-磷酸钠
文档
第三十章
澳大利亚经济
Chapter 30 The
Economy
Ⅰ
.
工业
Manufacturing Industry
澳大利亚的制造业以制砖开始。<
/p>
86%
的制造业为小企业。
Manufacturing in Australia began with
the making of bricks. It is estimated that 86% of
all
manufacturing firms are small
businesses.
在世界的总格局中，澳大利亚的制造业是独特的。它的特点包
括下面几点
:
In a world
context
Australian
manufacturing is unique. Its features include the
following:
1)
效率低
Inefficiency
澳大利亚的市场有限，它在地理上与外界的隔绝以及很高的关税壁垒是影响澳大利亚
工业效率的几个因素。
Australia's limited local market, its
geographical isolation and high levels of tariff
protection
are the factors that affect
the efficiency of Australian manufacturing.
效率最低并且最受保护的工业是汽车、纺织、服装和制鞋工业。
The
industries
that
are
most
inefficient
and
most
highly
protected
are
automobile,
textiles,
clothing and footwear industries.
2)
高度集中
Concentration <
/p>
在过去
20
年里，大的联合企业在澳大利
亚经济中一直起中心作用。
Over the last
20 years large conglomerates have been given a
central role in the Australian
economy.
整个钢铁工业由一个公司控制，这就是布洛肯·希尔专卖。
The
entire
steel
industry
is
in
the
hands
of
one
company,
the
Broken
Hill
Proprietary
Company Limited
(BHP).
3)
外国投资
Foreign
investment
澳大利亚的制造业在很大程度上依靠外国投资。外资公司比他
们的澳大利亚同行获利
多。
Australian manufacturing relies heavily
on foreign investment. Companies that are
foreign-
owned tend to be more
profitable than their Australian
counterparts
.
Ⅱ
.
农业
Agriculture
200
年前，澳大利亚是一个没有农
业的大陆。今天，农业却是这个国家的最大的和最
多样化的行业。澳大利亚是世界上粮食
和天然纤维的主要生产国之一。
200
years
ago
Australia
was
a
land
without
agriculture.
Today,
agriculture
is
the
nation's
largest and most diverse industry.
Australia is one of the world's leading
producers of food and
natural fibers.
文档
澳大利亚是世界上最大的羊毛出口国，第二大肉类出口国，第三大小麦出口国，
Australia is the world's largest
exporter of wool, the second largest exporter of
meat, the third
largest exporter of
wheat
。
就面积而言，澳大利亚
几乎和美国一样大
(
除去阿拉斯加和夏威夷
)
，比整个西欧还大。
In
terms of area Australia is almost as large as the
USA (excluding Alaska and Hawaii) and
larger than the whole of Western
Europe.
澳大利亚农业史上的一个重要因素是参与世界竞争的能力。
A
key
factor
in
the
history
of
agriculture
in
Australia
has
been
the
ability
to
compete
on
world markets,
起初，澳大利亚享受优先进入
英国市场的优惠，这对澳大利亚农业的繁荣是相当重要
的。
In the early days, Australia's
preferential
access to the
British market was important to the
prosperity of Australian farming.
Ⅲ
.
矿产和能源工业
The Minerals and Energy Industry
澳大利亚自
然资源丰富，是世界上最大的矿物和金属生产大国。也是世界上最大的煤出
口国
Australia is rich in natural
resources. It is one of the world's biggest
producers of minerals and
is also
the world's largest exporter of coal,
矿
物和能源工业是澳大利亚的经济中心，从
19
世纪以来，一直是
国家发展的主要
催
化剂
，现在它是出口创汇的主要来源。
The minerals and energy industry is
central to
the Australian economy.
It has been a
major
catalyst
to
national
development
since
the
19th
century.
It
is
now
a
major
source
of
export
earnings
.
