cereal-记忆犹新
An Integrated English Course Book 2
Unit 11
Text 1 Letter to a B
Student
Grammar: Relative
clauses
Relatives
关系词
1. Relative
Pronouns: who, whom, which, that, whose
2. Relative Adverbs: when, where, why
Please Note:
1)
关系代词在句中作主补时，常用
which
E.g. Jack imagined himself to be an
artist, which he was not.
2)
先行词前有限定词
all, any, every, (a)
few, no, only, some, very
或序数词或形容词最高级
等修饰时，关系代词通常用
that
E.g. You can take any seat that is
free.
John lent me a few books
that are of value.
This is the
very film that I want to see.
3)
that
用于表示方式、时间、地点、原因的词语后取代
in
which, when, where,
why
等，常
省略。
E.g. Look at the way (that / in which)
John tackled the job.
The sea was very rough the
day (that / on which / when) we crossed the
channel.
This is the place (that / in which /
where) my father lived for thirty years.
Do
you know the reason (that / for which / why) he
did not come?
Restrictive relative
clauses & Non-Restrictive relative clauses
1. Difference in form
For restrictive relative clauses: who
(whom, whose), which / that;
no comma
For non-restrictive
relative clauses: who (whom, whose), which
不用
that
；
using
comma
2. Difference in meaning:
E.g. The travelers who / that knew
about the floods took another road.
(
限定，部分旅客
)
The travelers, who knew about the
floods, took another road.
(
非限定，全部旅客
)
The wine which / that was in the cellar
was all ruined.
The
wine, which was in the cellar, was all ruined.
3.
句子或句子的一部分作先行词：
which
引导非限定性定语从句
(which=and this)
E.g. Some
of the roads were flooded, which made our journey
more difficult.
He said he had no bike,
which was not true.
《大学英语课程教学要求》
(
积极词汇用红色及下划
线标出
)
一般要求（
4
级）词汇：
norm
shift
remove
climate
adequate
a.
(inadequacy
n.
反义
)
reputation
(repute
名声
;
好名声
)
perspective
mislead
(misleading
a.
易于误导的
)
correspond
assume
v.
假定
,
设想
,
想当然
,
以为
(assumption
n.
)
retain: keep or
maintain
保持
,
保留
; to keep in mind,
remember
留在心中
,
记住
,
不忘
interprete
口译
;
解释
,
诠释
;
将?理解为
humor
幽默
; disposition or
temperament
气质
,
性情
;
mood
心情
(e.g. in a
good humor
情绪好
)
curriculum
identity
身分
,
本体
;
个性
,
特性
ritual:
a detailed method or
procedure faithfully or regularly followed
例行典礼
,
仪式
(
的程序
);
惯例，
(
一成不变的、
例行的
)
老规矩
,
习惯
,
详细的程序方法
frequent
v.
to pay frequent visits
to; be in or at often
时常出入
,
频繁访问
,
经常光顾
resent
gear
label
n.
标签
v.
贴标签于
;
用标签描绘或归类
knit
bond
coordinate
n.
坐标
(
用复数
)
v.
（使）协调
,
调整
relevant
有关的
;
切题的
,
中肯的
;
恰当的
,
贴切的
([
反
] irrelevant )
map
v.
绘制
.
..
的地图
,
在地图上表示出
(unmapped
地图上未标明的
)
roll
v.
起伏
,
绵延
(rolling
起伏不平的
)
locate
v.
查找
.
..
的地点
,
确定?的位置
较高要求（
6
级）词汇：
eligible
adj.
(eligibility
n.
)
essence
offset
salvation
apt
proficiency
熟练
,
精通
; degree of
competence
熟练程度
(proficient
a.
)
swap v. to exchange (one
thing) for another
交换
hamper
更高要求词汇：
transcript
成绩单；誊本
,
抄本
,
副本
词组：
be (far) superior to
Gentleman
’
s C
serve as
a couple of
with the result that
graduate school
go round /
around
a
zero-sum game
零和博弈
/
竞赛
…
winning is
not
the most important
thing
—
it
’
s the only
thing
.
go under
go broke
deadly sins
shrug away / off
put sth. in
perspective
rather
…
/ or
rather
…
: to be more exact
更确切地说
take sth. at face value
face value
be
apt to
school transcript
学生成绩单
(high
school transcript
中学生毕业总成绩表
)
conventional tasks
correspond
to
may
well
有可能
measurement tools
at best
in
short supply:
far from
enough
供应不足
,
短缺的
,
稀少的
price tag
价格标签
be separate
from: be dissimilar from; be distinct from
< br>与
…
不同的
,
区别于
get out of service
in particular
: especially
make a point of
doing sth.
stop in: drop in
at
顺便访问
to enjoy one
’
s
company: to like to be with someone
shift
gear
end up
with
以
…
告终
,
以
...
结束
,
结束于
social
labels
make a distinction
take sth. seriously
in terms of
根据
,
按照
,
用
.
..
的话
;
从
...
角度来讲
,
就?而言
,
在
...
