club-亚麻布
Diction
（选词法）
Choice of Affective Meaning
s
（
选择情感意义
）
< br>
Affective meaning refers to what is
communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the
writer
towards the reader. You may
address somebody as an
“
idio
t
”
to convey your despise,
or describe
something as
“
marvelous
”
to
express your positive evaluation. There are
basically three types of
affective
meanings: positive (
褒义
),
neutral (
中性
), and derogatory
(
贬义
).
Positive
portly
(
发福的
)
Neutral
overweight
(
超重的
)
Derogatory
obese
(
臃肿的
)
slender, slim
(
苗条的
)
underweight
(
体重不够
的
)
skinny
(
瘦削的
)
senior, elder
(
长者
)
old man/woman
(
老人
)
fossil
(
老朽
)
Some
words
when
used
in
different
contexts
may
have
different
affective
meanings.
In
translating, it is significant to
determine the implications of these words
according to the context.
Words
death
result
ambition
scheme
collaborate
Positive
仙逝，长眠
成果
雄心，抱负
Neutral
死，死亡
结果
志向，强烈欲望
Derogatory
一命呜呼，见鬼
后果
野心
计划，规划，方案
阴谋，诡计，计谋
合作，协作
与敌勾结，通敌
歧视
discrimination
辨别力，识别力，鉴赏力
不一视同仁
1.
individualism
:
①
feeling or behaviour of a
person who likes to do things his/her own way,
regardless of what other people do;
②
theory that favours free
action and complete liberty
of belief
for each individual person (contrasted with the
theory that favours the supremacy
of
the state); (
OALD
2002:758)
③
the idea that the rights
and freedom of the individual
are the
most important rights in a society
(
LDCE
1998:776).
个人主义
:
一切从个人出发，把个人
利益放在集体利益之上，只顾自己，不顾别人的
错误思想。
个人
主义是生产资料私有制的产物，
是资产阶级世界观的核心。
它的
表现
形式是多方面的，如个人英雄主义、自由主义、本位主义等（
《现代汉语词典》
2002
：
656
）
。
Therefore,
individualism
（
中性词
）
≠
个人主义
（
贬义词<
/p>
）
≈
个体主义
2.
liberalism
: liberal opinions
or principles, esp. with regard to social and
political matters;
liberal:
①
willing to understand and
respect the ideas and feelings of others;
②
supporting
or
allowing some change, e.g. in political or
religious affairs;
③
encouraging or leading to
a
wide
general
knowledge,
wide
possibilities
for
self-expression,
and
respect
for
other
56
people’s
opinions
;
④
giving
freely and generously;
⑤
given freely; large;
⑥
neither close
nor very exact
(
LDCE
1998:873).
自由主义
：①
19
世纪和
20
世纪初期的一种资产阶级政治思想。自由主义者代表资产
阶级的利益，
反对政治的、社会的和宗教的束缚，
在历
史上曾经起过进步的作用。但
在资产阶级取得政权后，
自由主义
就成了掩饰资产阶级统治的幌子。
②革命队伍中的
一种错误的思
想作风，
主要表现是缺乏原则性，
无组织，
无纪律，
强调个人利益等
（
《现<
/p>
代汉语词典》
2002
：
2550
）
。
Therefore,
liberalism
（
中性词
）
≠
自由主义
（
贬义词
）
3.
pragmatism
: pragmatic ways
of considering and dealing with things; pragmatic:
dealing
with matters in the way that
seems best under the actual conditions, rather
than following a
general principle;
concerned with practical results
(
LDCE
1998:1173).
实用主义
：
现代资产阶级哲学的一个派别，
创始于美国。
它的主要内容是否
认世界的
物质性和真理的客观性，
把客观存在和主观经验等同起
来，
认为有用的就是真理，
思
维只是应
付环境解决疑难的工具（
《现代汉语词典》
2002
：
1744
）
。
Therefore,
pragmatis
m
（褒义词）
≠
实用主义
（
贬义词
）
Examples:
1.
Aggressive
nations threaten
world peace.
侵略成性的
国家威胁世界和平。
A salesman must be
aggressive
if he wants to
succeed.
推销员如要成功，必须
有闯劲
。
2. He
incited
the soldiers to fight bravely.
他
激励
士兵勇敢作战。
He was charged with
inciting
people to violence.
