-洞穴
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2008
年阅读
A
Section II Reading
Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer
the questions below each text by choosing A,
B,
C or D. Mark
your answers on
ANSWER SHEET
1
. (40 points)
Text 1
While
still catching up to men in some spheres of modern
life, women appear to
be
way ahead in at least one undesirable category.
“
Women are particularly
susceptible to developing
depression and anxiety disorders in response to
stress
compared to
men,
”
according
to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York's
Veteran's Administration
Hospital.
Studies of both
animals and humans have shown that sex hormones
somehow
affect the stress
response, causing females under stress to produce
more of the trigger
chemicals than do males under the same
conditions. In several of the studies, when
stressed
-
out
female rats had their ovaries (the female
reproductive organs) removed,
their chemical responses became equal
to those of the males.
Adding to a woman's increased dose of
stress chemicals, are her increased
“
opportunities
”
for stress.
“
It's not necessarily that
women don't cope as well. It's
just
that they have so much more
to cope with,
”
says Dr. Yehuda.
“
Their capacity for
tolerating stress may even
be greater than men's,
”
she observes,
“
it's just that they're
dealing with so many more
things that they become worn out from it more
visibly and
sooner.
”
Dr. Yehuda notes another
difference between the sexes.
“
I think that the kinds of
things that women are
exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or
repeated nature.
Men go to
war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are
exposed to more acts of
random physical violence. The kinds of
interpersonal violence that women are
exposed to tend to be in domestic
situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other
family
members, and they
tend not to be one
-
shot
deals. The wear
-
and
-
tear that comes from
these longer relationships can be quite
devastating.
”
Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave
birth to a son, but was determined to
finish college.
“
I struggled a lot to get
the college degree. I was living in so much
frustration that that was
my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do
better.
”
Later, her marriage ended and she
became a single mother.
“
It's the hardest thing to
take care of a teenager,
have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and
pay the
debt.
I
lived from paycheck to
paycheck.
”
Not everyone experiences the kinds of
severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes.
But most women today are
coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks,
and
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feeling the strain. Alvarez's
experience demonstrates the importance of finding
ways
to diffuse stress
before it threatens your health and your ability
to function.
21. Which of
the following is true according to the first two
paragraphs?
[A] Women are
biologically more vulnerable to stress.
[B] Women are still
suffering much stress caused by men.
[C] Women are more experienced than men
in coping with stress.
[D]
Men and women show different inclinations when
faced with stress.
22. Dr.
Yehuda's research suggests that women
[A] need extra doses of chemicals to
handle stress.
[B] have
limited capacity for tolerating stress.
[C] are more capable of
avoiding stress.
[D] are
exposed to more stress.
23.
According to Paragraph 4, the stress women
confront tends to be
[A]
domestic and temporary.
[B]
irregular and violent.
[C]
durable and frequent.
[D]
trivial and random.
24. The
sentence
“
I lived from
paycheck to paycheck.
”
(Line 6, Para. 5) shows that
[A] Alvarez cared about
nothing but making money.
[B] Alvarez's salary barely covered her
household expenses.
[C]
Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.
[D] Alvarez paid
practically everything by check.
25. Which of the following would be the
best title for the text?
[A] Strain of Stress: No Way Out?
[B] Responses to Stress:
Gender Difference
[C]
Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say
[D] Gender Inequality: Women Under
Stress
Text 2
It used to be so straightforward. A
team of researchers working together in the
laboratory would submit the
results of their research to a journal. A journal
editor
would then remove
the authors' names and affiliations from the paper
and send it to
their peers
for review. Depending on the comments received,
the editor would accept
the
paper for publication or decline it. Copyright
rested with the journal publisher, and
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researchers seeking knowledge of the
results would have to subscribe to the journal.
No longer. The Internet
–
and pressure
from funding agencies, who are
questioning why commercial publishers
are making money from
government
-
funded
research by restricting
access to it
–
is
making access to scientific results a reality.
The
Organization
for Economic Co
-
operation
and Development (OECD) has just issued a
report describing the
far
-
reaching consequences of
this. The report, by John Houghton
of Victoria University in Australia and
Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy
reading for publishers who have, so
far, made handsome profits. But it goes further
than that. It signals a
change in what has, until now, been a key element
of scientific
endeavor.
The value of knowledge and
the return on the public investment in research
depends, in part, upon wide
distribution and ready access. It is big business.
In
America, the core
scientific publishing market is estimated at
between $$7 billion and
$$11
billion. The International Association of
Scientific, Technical and Medical
Publishers says that there are more
than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in
these subjects. They
publish more than 1.2 million articles each year
in some 16,000
journals.
This is now changing.
According to the OECD report, some 75% of
scholarly
journals are now
online. Entirely new business models are emerging;
three main ones
were
identified by the report's authors. There is the
so
-
called big deal, where
institutional subscribers
pay for access to a collection of online journal
titles through
site
-
licensing
agreements. There is
open
-
access publishing,
typically supported by
asking the author (or his employer) to
pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there
are
open
-
access archives, where
organizations such as universities or
international
laboratories
support institutional repositories. Other models
exist that are hybrids of
these three, such as delayed
open
-
access, where journals
allow only subscribers to
read a paper for the first six months,
before making it freely available to everyone
who wishes to see it. All
this could change the traditional form of the
peer
-
review
process, at least for the publication
of papers.
26. In the first
paragraph, the author discusses
[A] the background information of
journal editing.
[B] the
publication routine of laboratory reports.
[C] the relations of
authors with journal publishers.
[D] the traditional process of journal
publication.
27. Which of
the following is true of the OECD report?
[A] It criticizes
government
-
funded research.
[B] It introduces an
effective means of publication.
[C] It upsets
profit
-
making journal
publishers.
[D] It benefits
scientific research considerably.
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28. According to the text, online
publication is significant in that
[A] it provides an easier access to
scientific results.
[B] it
brings huge profits to scientific researchers.
[C] it emphasizes the
crucial role of scientific knowledge.
[D] it facilitates public investment in
scientific research.
29.
With the open
-
access
publishing model, the author of a paper is
required to
[A] cover the
cost of its publication.
[B] subscribe to the journal publishing
it.
[C] allow other online
journals to use it freely.
[D] complete the
peer
-
review before
submission.