在
20
世纪
70
年代早期，日本对铁矿石和煤的进口需求衰减了。这就限制
了澳大利亚
的市场。
in the
early 1970s, because of the energy crisis the
demand in Japan for imports of iron
ore
and
coal declined. This
limited market opportunities for Australia,
澳大利亚采矿业面临着新问题。
The mining industry in Australia has
faced new problems
1
）以保护环境之名
授予土著人土地权力，结果矿藏受到限制
Mineral
access has been restricted in the name of
environmental protection and also as a
consequence of the granting of
Aboriginal land rights.
2
）与采矿有关的各种疾病发病率高
the high
incidence
of mining-related diseases
Ⅳ
.
服务业
Service Industries
澳大利亚的服务业是产业中发展最快的一个部分，
Australia's sector is the fastest-
growing sector of industry.
文档
Ⅴ
.
贸易
Trade
澳大利亚是中等水平的贸易国家
Australia is a middle-level
trading nation.
澳大利亚贸易的主要特点是以原材料换制成品。这有两个原因
:
The main feature of Australia's trade
is that it has always involved the exchange of raw
materials
for finished products. There
are two reasons.
1
）国市场太小，制造商
不能有效地运作
;
One is that the
home market is too small for manufacturers to
operate efficiently.
2
）由于在海外
可以达到规模经济，从欧洲、美国以及最近从亚洲来的商品一直比澳大
利亚生产的产品便
宜。
The
other
is
that
goods
from
Europe,
the
US
and
recently
Asia
have
always
been
cheaper
than
those produced in Australia because of
the economies of scale available overseas.
在定居后的第一个一百年，典型的贸易活动是把羊毛运到英国而后运回毛料衣服。在
澳大利亚的第二个一百年，典型的出口一直是把铁矿石运往日本而后运回日本的汽车。
For the first 100 years of
settlement, a typical trade transaction was a
shipment of wool to Britain
and a
return shipment of woolen suits, In Australia's
second century, a typical export has been iron
ore shipped to Japan and a return
shipment of Japanese motor cars.
这种特殊性有两重效果
:
Such
specialization has been double-edged.
1)
它意味着可以从全世界买到广泛的制成品，
On
the
one
hand,
it has
meant
access
to
a
very
broad
range
of
finished
goods
from
around
the
world.
2)
它使得澳大利亚非常容易受商品价格涨落周期的影响。
On the other hand it has made Australia
extremely vulnerable to cycles in commodity
prices.
影响澳大利亚贸易模式和国际经济关系的因素包括下面这些
:
The
factors
that
have
affected
Australia's
trading
patterns
and
international
economic
relations
include the
following:
(1)
取消英国联邦优惠
制，根据这一制度，英联邦各成员国家相互降低关税；
The
dismantling
of the
Commonwealth Preference, whereby Commonwealth
countries gave each
others' products
reduced tariff rates;
The
creation
of
the
European
Community,
which
produced
impediments
to
trade
With
European countries;
(3)
日本作为一个经济大国的兴起；
The rise
of Japan as an economic power;
(4)
其它亚洲国家作为生产商和出口商的出现；
The emergence of
other Asian
countries as manufacturers and exporters;
(5)20
世纪
70
年代的石油价格的冲击。
The oil-price
shocks of the 1970s.
Ⅵ
.
澳大利亚经济中存在的问题
Problems in the
Australian Economy
(2)
欧
洲
共
同
体<
/p>
的
建
立
，
使
澳
大
利
亚
与
欧
洲
国
家
贸
易
产
生
了
障
碍
；
文档
1
）过度依赖商品出口
Over-
reliance on commodity exports
初级产品的出口带来
了收入，使澳大利亚的生活标准保持一个较高水平。由于农村和
采矿业生产率很高，削弱
了把矿物资源转变为制造业的积极性。结果，澳大利亚未能达到
它应该达到的工业化水平
。
The exports of primary
products produced the flow of income which kept
Australians' living
standards
at
a
high
level.
The
high
productivity
of
rural
and
mining
industries
reduced
the
incentive
to
shift resources into manufacturing. As a result,
Australia failed to industrialize as fully
as it should.
