion was
included in the premise.
This logically incoherent argument
often arises in situations where people
have an assumption that is very
ingrained, and therefore taken in their minds
as a given. Circular reasoning is bad
mostly because it's not very good.
Example:
The word of Zorbo
the Great is flawless and perfect. We know this
because it says so in The Great and
Infallible Book of Zorbo's Best and Most
Truest Things that are Definitely True
and Should Not Ever Be Questioned.
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