澳大利亚国家概况英文版

2021年1月28日发(作者：implement什么意思)

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FLY TO AU WITH ME

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CONTENT

1 Federation ....... .................................................. ...........................

2

1.1 Coverment . .................................................. .........................

3

1.2 National Anthem ................... ..................................................

4

2 Geography ... .................................................. ...............................

5

3 Climate

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6

4 History

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7

5 Econom y................................................. ......................................

9

6 Culcture

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6.1 Arts

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6.2 Media ............... .................................................. ............... 14

7 Sports

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8 Symbol

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................................ .................................................. .... 17

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1 Federation

The Commonwealth of Australia was formed in 1901 when six independe

nt British colonies agreed to join together and become states of a new natio

n.

The birth of the nation is often referred to as 'federation'. This is becau

se the Constitution created a 'federal' system of government. Under a federa

l system, powers are divided between a central government and individual s

tates. In Australia, power was divided between the Australian Government a

nd the six state governments.

Australia has six states: New South Wales (NSW), Queensland (QLD), Sou

th Australia (SA), Tasmania(TAS), Victoria (VIC) and Western Australia (WA)

—

and two major mainland territories

—

the Australian Capital Territory (ACT)

and the Northern Territory (NT).

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1.1 Coverment

Australia is a constitutional monarchy with a federal division of powers.

It uses a parliamentary system of government

with Queen Elizabeth II at its

apex as the Queen of Australia, a role that is distinct from her position as

monarch

of

the

other Commonwealth

realms.

The

Queen

resides

in

the

United

Kingdom,

and

she

is

represented

by

her

viceroys

in

Australia

(the Governor- General at

the

federal

level

and

by

the Governors at

the

state level), who by convention act on the advice of her ministers. Supreme

executive

authority

is

vested

by

the Constitution

of

Australia

in

the

sovereign,

but

the

power

to

exercise

it

is

conferred

by

the

Constitution

specifically on the Governor-General. The most notable exercise to date of

the

Governor- General's reserve

powers outside

the

Prime

Minister's

request

was the dismissal of the Whitlam Government in the constitutional crisis of

1975.

The federal government is separated into three branches:

?

The legislature: the bicameral Parliament, defined in section 1 of the

constitution as comprising the Queen (represented by the Governor-

General), the Senate, and the House of Representatives;

?

The executive: the Federal Executive Council, in practice the

Governor- General as advised by the Prime Minister and Ministers of State;

?

The judiciary: the High Court of Australia and other federal courts,

whose judges are appointed by the Governor-General on advice of the

Council.

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Parliament House, Canberra

1.2 National Anthem

‘Advance Australia Fair’ is the national anthem of Australia.

A revised

version of a late nineteenth century patriotic song, it was officially declared

the national anthem on 19 April 1984.

Peter Dodds McComick

Australians all let us rejoice,

For we are young and free;

We've golden soil and wealth for toil,

Our home is girt by sea;

Our land abounds in nature's gifts

Of beauty rich and rare;

In history's page, let every stage

Advance Australia Fair.

In joyful strains then let us sing,

Advance Australia Fair.

Beneath our radiant Southern Cross,

We'll toil with hearts and hands;

To make this Commonwealth of ours

Renowned of all the lands;

For those who've come across the seas

We've boundless plains to share;

With courage let us all combine

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To Advance Australia Fair.

In joyful strains then let us sing,

Advance Australia Fair.

2 Geography

Australia is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian contine

nt, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands. Neighbouring coun

tries include Indonesia, East Timor and Papua New Guinea to the north; th

e Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east; and New Zealand to the so

uth-east.

Australia's landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres (2,941,300 sq mi) is

on the Indo-Australian Plate. Surrounded by the Indian and Pacific oceans, it

is separated from Asia by the Arafura and Timor seas, and the Tasman Sea l

ying between Australia and New Zealand.