在过去四十年里，贸易条件
(
出口价对进口价的比率
)
一直朝着不利于澳大利亚的方向
发展。换句话说，出口价格与进口价格相比明显
地下降了。
the
terms
of
trade
(the
ratio
of
export
prices
to
import
prices)
have
been
moving
steadily
against
Australia
over
the
past
forty
other
words
the
prices
received
for
exports
have
declined
markedly
compared with the prices paid for imports.
问题的解决办法是，使工业产品多样化并增加其出口，减少澳大利亚对初级产品出口
的依赖。
the
solution
to
the
problem
is
to
reduce
Australia's
reliance
on
commodity
exports
by
diversifying and
increasing its manufactured exports.
2)
在大的国际市场中没有得到份额
Failure to share in the expansion of international
trade
二战后，恢复最快的国家和近些年经济发展最快的国家，都是那些充分利用
国际贸易
增长的国家。
The
countries which recovered fastest or whose
economies have grown fastest in recent decades,
have been those which took advantage
of the growth in international trade
澳
大利亚太依靠矿产品出口了。它在世界贸易中的份额大幅减少。
Australia
is
too
heavily
dependent
on
commodity
exports.
Its
share
in
world
trade
has
declined significantly.
其贸易的
低效率，尤其是没能分享到制成品贸易所创造的财富，是目前澳大利亚各种
经济困难的根
本原因。
The poor trade
performance, especially the failure to share in
the wealth produced by trade
in
manufactured goods, is at the root of Australia's
current economic difficulties.
3)
制造业的衰落及关税的影响
The
decline
of
manufacturing
industries
and
the
effects
of
tariffs
澳大利亚的保护税率在世界先进工业国家之中仍属最高之列。
Australia's
rates
of
protection
remained
among
the
highest
of
the
world's
advanced
industrial
nations.
保护主义政策对澳大利亚经济一直有很坏
的影响。澳大利亚的制造商未能很好地利用
文档
国家丰富的自然资源，尤其是矿
物资源。他们宁愿出口原料，而不愿试着去发展增值工
业。增值工业能够生产出的商品，
在国际市场上的价格比原材料本身的价格要高得多。
The
policy
of
protectionism
has
had
effects
on
the
Australian
economy.
Australian
manufacturers
have
failed
to
take
full
advantage
of
the
country's
abundant
natural,
especially
mineral
resources.
They
have
preferred
to
export
raw
materials
rather
than
trying
to
develop
value-added
industries.
Value-added
industries
can
produce
goods
capable
of
commanding much higher prices in world
markets than the raw materials themselves.
澳大利亚经济面临的问题是结构问题。
The problems the Australian economy
faces are structural problems.
澳大利亚对其外贸
进行了重大方向调整，重点是朝向亚太地区快速发展的经济。
A
significant
reorientation
of
trade
towards
the
last-growing
economies
of
the
Asia-Pacific
region is now taking place in
Australia.
第三十一章
澳大利亚政治制度
Chapter 31
Government and Politics
澳大利亚联邦是一个联邦制国家
The Commonwealth of Australia is a
federation.
总的说来澳大利亚联邦实行三级政府体制
:
联邦议会和政府
;
六个州的议会
和六个州政府
;
大约九百个市、镇、自治市和郡级地方政府。<
/p>
Generally,
the
Australian
federation
has
a
three-tier
system
of
government
:
the
federal
parliament
and
government,
six
State
parliaments
and
governments,
and
about
900
local
governments at the city, town,
municipal
and shire level. <
/p>
澳大利亚是独立的，但与英国有宪法规定的联系。英国君主也是澳大利亚形式上的君
主，由联邦总督和六个州的总督代表君主行使权力。
Australia is independent but still has
constitutional links with Britain. Britain's
monarch is
also formally Australia's
and is represented in Australia by the Governor-
General and six State
governors.
Ⅰ
.
宪法
The Constitution
和英国不一样，澳大利亚有一部成文宪法，这部宪
法是在
1901
年六个殖民地结盟组成
澳大利亚联邦的时候开始生效的。
Unlike
Britain,
Australia
has
a
written
Constitution.
It
came
into
effect
when
the
six
colonies federated to form the
Commonwealth of Australia in 1901.
