secretary乡村旅游外文翻译文献

乡村旅游外文翻译文献

乡村旅游外文翻译文献

(

文档含英文原文和中文翻译

)

翻译

:

Factors for success in rural tourism tourism development

Since the 1970s,economic restructuring and farm crisis have reduced

rural

communities'

economic

development

options,

making

older

development

strategies

less

viable

and

forcing

many

to

look

for

nontraditional

ways

to

sustain

themselves.

One

of

the

most

popular

nontraditional rural development strategies has been tourism and its

associated

entrepreneurship

rural

development

strategies

has

been

tourism and its associated entrepreneurship opportunities because of

tourism's ability to bring in dollars and to generate jobs and support

retail

growth.

The

purpose

of

this

study

was

to

identify

and

examine

those

factors that have helped rural communities successfully develop tourism

and

its

entrepreneurship

opportunities.

Several

focus

groups

were

conducted with local businesspersons and leaders in six rural Illinois

communities.

The

results

clearly

demonstrate

the

importance

of

the

community

approach

to

tourism

development

and

that

rural

tourism

development and entrepreneurship cannot work without the participation

and

collaboration

of

businesspersons

directly

and

indirectly

involved

in

tourism.

Since the 1970s, economic restructuring and the farm crisis have

severely

reduced

rural

communities

’

economic

ic

restructuring has caused a loss of rural manufacturing plants and many

jobs. The 1980s farm crisis in the Midwest also led to a decline in the

numbers of farmers and restructured farm ownership, forcing some farm

families

to

augment

their

incomes

with

off- farm

jobs,

to

depart

farming,

or to declare bankruptcy. The farm crisis and the loss of manufacturing

jobs

had

substantial

ripple

effects

in

rural

communities.

As

rural

joblessness rates rose above urban levels, real income growth stagnated

in rural areas (Sears and Reid 1992). Many stores and agribusinesses

disappeared from small rural towns. Not surprisingly, a 1992 statewide

survey in Illinois found that 39% of rural residents perceived their

economic prospects as worsening (Walzer 1993).

These

changes

limited

rural

communities

’

economic

development

options, making older development strategies such as manufacturing less

viable

and

forcing

many

to

look

for

nontraditional

ways

to

sustain

themselves . One of the most popular nontraditional rural development

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strategies

has

been

tourism

and

its

associated

entrepreneurship

opportunities

(Edgell

and

Harbaugh

1993;

Luloff

et

al.

1994).

Rural

areas

have

a

special

appeal

to

tourists

because

of

the

mystique

associated

with

rural

areas

and

their

distinct

cultural,

historic,

ethnic,

and

geographic

characteristics (Edgell and Harbaugh 1993). Rural tourism also is less

costly and easier to establish than other rural economic development

strategies

such

as

manufacturing.

Rural

tourism

can

be

development

strategies

such

as

manufacturing.

Rural

tourism

can

be

developed

locally

with participation from local government and small businesses, and its

development is not necessarily dependent on outside firms or companies.

Although

tourism

can

be

expensive

to

develop

in

certain

cases

(e.g.,

large

resort areas) or can involve large firms and chains, rural tourism can

be developed with relatively little investment credit, training, and

capital. Hence, rural tourism can be less costly to develop as compared

to other economic development strategies; additionally, rural tourism

need not involve dependency on outside firms and their decisions on

whether

they

want

to

be

in

an

area.

Rural

tourism

provides

a

base

for

these

small

businesses

that

might

not

otherwise

be

in

rural

communities

because

of

their

small

populations.

Tourism

particularly

helps

two

types

of

small

businesses in rural areas

—

those directly involved in tourism (e.g.,

attractions and hotels/motels) and those indirectly involved in tourism

(e.g., gas stations and grocery stores). Additionally, rural tourism

works well with existing rural enterprises such as farms (e.g., U-Pick

farms) and can generate important secondary income for farm households

(Oppermann

1996).Nonetheless,

rural

tourism

remains

one

of

the

few

viable

economic options for rural communities .Like other economic development

strategies, rural tourism requires several components to be successful.