The world's smallest continent and sixth largest country by total area. A

ustralia --owing to its size and isolation

—

is often dubbed the

nt

Australia has 34,218 kilometres (21,262 mi) of coastline (excluding all of

f shore islands), and claims an extensive Exclusive Economic Zone of 8,148,2

50 square kilometres (3,146,060 sq mi). This exclusive economic zone does n

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ot include the Australian Antarctic Territory. Excluding Macquarie Island, Au

stralia lies between latitudes 9

°

and 44

°

S, and longitudes 112

°

and 154

°

E.

The Great Barrier Reef, the world's largest coral reef, lies a short distan

ce off the north-east coast and extends for over 2,000 kilometres (1,240 m

i). Mount Augustus, claimed to be the world's largest monolith, is located i

n Western Australia. At 2,228 metres (7,310 ft), Mount Kosciuszko on the Gr

eat Dividing Range is the highest mountain on the Australian mainland.

Australia's size gives it a wide variety of landscapes, with tropical rainfo

rests in the north-east, mountain ranges in the south-east, south-west and

east, and dry desert in the centre.

It is the flattest continent, with the oldest and least fertile soils;

deser

t or semi-arid land commonly known as the outback makes up by far the larg

est portion of land.

The driest inhabited continent, only its south-east and

south-west corners have a temperate climate. The population density, 2.8 in

habitants per square kilometre, is among the lowest in the world, although

a large proportion of the population lives along the temperate south- easter

n coastline.

3 Climate

The climate of Australia is significantly influenced by ocean currents, in

cluding the Indian Ocean Dipole and the El Ni?o

–

Southern Oscillation, which

is correlated with periodic drought, and the seasonal tropical low- pressure

system that produces cyclones in northern factors cause rai

nfall to vary markedly from year to year. Much of the northern part of the

country has a tropical, predominantly summer-rainfall (monsoon) climate. T

hesouthwest corner of the country has a Mediterranean climate. Much of the

southeast (including Tasmania) is temperate.

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4 History

Human habitation of the Australian continent is estimated to have

begun between 42,000 and 48,000 years ago, possibly with the migration of

people by land bridges and short sea-crossings from what is nowSouth-East

Asia.

The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and

the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are

attributed to the Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of

Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, and made landfall on 26 February at

the Pennefather River near the modern town of Weipa on Cape York. The

Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named

the island continent

attempt at settlement.

William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer,

landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688 and again in 1699 on

a return trip. In 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast,

which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. With the

loss of its American colonies in 1780, the British Government sent a fleet of

ships, the

establish a new penal colony in New South Wales. A camp was set up and

the flag raised at Sydney Cove,Port Jackson, on 26 January 1788, a date

which became Australia's national day, Australia Day although the

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British Crown Colony of New South Wales was not formally promulgated until

7 February 1788. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, the

establishment of farming, industry and commerce; and the exploration and

settlement of other regions.

A British settlement was established in Van Diemen's Land, now known a

s Tasmania, in 1803 and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Ki

ngdom formally claimed the western part of Western Australia (theSwan Riv

er Colony) in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South

Wales: South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, and Queensland in 1859. Th

e Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Au

stralia.

A gold rush began in Australia in the early 1850s and the Eureka Rebelli

on against mining licence fees in 1854 was an early expression of civil disobe

dience. Between 1855 and 1890, the six colonies individually gained responsi

ble government, managing most of their own affairs while remaining part of

the British Empire. The Colonial Office in London retained control of some

matters, notably foreign affairs,

defence, and international shipping.

On 1 January 1901, federation of the colonies was achieved after a deca

de of planning, consultation and voting. The Commonwealth of Australia was

established and it became a dominion of the British Empire in 1907. The Fe

deral Capital Territory (later renamed the Australian Capital Territory) was f

ormed in 1911 as the location for the future federal capital of Canberra. M

elbourne was the temporary seat of government from 1901 to 1927 while Ca

nberra was being constructed. The Northern Territory was transferred from

the control of the South Australian government to the federal parliament in

1911. In 1914, Australia joined Britain in fighting World War I, with support f

rom both the outgoing Commonwealth Liberal Party and the incoming Austra

lian Labor Party. Australians took part in many of the major battles fought o

n the Western Front.