宪法只有
通过全民公决才能修改，一个全民公决的建议不能成为法律，除非经多数人
和多数州通过
。
The
Constitution
can
he
changed
only
by
referendum
.
Australia
a
referendum
proposal
cannot become law unless it is approved
by a majority of people and a majority of
States.
澳大利亚宪法是建立在联邦制原则上和责任制政府原则的基础上。
The Australian
Constitution
is
based
on
the
principle
of
federalism
and
the
principle
of
文档
responsible
government.
联邦制是一种政府体制，联邦政府和各州的州政府。它们
各自有权独立执行自己所得
的权力而不受别的部门的干涉。
Federalism is a system of government
the Commonwealth and the States. Each of them is
entitled to exercise its
allotted
powers independently of the
other.
（政府体制是建立在美国模式基础上的。）
（
Australian system of
government is based on the American
model.
）
责任政府是一种政体
，在这一体制中，行政权授予各部，在澳大利亚，各部成员必须
是议会议员。所有的部长
要为他们自己部门的事务对议会负责。
Responsible government is a system of
government in which executive authority is vested
in
a
ministry
whose
members
in
Australia
must
be
Members
of
Parliament.
All
ministers
are
responsible to Parliament for the
affairs of their own departments.
（政府体制是以英国模式为基础的）
Australian system of government is
based on the British model
宪法中，参议院的作用是保护各州。
Under the constitutiong, functions of
the Senate was to protect the rights of the
States.
在澳大利亚，宪法照字面的解释和责任政府按惯例行事之间有时有冲突
。
In Australia, there is
sometimes a conflict between the literal
interpretation approach to
the
Constitution and the conventional/responsible
government approach to the Constitution.
Ⅱ
.
议会
Parliament
澳大利亚联邦议会是仿照威斯敏斯特制
(
英国制
)
。议会是立法机关，也就是
说，它有
权制定和修改法律。
The
Australian
Federal
Parliament
is
modeled
on
the
Westminster
system.
It
is
the
Legislature. That is, it has the power
to make and change laws.
它由女王
(
由联邦总督代表
)
和议会的两院组
成
:
众议院
(
下院
)
和参议院
(
上院
)
。
It
consists
of
the
Queen
(represented
by
the
Governor-General)
and
two
Houses
of
Parliament: the House of
Representatives (the Lower House) and the Senate
(the Upper House).
除了参议院不能首先提出
< br>
财政
法案外
(
财政法案只能由众议院首先提出
)
，两院的权力
是平等的。
The
two Houses have
equal
powers
except
that
the Senate
cannot
originate
bills
which may be
initiated
only in the House
of Representatives.
1
．联邦总督
The Governor-General
联邦总督由女王根据澳大利亚总理的建议任命。
The
Governor-General
is
appointed
by
the
Queen
under
advice
from
the
Prime
Minister
of
Australia.
联邦总督以女王的名义批准两院通过的法律提案。
The Governor-General assents in the
Queen's name to proposed laws passed by both
Houses.
1975
年事件把注意力引到了责任政府和联
邦制的紧关系上，除非宪法被修改，
文档
The
events
of
1975
drew
attention
to
the
tension
between
responsible
government
and
federalism. Unless the Constitution is
changed
2.
众议院
The House of
Representatives
众议院的每一位成员都代表一个选区，
Each member of the House of
Representatives represents an
electorate,
3.
行政部门
The
Executive
行政部门是当时的政府，它由一党组成或由数党联合组成，这一党
或数党在众议院占
有多数席位。
The Executive is the government of the
day. It is formed by the party or coalition of
parties,
which has a majority of seats
in the House of Representatives,
部长们被分在
圈部
和
外圈部
。圈部组成阁
，它由最高级和最有经验的部长组成。
The
ministers
are
divided
into
an
ministry
and
an
ministry.
The
ministry
阁很有影响力，在整个政府系统中，它是主要的决策机构。
The Cabinet is very influential. It is
the major decision-making body in the whole system
of
government.
4
．参议院
The Senate
参议员是直接由选民投票选出来的。
senators are elected directly by the
voters.