他被控
煽动
人们暴动。
3. Every
dog
has his day.
人人
皆有得意之时。
4.
“You
chicken
!” he cried, looking
at Tom with contempt.
“你这
胆小鬼
！
”他轻蔑地看着汤姆嚷道。
(3) Compare and
translate the following, paying attention to the
words in italics:
1.
①
The
story
of the hero is
extremely moving.
②
He
storied
about
his age.
③
That
face must have a
story
belonging to it.
④
The real
story
was made public.
⑤
What a
story
!
I don
’
t believe a
word of it.
2.
①
He
’
s a
stubborn
child who
won
’
t obey his mother.
②
The defenders put up
stubborn
resistance.
3.
①
Thy found a mountain
refuge
for climbers
.
②
The political
dissidents sought
refuge
abroad.
4. He is a
bookworm.
5. All
the constitutional powers were vested in a
single being.
Choice of Grammatical Meanings
（
选择语法意义
）
57
Examples:
1. The
lapped wafers are then
polished
to a mirror finish
with graded diamond
polish
.
把研磨好的薄片用各级金刚砂
抛光剂抛光
到镜面光洁度。
2. Take the cart
back
to the
back
yard and
back
it into the shed at the
back
of the stable.
< br>把牛车拉
回
到
后
院，再把它
倒到
牛棚
后面
的小屋去。
3. He had no
stomach
to follow us.
他不
想
跟我们走。
I can
’
t
stomach
this job any longer.
这工作我再也
受
不了啦。
Drills
4.
①
It is neither
round
nor square.
②
The wheels go
round
rapidly.
③
The night watchman makes
his
rounds
every hour.
④
The earth moves
round
the sun.
⑤
The ship
rounded
the Cape of Good Hope.
⑥
The talk
rounded
into a plan.
5. I
iron
my
clothes with an
iron
.
6.
Brush
your
hair with the
hairbrush
.
7.
Paper
the
walls with white
paper
.
8. You must
ship
the cargo in a large
ship
.
Choice of
Contextual Meanings
（
选择语境意义
）
Examples:
Book
1. Show me the
complaint
book
, please.
请把<
/p>
意见簿
拿给我看看。
2. Milton
’
s
Paradise Lost
consists of
twelve
books
.
弥尔顿
的长诗《失乐园》共有
12
卷
。
3.
That
’
s all I remember, sir,
on
the
Book
.
凭
《圣经》
起誓，长官，我记得的就是这些。
4. He claims to have been graduated
from this college, but his name is not on the
books
.
他自称是从本学院毕业
的，但
注册簿
上没有他的名字。
5. He is always
painstakingly at his
books
.
他总是
埋头苦读
。
6. The
music was fine, but the
book
was very poor.
音乐是出色的，但是
歌词
很糟。
7. How many
names are there on your
books
?
你们的
登记名册
上共有多少人？
8. He went
out to the village to pay
tradesmen
’
s
books
.
他到村里的买卖人那儿
付
账
去了。
9. In the business college students are
taught to keep
books
.
商学院教授学生作
簿记
。
10. Are you in
the
book
?
58
电话簿
里有你的电话号码吗？
Drills
Power
1. I will
do
everything within my
power
to assist you.
2. The new kinescope has a
resolving power
of 800
lines.
3. Basically, all
power
is with the people.
4.
Political
power
grows out of the
barrel of a gun.
5.
China
has
a
few
nuclear
weapons,
but
it
will
never
join
the
so-called
club
of
nuclear
powers.
英语词义：较概括，较灵活，范围很宽
汉语词义：较具体，较凝滞，范围较窄
Choice of Collocative Meani
ngs
（
选择搭配意义
）
Examples:
1.
Build
(v.)
build a house
盖房子
build a fire
生火
build a ship
造船
build a car
制造汽车
build a bridge
架桥
build a stamp collection
集邮
build a dam
筑坝
build an
answer
思索作答
build
one
’
s confidence
树立信心
build the
drama of a story
构思故事的戏剧性情节
build scholars of tomorrow
培养未来的学者
Reading
builds the mind.
阅读能发展智能。
2.