Of about 416,000 who served, about 60,000 were killed

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and another 152,000 were wounded.

Many Australians regard the defeat o

f the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZACs) atGallipoli as the bir

th of the nation

—

its first major military action. The Kokoda Track campaig

n is regarded by many as an analogous nation-defining event during World W

ar II.

Britain's Statute of Westminster 1931 formally ended most of the constit

utional links between Australia and the UK. Australia adopted it in 1942, b

ut it was backdated to 1939 to confirm the validity of legislation passed by t

he Australian Parliament during World War II. The shock of the United Kingd

om's defeat in Asia in 1942 and thethreat of Japanese invasion caused Austra

lia to turn to the United States as a new ally and protector. Since 1951, Aus

tralia has been a formal military ally of the US, under the ANZUS treaty. Af

ter World War II Australia encouraged immigration from Europe. Since the 1

970s and following the abolition of the White Australia policy, immigration f

rom Asia and elsewhere was also promoted. As a result, Australia's demogra

phy, culture, and self-image were transformed. The final constitutional ties

between Australia and the UK were severed with the passing of the Australia

Act 1986, ending any British role in the government of the Australian States,

and closing the option of judicial appeals to the Privy Council in London. In

a 1999 referendum, 55% of voters and a majority in every state rejected a

proposal to become a republic with a president appointed by a two-thirds vo

te in both Houses of the Australian Parliament. Since the election of the Whi

tlam Government in 1972, there has been an increasing focus in foreign poli

cy on ties with other Pacific Rim nations, while maintaining close ties with A

ustralia's traditional allies and trading partners

5 Economy

Australia is a wealthy country; it generates its income from various sour

ces including mining-related exports, telecommunications, banking and man

ufacturing. It has a market economy, a relatively high GDP per capita, and a

relatively low rate of poverty.

The Australian dollar is the currency for the nation, including Christmas

Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, and Norfolk Island, as well as the independe

nt Pacific Island states of Kiribati, Nauru, and Tuvalu. With the 2006 merger

of the Australian Stock Exchange and the Sydney Futures Exchange, the Aust

ralian Securities Exchange became the ninth largest in the world.

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Ranked third in the Index of Economic Freedom (2010), Australia is th

e world's twelfth largest economy and has thefifth highest per capita GDP (n

ominal) at $$66,984. The country was ranked second in the United Nations 20

11 Human Development Index and first in Legatum's 2008 Prosperity Index. A

ll of Australia's major cities fare well in global comparative livability surveys;

Melbourne reached first place on

The Economist'

s 2011,

2012 and 2013 worl

d's most liveable cities lists, followed by Adelaide, Sydney, and Perth in the

fifth, seventh, and ninth places respectively. Total government debt in Aust

ralia is about $$190 billion

–

20% of GDP in 2010.

Australia has among the high

est house prices and some of the highest household-debt levels in the world.

Over the past decade, inflation has typically been 2

–

3% and the base int

erest rate 5

–

6%. The service sector of the economy, including tourism, educ

ation, and financial services, accounts for about 70% of GDP. Rich in natural

resources, Australia is a major exporter of agricultural products, particularly

wheat and wool, minerals such as iron-ore and gold, and energy in the form

s of liquified natural gas and coal. Although agriculture and natural resource

s account for only 3% and 5% of GDP respectively, they contribute substantia

lly to export performance. Australia's largest export markets are Japan, Chin

a, the US, South Korea, and New Zealand. Australia is the world's fourth larg

est exporter of wine, and the wine industry contributes $$5.5 billion per year

to the nation's economy.

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