澳大利亚参议院是审查院，对立法进行审查并提出修改建议。它还建立
一个委员会制
度，对各种问题进行审查。
The
Senate
in
Australia
has
functioned
as
a
house
of
review
where
the
legislation
is
examined and amendments suggested. It
has also set up a committee system to review
policy on a
range of matters.
各州选的参议员人数相等，不管州大州小。
The Constitution provided for equal
numbers of senators for each State, regardless
of size.
参议院几乎和众议院权力一样大。宪法规定了解决两院之间僵局的办
法
:
包括双重解
散。
< br>
The
Senate
is
almost
as
powerful
as
the
House
of
Representatives.
The
Constitution
provides
means
for
resolving
a
deadlock
between
the
two
houses,
including
a
double
dissolution
.
双重解散就是联邦总督根据总理的要求解散议会两院。
A
double
dissolution
is
the
dissolving
of
both
Houses
of
Parliament
by
the
Governor-
General at the
request of the Prime Minister.
5.
州议会
State
Parliaments
这五个上院每一个都叫立法议会，
Each of the five Upper Houses is known
as the Legislative Council,
Ⅲ
.
政党
Political
Parties
文档
政党制一直是联邦议会制的核心。
the party system has been the core of
the federal parliamentary system.
一个政党的权力顶峰是在联邦选举后控制政府。
The pinnacle of power for a political
party is to gain government after a federal
election.
对政党的选择仍一直是在澳大利亚工党和自由党之间。
For most Australians the party choice
has remained between the ALP and a Liberal party
我们可以说澳大利亚有
两个半党
制度，一边是澳大利亚工党，另一边是自由党和国
民党。
we can say that
Australia has a two-and-a-half party system of the
ALP on one aide and the
Liberal and
National parties on the other.
1
．澳大利亚工党
The
Australian Labor Party
澳大利亚工党是澳大利亚党派中历史
最长的党。它是在
1901
年联邦成立时建立的，
The ALP is the oldest of the
Australian parties. It was formed at the time of
Federation (1901)
澳大利亚工党的组成有一部分是工会。
The ALP is partly composed of trade
unions.
近几年来又一个进展是正式承认党存在的各个派别。
Another development of recent years has
been the formal recognition of
factions
within the
party.
2.
澳大利亚的自由党
The Liberal Party
of Australia
澳大利亚自由党的目前形式是在
1945
年由罗伯特·孟吉斯爵士重新建的。自那以来，
它一直
是澳大利亚主要党派之一，并且很长一段时间是执政党
The
present
form
of
the
Liberal
Party
of
Australia
was
refounded
in
1945
by
Sir
Robert
Menzies
. Since then it has
remained one of Australia's major parties and has
enjoyed a long period
of success.
尽管它的名称叫自由党，它有很多其它保守党的特色。
Despite its title, the Liberal Party of
Australia has many of the characteristics of
conservative
parties elsewhere.
它支持市场经济的资本主义制度。强调个人权利和公民自由，支持联邦主义原则。
it supports the capitalist system
with a market economy. It emphasizes individual
rights and
civil liberties. It supports
the principle of federalism.
自由党和工党的差异明显地变得越来越小了。
the Liberal Patty and the ALP have
tended to become less and less clear.
3.
澳大利亚国民党
The
National Party of Australia
澳大利亚国民党起初叫乡村党
,
传统上代表澳大利亚人乡村的利益。
The
National
Party
of
Australia
was
first
called
the
Country
Party,
it
has
traditionally
represented the interests of rural
Australians.
文档
它是第三大党。虽然它在众议院从未赢得过多数席位，
It is the third-largest party in
Australian federal politics. Although it has never
won a majority
of seats in the House of
Representatives,
它对许多社会问题的态度，可以说它比自由党更保守。
On a variety of social issues it can be
said to be more conservative than the Liberal
Party.
4.
澳大利亚民主党
The
Australian Democrats
澳大利亚民主党与自由党和国民党相比，其中立态度更甚。
The Australian Democrats is more
neutralist than the ALP and even more so than the
Liberal
and National parties.
