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定义
1.
语言学
Linguistics
is
generally
defined
as
the
scientific
study
of
language.
2.
语言
Language
is
a
system
of
arbitrary
vocal
symbols
used
for
human
communication.
语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。
4.
识别特征
Design
Features
It
refers
to
the
defining
poperties
of
human
language that
distinguish it from any animal system of
communication.
语
言识别特征是指人类语言区
别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特
征
。
< br>
Arbitrariness
任
意
性
Productivity
多
产
性
Duality
双
重
性
Displacement
移位性
Cultural
transmission
文化传递
⑴
arbitrariness
There
is
no
logical
connection
between
meanings
and
sounds.
P.S
the
arbitrary
nature
of
language
is
a
sign
of
sophistication
and
it
makes
it
possible
for
language
to
have
an
unlimited
source
of
expressions
⑵
Productivity
Animals are quite limited in the messages they are
able to send.
⑶
Duality
Language is a system, which consists of
two sets of structures ,or
two
levels.
⑷
Displacement
Language
can
be
used
to
refer
to
contexts
removed
from
the
immediate
situations
of
the
speaker.
⑸
Cultural
transmission
Human capacity
for language has a genetic basis, but we have
to be taught and learned the details of
any language system. this showed that
language is culturally transmitted. not
by instinct. animals are born with the
capacity to produce the set of calls
peculiar to their species.
5.
语言能力
Competence
is
the
ideal
user?s
knowledge
of
the
rules
of
his
language.
6.
语言运用
Performance
is
the
actual
realization
of
this
knowledge
in
linguistic
communication.
语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的体
现。
7.
历时语言学
Diachronic linguistics The study of
language change through
time. a
diachronic study of language is a historical
study, which studies the
historical
development of language over a period of time.
8.
共时语言学
Synchronical linguistics The study of a
given language at a
given time.
9.
语言
langue
The
abstract linguistic system shared by all members
of a
speech community.
10.
言语
parole The realization of langue in
actual use.
11.
规定性
Prescriptive It aims to lay down rules
for ”correct” behavior, to
tell people
what they should say and what should not say.
12.
描述
性
Descriptive
A
linguistic
study
describes
and
analyzes
the
language people actually use.
三、
问答题
are major branches of linguistics? what does each
study?
Phonetics----
it?s
defined as the study of the phonic medium of
language, it?s
concerned
with
all
the
sounds
that
occur
in
the
world?s
languages.
Phonology---the
study
of
sounds
systems
—
the
inventory
of
distinctive
sounds
that
occur
in
a
language
and
the
patterns
into
which
they
fall.
Morphology---
It?s
a
branch
of
a
grammar
which
studies
the
internal
structure of words
and the rules by which words are formed. Syntax
-------it's
a
subfield
of
linguistics
that
studies
the
sentence
structure
of
a
language.
Semantics---
It?s
simply
defined
as
the
study
of
meaning
in
abstraction.
Pragmatics---
the
study
of
meaning
in
context
of
words.
Sociolinguistics
—
the
study
of
language
with
reference
to
society.
Psycholinguistics
---the study of language with reference to the
working of
the
mind.
Applied
linguistics---the
application
of
linguistic
principles
and
theories to language
teaching and learning.
do
we say language is arbitrary? Language is
arbitrary in the sense
that there is no
intrinsic connection between the sounds that
people use and
the
objects
to
which
these
sounds
refer.
The
fact
that
different
languages
have
different
words
for
the
same
object
is
a
good
illustration
of
the
arbitrary nature of
language, it?s only our tacit agreement of
utterance and
concept at work and not
any innate relationship bound up in the utterance.
A
typical example to illustrate the
?arbitrariness? of language is ?
a rose
by any
other name would smell as
sweet?.
distinction
between langue and parole?
⑴
langue is abstract,
relatively
stable
⑵
parole is concrete, varies
from person to person, from situation to
situation.
1/
What is linguistics?
什么是语言学？
Linguistics is generally defined as
the scientific study of language. It
studies not any particular language, but
languages in general.
2/ The scope of linguistics
语言学的研究范畴
The
study of language as a
whole is often
called general linguistics.
(
普通语言学
) The study of sounds,
which are used in linguistic
communication, is called
phonetics.
（语音学）
The
study
of
how
sounds
are
put
together
and
used
in
communication
is
called phonology.
（音
系学）
The study of the way in which morphemes
are arranged to form words are called
morphology.
（形
态学）
The study
of
how
morphemes
and
words
are
combined
to
form
sentences
is
called
syntax.
（句法
学）
The study of meaning in language is
called semantics.
（语义学）
The study of meaning in context of use
is called pragmatics.
（语用学）
The
study
of
language
with
reference
to
society
is
called
socio-linguistics.
（社会语言学）
The study
of language with reference to
the
working
of
mind
is
called
psycho-
linguistics.
（心
理语言学）
The
study of applications (as the recovery
of speech ability) is generally known
as
applied
linguistics.
（应用语言学）
But
in
a
narrow
sense,
applied
linguistics
refers
to
the
application
of
linguistic
principles
and
theories
to
language
teaching
and
learning,
especially
the
teaching
of
foreign
and
second language. Other related branches
include anthropological linguistics,
（人类语言学）
neurological
linguistics,
（神经语言学）
mathematical
linguistics,
（数字语言学）
computational linguistics. and
（计算机语言
学）
3/ Some important
distinctions in linguistics
语言学研究中的几对基本概
念
Prescriptive and descriptive
规定与描写
If a linguistic study
describes and analyzes the language
people actually use, it is