Tourism

development

involves(1)

attractions:

the

natural

and

manmade

features

both

within

and

adjacent

to

a

community;

(2)

promotion:

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the marketing of a community and its tourism attractions to potential

tourists;(3)

tourism

infrastructure:

access

facilities

(roads,

airports,

trains,

and

buses),water

and

power

services,

parking,

signs,

and

recreation

facilities;

(4)

services:

lodging,

restaurants,

and

the

various retail businesses needed to take care of tourists

’

needs; (5)

hospitality: how tourists are treated by both community residents and

employees

in

tourism

businesses

and

attractions

(Gunn

1988).

Left

out

of

this list are tourism entrepreneurs and their role in fostering these

components.

While the above components and a community

’

s assets are

clearly

important

to

tourism

development,

only

the

widespread

participation

and

contribution

of

rural

tourism

entrepreneurs

can

ensure

a broad-based foundation for successful tourism development. A research

literature has emerged on how to best facilitate the development of

tourism.

One

view,

drawing

heavily

on

the

economic

literature,

argues

that

tourism

and

its

associated

entrepreneurship

opportunities

are

best

developed

by

helping

and

creating

individuals

businesses

and

then

letting

them compete in the marketplace for a review and description of this

view).

This

view,

however,

has

been

critiqued

because

(1)

it

views

tourism

and

tourism-related

businesses

as

isolated

from

the

larger

community

and

its issues;(2) it does not recognize the interdependence of the various

sectors

and

actors

involved

in

tourism;

and

(3)most

small

tourism

business,

especially

those

in

rural

areas,

do

not

have

the

individual

resources

to

promote

either

themselves

or

the

community

as

a

tourist

product

(Gunn

1988;

Murphy

1985;

Palmer

and Bejou 1995).Opposing

this

view

is

the

community

approach to tourism development and entrepreneurship (Murphy 1985). As

its

name

implies,

the

approach

argues

that

tourism

is

a

community

product

and that, along with entrepreneurial skills and the presence of tourist

businesses,

it

is

also

necessary

to

have

the

community

and

local

capabilities (e.g., local leadership and formal and informal networks)

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-

directly involved in tourism development and promotion effort (Murphy

1985). While the community approach may be an effective way to develop

and promote tourism, creating the necessary intercommunity cooperation

and

collaboration

is

a

complex

and

difficult

process.

Businesses

are

asked

to

share

resources

while

simultaneously

competing.

Local

governments

may

see

collaborating

to

develop

tourism

as

risky,

or

they

may

be

worried

about

losing

control

over

local

decision

making

(Huang

and

Stewart

1996;

Jamal

and

Getz

1995).

Because

of

these

problems,

research

on

collaboration

and

those

factors

that

allow

for

community

development

of

tourism

is

needed

.

The

purpose

of

the

present

study

is

to

identify

and

examine

those

factors

that

help

rural

communities

successfully

develop

tourism

and

its

entrepreneurship opportunities. The present study makes an additional

contribution

to

the

research

literature

by

including

rural

tourism

entrepreneurs, an overlooked group in rural tourism research (Stokowski

1990).