Ⅳ
.
司法部门
The Judiciary
澳大利亚联邦政体由三部分组成。它们分别是立法、行政
和司法。
The
federal
political
system
in
Australia
consists
of
three
components.
They
are
the
Legislature, the Executive and the
Judiciary.
司法部是政治体制的司法职能部门
--
法庭和法官体制。
The
Judiciary is the judicial arm of the political
system--the system of courts and judges.
最高法院主要受理上诉案件，但它也有初审权，特别是涉及宪法解释案件。最高法院
的裁决对澳大利亚所有法院都有约束力。
Most of
the cases heard by the High Court are appeals but
it also has original jurisdiction,
most
notably
over interpretation
of the Constitution. Decisions of the High Court
are
binding
on
all other Australian courts.
联邦法院建于
1977
年。它依据一些联邦法案，对诸如产
业诉讼、破产、限制贸易的行
为等行使司法权。
The Federal Court of Australia
exercises jurisdiction under several federal acts,
家庭法院建于
1976
年。与其它法院
相比，显得不那么正规。
The Family Court
is a more informal court than other courts.
每一个州都有一个最高法院，在它下面是中级法院
(
一般称地区法院或郡法院
)
再下面
是地
方行政官法庭，地方法庭或初级法庭。
In
each
State
there
is
a
Supreme
Court. Below
it
are
intermediate
courts
commonly
called
District or County
Courts. Below them are
Magistrates
Courts, Local
Courts or Courts of
Petty
Sessions
.
第三十二章
澳大利亚社会和文化
Chapter 32 Society
and Culture
Ⅰ
.
土著人与澳大利亚社会
Aborigines and Australian Society
今天，土
著人和托雷斯海峡岛上居民仍是澳大利亚社会中最贫穷的一个阶层。
Today,
Aborigines
and
Torres
Strait
Islanders
are
still
the
most
impoverished
group
in
Australian society.
近年来，土著人土地权的问题一直是个有争议的问题。
文档
The Aboriginal land rights issue has
been a controversial one in recent years.
< br>马博裁决被赞喻为一个里程碑，因为它承认，从法律上讲，在欧洲人移民进来时澳大
利亚并不是无人居住。
The
Mabo
Judgment has been
hailed as a landmark one because it recognizes
that Australia
was not, in law,
unoccupied at the time of European settlement.
根据马博裁决，对于政府没有依法征用或土著人仍与其有传统联系的土地、土著人和
托雷斯海峡岛上居民仍享有所有权。
According
to
the
Mabo
Judgment,
Aboriginal
and
Torres
Strait
Islander
peoples
may
still
hold
native
title
to
land
where
it
has
not
been
lost
by
valid
acts
of
government
or
the
loss
of
traditional connection with the land.
近些年以来，土著人的社会和经济地位有所提高。
In recent years there has been some
improvement in the social and economic position of
the
Aboriginal people,
Ⅱ
.
澳大利亚向多元文化社会的过渡
Australia's Transition to a Multicultural
Society
根据多元文化主义，流动的群体可以讲他们自己的语言，保持他们自
己的风俗习惯。
Under
multiculturalism migrant groups are able to speak
their own language and maintain
their
own customs.
当澳大利亚的各个殖民地在
19
01
年联合起来建立联邦时，
白人澳大
利亚
政策
(1901
< br>年移民限制法
)
是这个新国家各种政策的基本原则。
When
the
Australian
colonies
joined
together
as
a
Commonwealth
in
1901
the
< br>Australia
Immigration Restriction Act
1901) was a
cornerstone
of
the new nation's
policies.
这些法律都建立在下述信条的基础上
:These laws
were based on the following beliefs:
(1)
移民必须加强澳大利亚人口的英国特性
;
Immigration must strengthen the largely
British nature of Australia's population.
