南京大学MTI 2016年考研真题

南京大学

MTI 2016

年考研真题（回忆版）

翻译硕士英语

改错原文（来自

BBC

）

For authors of self- help guides, no human problem is too great or too small. Want to become

fitter, richer or happier in 2015? There are books for it

–

shelves upon shelves of them.

Hoping for increased efficiency, decisiveness and creativity in the months ahead? There are

titles for that too.

As we knuckle down to our New Year‘s resolutions, we‘ll turn in droves to self

-help books,

hoping to find our own best selves in their pages. But a book needn‘t

hector or lecture to

leave its imprint. The truth is that all good literature changes us, and a growing body of

research suggests you might do better browsing through fiction for support in battling life‘s

challenges. Think of it less as self-

help than ?shelf help‘.

Reading has been proven to sharpen analytical thinking, enabling us to better discern

patterns

–

a handy tool when it comes to the often

baffling behaviour of ourselves and

others. But fiction in particular can make you more socially able and empathetic. Last year,

the Journal of Applied Social Psychology published

a paper

showing how reading Harry

Potter made young people in the UK and Italy more positively disposed towards stigmatised

minorities such as refugees. And in 2013, psychologists at the New School for Social

Research found that

literary fiction

enhanced people‘s ability to register and read others‘

emotions.

We think of novels as places in which to lose ourselves, but when we emerge, we take with

us inspiration from our favourite characters. A

2012 study

by researchers at Ohio State

University found that this process could actually change a reader‘s behaviour. In one

experiment, participants strongly identifying with a fictional character who overcame

obstacles to vote proved significantly more likely to vote in a real election.

阅读题原文

Before Laszlo Polgá

r conceived his children, before he even met his wife, he knew he was

going to raise geniuses. He‘d started to write a book about it. He saw it moves ahead.

By

their

first

meeting,

a

dinner

and

walk

around

Budapest

in

1965,

Laszlo

told

Klara,

his

future

bride,

how

his

kids‘

education

would

go.

He

had

studied

the

lives

of

geniuses

and

divined

a

pattern:

an

adult

singularly

focused

on

the

child‘s

success.

He‘d

raise

the

kids

outside school, with intense devoti

on to a subject, though he wasn‘t sure what.

child,

And he‘d do it with great love.

Fifty years later in a leafy suburb of St. Louis, I met one of Laszlo

‘s daughters, Susan Polgár,

the first woman ever to earn the title of chess grandmaster. For several years, Susan had led

the chess team of Webster University

—

a small residential college with a large international

and online footprint

—

to consecutive national titles. Their spring break had just begun, and

for the next few days, in a brick-and- glass former religious library turned chess hall, the team

would drill for a four-team tournament in New York City to defend the title.

The

students,

sporting

blue-and-yellow

windbreakers

and

polos,

huddled

around

a

checked

board of white and black, a queen, rook, and pawn stacked in a row. They had started with

the

King‘s Indian Defense

, a well-mapped terrain. Now they were in the midgame. Polgá

r sat

to the side, behind a laptop synced to the game, algorithms whirring. What should be the next

move? she asked.

Jocular debate broke

out, accents betraying origins: Ukraine,

Azerbaijan,

Colombia,

Brazil,

Cuba,

Vietnam,

Hungary.

is

not

human,

one

student

said.

looks

magical,

said

another. Computers have long since outclassed humans in chess; they‘re vital in training, but

their recommended

moves

can

seem

quixotic.

i

t‘s

very

human,

Polgár

assured

them.

The

students,

most

of

them

grandmasters,

grew

quiet,

searching

the

more

than

100,000

positional situations they had ingrained over their lifetimes, exploring possible moves and the

future problems they implied

—

moving

down the decision tree. It‘s the knot at the heart of

chess: Each turn, you must move; when you move, a world of potential vanishes.

r confirmed.

a

human

move,

she

said.

actually

very

pretty.

The

arrangement

is

close

to

a

strategy she used before, against her sister.

The students murmured. This demanded respect. Susan Polgá

r may be the first woman ever to

earn the grandmaster title, but her younger sister is the best female chess player of all time.

There are three Polgá

r sisters, Zsuzsa (Susan), Zsofia (Sofia), and Judit: all chess prodigies,

raised

by

Laszlo

and

Klara

in

Budapest

during

the

Cold

War.

Rearing

them

in

modest

conditions, where a walk to the stationery store was a great event, the Polgá

rs homeschooled

their

girls,

defying

a

skeptical

and

chauvinist

Communist

system.

They

lived

chess,

often

practicing

for

eight

hours

a

day.

By

the

end

of

the

1980s,

the

family

had

become

a

phenomenon:

wealthy,

stars

in

Hungary

and,

when

they

visited

the

United

States, headline

news.

The girls were not an experiment in any proper form. Laszlo knew that. There was no control.

But

soon

enough,

their

story

outgrew

their

lives.

They

became

prime

examples

in

a

psychological

debate

that

has

existed

for

a

century:

Does

success

depend

more

on

the

accidents

of

genetics

or

the

decisions

of

upbringing?

Nature

or

nurture?

In

its

most

recent

form,

that

debate

has

revolved

around

the

position,

advanced

by

K.

Anders

Ericsson,

a

psychologist at Florida State University, that intense practice is the most dominant variable in

success. The Polgá

rs would seem to suggest: Yes.

You may have heard of Ericsson. His work was popularized by Malcolm Gladwell in his 2008

best seller, Outliers, which spawned the notion of 10,000 hours of practice, in particular, as a

mythical

threshold

to

success.

It‘s

a

cultural

fixture.

Turn

on

the

radio

and

you‘ll

hear

a

musician

talking

about

his

10,000

hours

in.

This

popularization

also

caused

a