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乡村旅游发展成功因素

作者：苏珊娜威尔逊，丹尼尔

·

朱莉和约翰

国籍：美国

出处：

SAGE

出版社

中文译文：

20

世纪

70

年代以来，

经济体制的改革和农业危机使得农村社区经济 发展的

选择减少，

同时促使老年人发展战略可行性降低，

迫使人们去寻找非传统的方式

来维持生计。

乡 村旅游及其相关产业发展策略因其为社会带来的资金收入、

增加

就业机会及支持零售增长的功能而成为时下最流行的非传统农业发展策略之一。

本研究的 目的是确定和审查这些因素，

帮助农村社区成功走上发展旅游业的创业

< br>道路。几个重点群体在伊利诺斯六个农村社区与当地商人和领导人进行了实验。

结 果清楚地表明重要的社区不是直接就是间接地参与到了乡村旅游的开发中。

20

世纪

70

年代以来，

经济体制的改革和农业危机的发生已严重阻碍了农村

经济的发展，经济结构的调整导致了乡村农业生产力和就业岗位的减少。

20< /p>

世

纪

80

年代在 中西部发生的农业危机也导致了农民和重组制农场的减少，迫使一

些农户为增加收入而参 与非农工作，

或离开农场，

或宣布破产。

农场的危机和制

造工作的丢失对农村社区产生了重大的影响。

随着农村失业率高于城市水平，

实

际的收入增长停滞在农村地区 （希尔和瑞德

1992

）。许多商店和农业从农村小

1992

年伊利诺斯州的调 查表明，

39%

的农村居民认为他们

的 经济前景将恶化（沃尔泽

1993

）。

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５

-

这些变化限制了农村社区的经济发展方案，

使旧式的发展战略例 如制造业的

可行性降低，

并迫使许多人寻找非传统的方式来维持 生活。

其中最流行的非传统

的农村发展战略当属旅游及其相关的 创业机会（艾基尔和哈博

1993

；鲁洛夫等

< br>人。

1994

）。农村地区因其神秘独特的文化，历史， 民族和地理特征而对游客产

生了特殊的吸引力，（艾基尔和哈博

1993

）。乡村旅游比起其他的农村经济发

展战略例如制造业 相对来说开发成本较低且建立较容易。

乡村旅游的发展可以带

动 制造等的发展。

乡村旅游可以与其所在地的地方政府和小型企业共同发展，

但

它的发展并不一定依赖于外部企业或公司。

虽然旅 游在某些中心地区的发展需要

较大的成本投入或者涉及大公司和连锁企业，

但是乡村旅游却可以在较少的信贷

投资，

人员培训和 少量资本情况下得到发展。

因此，

乡村旅游相比较其他的经济< /p>

发展策略可以在较少投入花费情况下得以发展。

此外，

外部公司以及他们是否在同一区域的决定。

乡村旅游为一些因人口少而可能无法

留在农村社区的小公司提供了保障 。

旅游特别有助于两种类型的小型企业，

在农

< br>村地区直接参与

（例如，

旅游景点和酒店、

汽车旅馆）

和间接参与旅游的企业

（例

如，

加油站和杂货店）

。

此 外，

乡村旅游与现有的乡镇企业如农场

（例如，

采场）

发展较好并且可以为家庭农场产生第二收入（奥普曼

1996

）。尽管有这些好处，

其可行性作为一个经济发展 战略，

乡村旅游，

在一些农村地区业有缺点

（

luloff

等人。1994·1989）。如农村制造 ，它可以使得农村社区之间互相竞争。旅游业

的就业，像许多其他服务部门，仍然是美国 最低工资支付阶梯（

1989

）。旅游及

和它相关的工作的生产利润往往是季节性的，

一年中只有部分。

然而，

乡村旅游

对于农村社区仍然是少数可行的经济选择。< /p>

像其他的经济发展战略一样，

乡村旅

游的 成功需要若干部分的组成。

旅游开发涉及（

1

）景点：社区内自然和人为的功能分区；（< /p>

2

）推广：一个

社区和旅游景点的潜在游 客的营销；

（

3

）

旅游设施：

设施

（公路，

机场，

火车，

公共汽车），水和电力服务，停 车场，标志，及娱乐设施；（

4

）服务：住宿，

餐饮，和各种零售企业需要照顾的游客的需要；（

5

） 餐饮：游客在旅游企业和

旅游景点被社区居民和雇员如何对待（甘

1988

）。除上述列表外，还有旅游企

业家促进了旅游的开 发。虽然上述成分和社区资产对于旅游开发是十分重要的，

只有广泛的参与和贡献，

乡村旅游企业家确保广泛的基础，

乡村旅游才能成功的

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