(2)
人口应保持白色人种。
The population
should remain
白人澳大利亚
< br>
政策被取代的主要原因
:
why the
(1)1945
年
之后许多年里，澳大利亚无法招募到具有急需技能的移民。澳大利亚不得不
从更多国家寻
求移民。
In most years after
1945 Australia was unable to recruit those with
much-needed
skills, as it
wanted. Australia had to look to a
wider range of countries for immigration.
< br>(2)
人道主义问题和国际压力，也促使了近期的澳大利亚政府接纳了大量的难民
。
Humanitarian
concerns
,
and
international
pressures,
have
encouraged
recent
Australian
文档
government to accept substantial
numbers of refugees.
(3)
公众舆
论变得更能容忍来自欧洲之外的移民。澳大利亚经济和安全与亚洲，尤其是
东南亚是紧密
相联的
.
Public
opinion
has
become
more
tolerant
of
non-
European
immigration.
Australia's
economy and security are linked to
Asia, especially Southeast Asia,
多元文化意
味着接受这些文化的差异。这些差异不但没有削弱澳大利亚社会的凝聚
力，而且还被认为
增强和丰富了澳大利亚社会的机体。
Multiculturalism
involves
the
acceptance
of
these
cultural
differences.
Rather
than
undermining
the
cohesiveness
of Australian
society, the differences are seen as
strengthening
and enriching its
fabric
.
Ⅲ
.
妇女在社会中的作用
Women's Role in Society
第二次世界大战期间，妇女们接
替了男人们去打仗而空下的工作岗位。
During
World War II, women took over the jobs left
vacant
by men who were
engaged in the
war effort.
到
了
20
世纪
60
年代晚期，更多的妇女参加工作，走出家门去工作越来越被看作是人
们共同的责任。<
/p>
By the late
1960s
，
more women have joined
the 'work force, Going out to work is seen more
and more as a joint responsibility.
这些变化的理由包括下面几点
:
Reasons for these changes include the
following
：
(1)
战后繁荣的结束导致了失业人数的增加和生活水平迅速改善的停止，许多家庭发
现，一个人的收入不够维持他们想要的生活水平
;
The end of the post-war boom resulted
in increasing unemployment and a halt to the rapid
improvements
in
standard
of
living.
Many
families
found
that
one
income
was
not
enough
to
support the standard of
living they wanted.
(2)20
世纪
70
年代澳大利亚妇女解放运动产生的影响，促使许多妇女寻求
自己的事业
和较好的教育。
The
influence
of
the
women's
liberation
movement
in
Australia
during
the
1970s
prompted
many women to seek
careers and better education.
可以说澳大利亚今
天仍然是男性占统治地位的社会，以劳动就业为例，性别的不平等
仍能在下面几个方面看
到
:
Australia
is
still
a
male-dominated
society.
Take
participation
in
the
work
force
for
example. Gender
inequality can still be found in the following
respects.
文档
(1)
大约三分之二的女工是在五种职业群里
:
销售和店员、职员、教师、护士和社区工
作人员。这
些职业一般被认为是妇女在家庭中的传统作用的延伸；
About two-thirds of female workers
work in five occupational groups: sales and shop
assistants,
clerical
workers,
teachers,
nurses,
and
community
workers.
These
occupations
are
generally considered to
be extensions of the traditional women's role in
the home.
(2)
因为妇女大多从事上述职业，她
们的平均工资比男性低；
As women tend to
be drawn into the above-mentioned occupations,
they receive lower pay
on average than
men.
(3)
妇女在部分时间从事工作的工人中起着支
配作用，占所有部分工时工人的
78%
。
Women have a dominant role in the
part-time work force, making up 78% of all part-
time
workers.
Ⅳ
.<
/p>
澳大利亚文化
Australian Culture
澳大利亚的历史可分为几个主要阶段
:
the history of Australia can be divided
into several major
phases
:
第一阶段
(1778
年以前
):
土著人的土著文化
;
Phase one
(Pre-1778)
：
The original
culture of Aboriginal people.
第二阶段
:
英国以武力建立移民定居点之后，
占支配地位的文化出现和确立
;
Phase
two
：
The emergence and
establishment of a dominant culture after British
settlement.
Established by force.