方面
later
on
稍后
,
过些时候
,
后来，以后
neatly defined
清楚界定的
compared to
Language Work
1. superior to
: better in
quality than
E.g. The visiting term
turned out to be far superior to the host team in
teamwork.
2.
Gentleman
’
s C:
a
decent or acceptable grade
A
gentleman
is
supposed
to
be
a
man
of
decency,
i.e.
decent
in
speech
and
behavior,
so
Gentleman
’
s C
simply means a decent grade.
E.g. A few
years ago the Gentleman
’
s C
prevailed in universities.
几年前大学流行“及格万岁”
。
decent
adj.
[ciba]
1)
(
举止、言谈等
)
合乎礼仪的
,
合适的
,
恰当的
E.g. decent
language and decent
behaviour
得体的谈吐和行为
2) meeting accepted standards;
adequate
尚可的
,
过得去的；体面的
,
像样的
E.g. a decent salary
一份相当不错的薪水
a decent house
一所像样的房子
He made a
decent record.
他成绩尚佳。
decency
n.
for decency's sake
为了面子
have the
decency to do sth .
为了体面
[
礼貌
]
而做某事
;
总算还顾到体面而做某事
3.
serve as:
play the role of; perform a
particular function or purpose
4.
norm:
a usual or expected number,
amount, pattern of action or behavior that is
regarded as
standard
标准
,
规范
,
准则
; (in the text) level of
achievement most student are expected to reach
E.g. social norms
社会准则
5. a couple
of:
a pair of
两个
,
一对
,
一双
;
(informal) a few; several
两三个
，
(
少数
)
几
个
[ciba]
E.g. I
have a couple of things to do.
我有几件事情要办。
I
waited a couple of hours.
我等了几个小时。
[ciba]
couple:
1)two items of the
same kind
两个
(
人或物
)
2) two people
united, as by or marriage
夫妻，配偶
,
情侣
E.g. a newly married couple
新婚夫妇
go
in couples
总是成双成对
(When used to refer to two people who
function socially as a unit, as in
a
married couple
,
the word
couple
may take either a singular or a plural verb,
depending on whether the members
are
considered individually or collectively:
E.g. The couple were
married last week.
这一对夫妇是上星期结的婚。
Only one couple was unaccounted for.
只有一对夫妇没被算在内。
(When a pronoun follows,
they
and
their
are more common than
it
and
its
如果后面跟有代
词，
they
和
their
比
it
和
its
要常用一些
)
E.g. The couple decided to
spend
their
(less
commonly
its
) vacation in
Italy.
这对夫妇决定在意
大利度过他们的假期。
（很少用
its
）
6. with the result that
结果是
,
因此
,
从而
,
因而
7. remove:
(
常与
from
连用
) to take
away
移动
,
从
< br>…
上拿走、搬开、去掉
;
除去
,
消除
;
脱掉
E.g. Reference books are not to be
removed from the library.
The
doctors decided to operate on him immediately to
remove the tumor on his liver.
to
remove all doubts
消除一切怀疑
[ciba]
Do you mind if I ask you to remove your
hat so that I can have a better view of the
screen?
8. climate:
1)
气候
2) a
prevailing condition or set of attitudes in human
affairs
气氛
,
风气
,
趋势
,
倾向
,
思潮
E.g. a climate
of unrest
不安的气氛
political climate
政治气候
[ciba]
9.
eligibility:
the qualifications or
abilities required for doing something
符合被推选条件
,
适任
,
合格
eligible:
a.
to
be
eligible
for
sth.
/
to
do
sth.:
qualified
to
be
chosen
for
sth.
or
to
do
sth.;
to
be
able
or
allowed
to do something
有被选资格的
,
符合条件的
,
适任的
,
合格的
E.g. Citizens
above the age of 18 are eligible to vote and to be
voted.
Only those who
have worked in this company for at least three
years are eligible for housing
allowance.
eligible for a position
合格担当某职
[ciba]
10. graduate
school
研究生院
graduate:
n.
/
a.
毕业生
;
研究生
(
的
)
E.g. college
graduates
大学毕业生
graduate courses
研究生课程
a
graduate student
研究生
postgraduate
n.
研究生
adj.
大学研究生院的
E.g. the
postgraduate courses
研究生课程
a postgraduate
student
研究生
undergraduate
n.
大学肄业生
, (
尚未取得学位的
)
大学生
adj.
大学生的
11.
adequate:
sufficient to
satisfy a requirement or meet a need
足够的
;
胜任的
;
让人满意的
,
尚可的
[ciba]
E.g. The supply is not adequate to the
demand.
供不应求。
I hope you will prove
adequate to the job.
我希望你能胜任这工作。
[
反义
]inadequate:
不足的
;
不够格的
,
不能胜任
inadequacy
n.
不充分
;
不能胜任工作
,
无力
,
无能
,
失败
being unsatisfactory
12. repute:
1)
reputation
名声
E.g. of good repute
名声好
of
bad repute
名声不好
/
of evil repute
臭名昭彰
in
high [low] repute
声望高
[
低
]
的
2) a good
reputation
好名声
,
声望
E.g. a hotel
of repute
一家名声好的旅馆
authors of repute
著名的作家
13.
go round /
around:
be enough for everyone; satisfy
a demand
足够分配
;
满足需要或需求
E.g.