Subjection
of nature’s forces to man
,
machinery,
application
of
chemistry to industry and
agriculture,
steam-navigation,
railways,
electric
telegraphs,
clearing
of
whole
continents
for
cultivation,
canalization
of
rivers,
whole
populations
conjured
out
of
the
ground
—
what earlier century had even a
presentiment that such productive forces slumbered
in the
lap of social labour?
(K. Marx and F. Engels:
Manifesto of the Communist
Party
)
自然力的
征服
，
机器的
采用
，
化学在工业和农业中的
应用
，
轮船的
行驶
，
铁路的
通行
，
电报的
使用
，
整个整个大陆的
开垦
，
河川的
通航
，
< br>仿佛用法术从地下呼唤出来的大量
人口
—
过去哪一个世纪能够料想到有这样
的生产力潜伏在社会劳动里呢
?
Drills
Translate the following,
paying attention to the collocations:
3.
Heavy
(adj.)
a heavy rain
a heavy sea
a heavy load
a heavy buyer
a heavy crop
a heavy demand
heavy news
heavy sorrow
a heavy vote
a heavy thinker
a heavy schedule
a heavy
politician
heavy advertising
a heavy play
heavy
casualties
This book is heavy reading.
59
4.
Good
(adj.)
good
manners
good soil
a good
king
good humor
a good
Catholic
good living
good
eggs
a good question
a good
debt
good sense
a good hour
a good eater and a good sleeper
5. In order to get a
large
amount of waterpower
we need a
large
pressure and
a
large
current.
6. Briefly, a long thin wire has a
high
resistance; a short
thick wire has a
low
resistance.
7. This country was
recovering its true self,
drawing
lessons
both from its own mistakes and
from its enemies.
8. On
display was merchandise
attractive
in price and
quality.
9. They
captured
fifty enemy
soldiers and many weapons.
3.5 Choice
of Stylistic Meanings
（
选择文体意义
）
Examples of Chinese stylistic synonyms
书面语词
母亲
诞辰
清晨
逝世
散步
恐吓
口语词
妈妈
生日
早上
死
溜达
吓唬
古语词
/
旧词
殆
乘
致
木匠
厨子
大夫
现代词
/
新词
危险
坐
给
木工
厨师
医生
普通用语
给
现在
办法
安排
私下
这
措施
部署
擅自
此
公文用语
给予
兹
普通用语
飞
心
静
光亮
半夜
寂寞
文艺作品用语
飞翔
心灵
寂静
晶莹
子夜
寂寥
Examples of English
stylistic synonyms with their translations
Informal
broke,
flat broke, hard up
穷
,
衣袋空空
,
穷光蛋
,
一个子儿也没有
Neutral
poor
贫穷
Formal (Literary)
poverty-
stricken, penniless, in want,
underprivileged, impecunious, indigent
身无分文，一文不名，穷困，贫困
pooped,
dog-tired,
worn-
tired
out,
played-out, all in
没劲
,
累死了
疲劳
exhausted, weary, fatigued, spent
疲乏，疲备，筋疲力尽，疲惫不堪
boy, young
young/little punk
(
贬
)
,
kid,
person,
young guy, lad
teenager
小流氓
,
年轻人
,
男孩子，
< br>小
鬼
,
小伙子
男孩
,
年轻
人，青少年
youth, stripling
年轻人
,
年轻男人
60
Examples of English words with their
Chinese stylistic synonyms
Words
lively
irrelevant
identical
thick
with discretion
with eloquence
great
contribution
invulnerability
meager food
frightened
A good translator should
represent not only the original thought but also
the original style as
well in the
target language. That is called
“
意似，形似，神似
”.
To
illustrate this point, here are
given
some examples taken from
Pygmalion
by Bernard Shaw
(1912) and translated by
杨宪益：
《卖花女》—
1.
I’m getting chilled to
the bone. What can Freddy
be
doin
g all this time? He’s been
gone
twenty minutes.
冷死我了
。佛莱第这半天是干什么去了？他去了二十分钟了。
< br>
2. Well, it
ain
’
t my fault, missus.
这怪不着咱呀
，太太。
3. That sounds more like it, Judy.
这还
差不离
，姑娘。
4. No, nothing more for you to worry
about.
是的，现在没有让你
伤脑筋
的事了。
5.
Nah
then,
Freddy:
Look
wh
’y’
gowin,
deah.
(=
Now
then,
Freddy:
Look
where
you’re
going,
dear.)