第三阶段
:
由移民建立的少数民族文化得到发展
;
Phase three
：
The
growth of minority cultures.
Established by migration.
第四阶段
:
多元文化社会出现
; Phase four
：
The emergence
of a multicultural society.
第五阶段
(1990
年以后
):
多元文化社会的建立。
Phase five
(Post-1990)
：
The
establishment of a multicultural society.
多元文化社会的建立是由于
: multicultural
society established by:
(1)
立法
; legislation;
(2)
代表权
;
representation;
(3)
承认土著文化的价值和所有后来移民文化的贡献
;
recognition of
value of original
culture and contributions and all subsequent
migrating cultures;
(4)
容忍和接受澳大利亚的文化差异及这种差异与澳大利亚社会的关系
;
tolerance and acceptance of Australia's
cultural diversity and its relationship to
Australia's social
context.
1
．土著文化
Aboriginal
culture
他们的历书是分季节的和循环的
;
土著人信奉梦幻时代。这里的大部分的传统文化到
20
< br>世纪中期都已失去了。
Their
calendar
was seasonal and
cyclical: The
Aboriginal people
believed in the
Dreamtime. the traditional culture had been lost
by the mid-twentieth century.
2.
现代澳大利亚文化
Modern Australian culture
文档
现代澳大利亚文化是许多传统和
多种影响的重叠与混合物
:
英国的、美国的、欧洲的和
亚洲的。
Modern
Australian
culture
is
a
mixture
of
many
traditions
and
influences
which
overlap
:
British,
American, European and Asian.
(1)1788<
/p>
年后，是英国传统首先塑造澳大利亚的文化生活。
After 1788 it was British traditions
which initially shaped the cultural life of
Australia.
(2)
澳大利亚文化越来越多地受美国
大众文化和美国巨大娱乐业的影响
:
Australian
culture
has
come
more
and
more
under
the
influence
of
American
mass
culture
and
America's giant entertainment industry:
(3)
欧亚移民和亚洲移民的文化曾长时间不允许发展，因而对
澳大利亚文化没有很大影
响。
The
culture of European and Asian immigrants was for
a long time not allowed to develop and
did not greatly affect Australian
culture.
(4)
只是在最近，澳大利亚人才开始认识
到，来自英国之外的澳大利亚人也有他们自己
的文化和精神生活，也有他们自己的传统和
风俗习惯，这些都应受到尊重。
Only
recently
have
Australians
begun
to
realize
that
migrants
from
non-Anglo-Australian
backgrounds also
have
their
own
cultural
and
intellectual
life,
their
own
traditions and
customs
which need to be respected.
Ⅴ
.
澳大利亚
:2001
年成为一个国，可能吗
? V. Australia: a
Republic in 20017
主义辩论：在澳大利亚有一个持续不断的大辩论
，是关于澳大利亚应该保持君主政体
还是成为国。
republicanism
debate
：
There is a continuing
debate in Australia about whether Australia should
remain a monarchy or become a republic.
1
．主义对君主政体的辩论简史
A
brief
history
of
the
republicanism
versus
monarchy
debate
激
进的民族主义者们想要澳大利亚成为一个国，这一要求被
1901
年建立的联邦制阻
止。
The
radical nationalists wanted Australia to be a
republic. This was
forestalled
by Federation in
1901,
和英国的联系。
The
links with Britain
(1)
英国女王
是澳大利亚女王，在昆士兰，新南威尔士等由总督和六个州的总督来代表女
王。
The Queen of Britain is Queen
of Australia,
Queensland,
New South Wales and so on represented
by a Governor-General and six State
Governors.
(2)
澳大利亚国旗角
上有英国国旗，还有南十字星座和代表联邦的星。
The
Australian flag has the British flag in its
corner, along with the Southern Cross and the
star of federation.
-磷酸钠
-磷酸钠
-磷酸钠
-磷酸钠
-磷酸钠
-磷酸钠
-磷酸钠
-磷酸钠
-
上一篇：文献整理汇总表格.
下一篇：美国H1B工作签证详解材料清单申请条件申请流程审理时间