There aren't enough computers to go round for the
whole grade of students.
计算机不够整个年级学生用的。
[ciba]
Is there enough
food to go round?
食物够分配的吗？
[ciba]
Translation Ex.2
前来听讲座的人数远远超过原来的估计，分给大家的讲义不够了。
As
many more people came to the lecture than
expected, there were not enough handouts to go
round.
14.
offset:
counterbalance; compensate for;
make up for
平衡
;
抵销；补偿
E.g. To
their great dismay, they found that their wage
increases had been offset by the soaring
prices as a result of the inflation.
(Ex.)
The extra
cost for traveling to work is offset by the lower
rent here.
What the
company donates to charity can be offset against
tax.
15. Paraphrase:
―
The essence of success is
that there are never enough of it to go round in a
zero-sum game where one
person
’
s winning must be
offset by another
’
s losing,
one person
’
s
joy
by another
’
s
disappointment.
‖
Reference: There
does
not exist
the
situation
in
which
all
those
who
are
involved
will
turn
out
successful
and
no
one
feels
disappointed.
Whenever
there
are
winners,
there
are
losers.
When
someone
feels
happy
about
his
success,
there
must
be
someone
else
or
some
others
who
feel
disappointed. In a highly competitive
society where the importance of winning is
emphasized so
much, it is inevitable
that those who fail in the competition will feel
disappointed.
16.
…
winning is not the most
important thing
—
it
’
s the only thing.
…
不是最重要的，而是唯一重要的。
(giving
the utmost emphasis to the importance
of
…
)
= winning is
of primary importance; nothing could be more
important than winning.
See
Note 3, P154 for more examples. Can you think of
another example?
E.g. For some parents,
sending their children to the best universities is
not the most important
thing
–
it’s the only
thing.
For anyone who wants
to find a position in this joint venture, a good
command of English,
both oral and
written, is not the most important thing
–
it’s the only
thing.
17.
go
under:
(of
a
business
or
person)
fail
or
get
into
difficulties,
suffer
destruction,
become
bankrupt
失败；破产；没落
,
败落；被毁灭
E.g. Poor Donaldson had no head for
business, and it was not long before he went
under. (Ex.)
Cf. go broke
(
broke:
penniless, bankrupt [
俚
][
用作表语
]
身无分文的
,
一文不名的
,
破了产的
)
18. deadly sins
不可饶恕的罪行
(sin: an offense against God or a
religious law
罪
)
seven deadly sins
七大罪
pride
傲慢
covetousness
贪婪
lust
淫欲
wrath
暴怒
gluttony
贪食
envy
嫉
妒
sloth
懒惰
Cf.
salvation:
(theology
神学
) saving from the
power or penalty of sin
救赎
;
超度
19.
Paraphrase:
―
To lose, to fail, to go
under, to go broke
–
these
are deadly sins in a world
where
prosperity in the present is seen as a sure sign
of salvation.
‖
B
eing
unsuccessful
in
one’s
life
and
career
and
financially
disadvantage
d
is
regarded
as
shameful
or
even
sinful
because
in
this
world
people
tend
to
think
that
only
those
who
are
successful now can be saved from evil
in the future.
20. shrug away /
off
耸肩表示蔑视
,
对?不屑一顾
,
不屑理睬
,
一笑了之
,
认为无足轻重
shrug
one's shoulder
耸肩
(
表示冷漠、无奈、
不耐烦、怀疑、厌恶等
)
21.
put/see/look at sth. in perspective:
judge the real importance of a situation or
problem in a
way
that
proper
consideration
is
given
to
each
aspect
(
―
to
judge
the
importance
of
something
correctly
‖
)
正确、客观、全面地看待问题
“
to put your
disappointment in
perspective
”
:
to
regard/view your disappointment correctly
perspective
1)
透视画法；
2)
正确、客观、全面看待问题的方法
3) the relationship of aspects of a
subject to each other and to a whole
事物各方面之间以及与整体之间的关系：
E.g. view sth. in the/its right
perspective
正确地、客观地、全面地看待事物
view sth. in the/its
wrong perspective
片面地、错误地看待事物
22.
rather
…
:
1)
(or rather
…
)
to be more exact
更确切地说
[Para. 3]
E.g. He went home
very late last night, or rather, in the early
hours this morning.
他是昨天深夜回家的
,
或者更确切地说
,
是今天凌晨。
[ciba]
2)
(but rather)
on the contrary
相反地
,
倒不如说
...
更
...
[Para.8]
E.g. She was no
better, but rather grew worse.
她的病情不但没好转
,
反而恶化了。
[ciba]
23. take something at face value:
to accept something for what it appears
to be
相信某事物的表面价值；从表面上看
E.g. I took their offer at face value
and did not suspect at all that they were trying
to trick me.
Translation Ex.7
他的话，你得好好想一想，千万不要他说什么你就信什么。
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