这是怎么的，佛莱第，你
走路不长眼睛哪
？
6.
You
ought
to
be
stuffed
with
nails,
you
ought.
Take
the
whole
blooming
basket
for
sixpence.
你真该
千刀万剐
！你出六便士把咱这整篮子花都拿去好不？
7. It was artful of you,
colonel; but I bear no malice: I should have done
the same myself.
I
’
ve been the
victim of one woman after another al
l
my life; and I don’t grudge you t
wo
getting the better of Eliza.
上校，
你们
真鬼
，
< br>可是咱不怪你；
要是咱，
咱也这么办。
< br>咱一辈子总是
吃娘儿们的亏
；
咱
也不怪你们两位
占了伊莉莎的便宜
。
8. What the devil use would they be to
Pickering?
61
Explanatory
生动的
无关的
相同的
厚的，稠的
小心谨慎
以雄辩的口才
巨大贡献
无法攻破
简单的食物
害怕
Descriptive /
Idiomatic
栩栩如生
风马牛不相及
千篇一律
如胶似漆
稳扎稳打
娓娓动听
丰功伟绩
固若金汤
粗茶淡饭
胆战心惊
辟克林要它作什么
屁用
？
9.
Damn Mrs. Pearce; and damn the coffee; and damn
you; and damn my own folly in having
lavished
my
hard-
earned
knowledge
and
the
treasure
of
my
regard
and
intimacy
on
a
heartless guttersnipe.
别斯太太也好，咖啡也好，还有你，都
去你们的
！我
真他妈的糊涂
，浪费我辛苦得来
的
知识和我难得的一番好心，来教一个没有良心的叫化子。
10. The door is opened violently: and
Higgins enters with his hat on.
房门猛烈被推开
，息金斯不脱帽子就
闯
进来了。
11. He opens his umbrella and dashes
off Strandwards, but comes into collision with a
flower
girl who is hurrying in for
shelter, knocking her basket out of her hands.
他打开雨伞向河滨街方向急忙跑去，
但
一开步
就撞着一个匆匆忙忙跑过来避雨的卖花
女，把她手里的篮子撞落
在地上。
12.
I’m a
re
spectable girl: so help me, I never
spoke to him except to ask him to buy a flower
off me.
咱可是
正经人家
的女孩子。老天爷，咱也没说别的，就是请他买一枝花。
13.
I wouldn’t have
eaten
it, only I’m too
la
dylike to take out of my mouth.
咱本来不想吃，咱是觉得
打嘴里往外拿太难看
。<
/p>
14.
I’m only a
common ignorant gi
rl; and in my station
I have to be careful.
There can’t be
any
feelings between the like of you
and the like of me.
我不过是个普普通通没有知识的女孩子；<
/p>
处在我的地位不得不当心。
你们
这种人和
我
们
这种人
之
间不可能有任何感情。
15.
I’d
run them down your
ungrateful throat.
我要把它塞到你这
忘
恩负义
的东西的嘴里去。
/
我要把它
塞到你的嘴里去，
你这
忘恩
负义
的东西。
16.
Yo
u’re an ungrateful wicked
girl.
你真是个
不识好歹的坏丫
头
。
17. If you
refuse this offer you will be a most ungrateful
wicked girl.
你要是不接受，你就是最
没有良心
、最坏的姑娘。
Comparison of Translated
Sentences
译句比较
1. Whoever tries to twist
you up, may the end of his nose take a twist.
①谁要是想捉弄你，谁的
鼻子尖就会弄歪
。
②谁要是捉弄你，就叫谁的
鼻子尖儿歪了
。
③谁骗你，谁就
< br>不得好死
。
2.
Either a flat
“
yes
”
or a flat
“
no
”
—
go back where you came
from.
①要么干脆说“行”，
要么干脆说“不行”，
要不然，
你从什么地方来还是回到什么
地方
去吧
。
②干脆说“行”或者“不行”——
否
则
你哪里来就回哪里去
。
③要就要，不要就拉倒
——
你请便吧
。
3. Ignore it as you ignore the cold of
last winter.
①你别去理他，就像别理
上一个冬
天有多冷一样
。
②别理睬它，就像你
不理睬
去年冬天的寒冷那样
。
③管他们干什么？他们的话，
当作耳边风好了
。
62