约数-cali
1
、
英语词汇概述：
（
8%
）
（
1
）
英语词汇的谱系关系及其历史发展：英语的谱系关系；英语的三个发展
阶段。
（
2
）
英语词汇的构成：
基本词汇与专用词汇；
英
语词汇中的本族词与外来词。
（
3
）
英语词汇的三大特点：数量大、来源广、变化多。
‘Indo
-
European’印欧语系
With Vikings’ invasion, many
Scandinavian words at least
900
words
of
Scandinavian origin
have survived in modern English. Old English has a
vocabulary of about
50,000
to 60,000
words. It was a highly
inflected
language just like modern
German.
1.
Word
词
--- A word is a minimal
free form of a language that has a
given sound and meaning and syntactic
function.
2
．
Vocab
ulary
词汇
——
Vocabulary is most
commonly used to refer
to the sum total
of all the words of a language. It can also refer
to all
the words of a given
dialect
，
a given
book
，
a given
subject and all
the words possessed by
an individual person as well as all the words
current in a particular period of time
in history.
3. basic word stock
基本词汇
is the foundation of the
vocabulary
accumulated over centuries
and forms the common core of the
language. Though words of the basic
word stock constitute a small
percentage of the English vocabulary,
yet it is the most important part
1
of it. These words have
obvious characteristics.
（
1
）
All
national
character
全民性
.
Words of the basic word stock
denote
the most common things and phenomena of the world
around
us, which are indispensable to
all the people who speak the
language
。
They include words
relating to the following respects:
Natural phenomena/Human body and
relations/Names of plants and
animals/Action, size, domain,
state/Numerals, pronouns,
prepositions,
conjunctions
（
2
）
Stability
稳定性
.
Words of the basic word stock have been in
use
for centuries.
（
< br>3
）
Productivity
多产性
. Words of the basic word
stock are mostly
root words or
monosyllabic words. They can each be used alone,
and
at the same time can form new words
with other roots and affixes.
< br>（
4
）
Polysemy
多义性
. Words belonging to the
basic word stock often
possess more
than one meaning because most of them have
undertone semantic changes in the
course of use and become
polysemous.
（
5
）
Collocability
搭配性
.
Many words of the basic word stock quite a
number of set expressions, idiomatic
usages, proverbial sayings and
the
like.
ic words
stock
非基本词汇
Words, void of the
stated
characteristics, do not belong
to the common core of the language.
They include the following.
（
1
）
Ter
minology
术语
consists of
technical terms used in particular
disciplines and academic areas
< br>（
2
）
Jargon
行话
refers to the
specialized vocabularies by which
members of particular arts, sciences,
trades and professions
communicate
among themselves such as in business.
（
3
）
Sla
ng
俚语
belongs to the sub-
standard language, a category that
seems to stand between the standard
general words including
informal ones
available to everyone and in-group words like
cant,
jargon, and argot, all of which
are associated with, or most available
to, specific groups of the population.
Slang is created by changing or
extending the meaning of existing words
though some slang words
are new
coinages altogether
. Slang is colorful,
blunt, expressive and
impressive.
（
4
）
Argot
黑话
generally refers to the jargon of
criminals.
（
5
）
Dialectal words
方言词
are words used only by speakers of the
dialect in question.
（
6
）
Archaisms
古语词
are
words or forms that were once in
common
use but are now restricted only to specialized or
limited use.
2
（
7
）
Neologisms
新词语
are newly-created words or expressions,
or
words that have taken on new
meanings.-
。
t
words
实义词
denote clear
notions and thus are known as
notional
words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives,
adverbs and
numerals, which denote
objects, phenomena, action, quality, state,
degree, quantity.
onal words
功能词
do not have notions of
their own.
Therefore, they are also
called empty words. As their chief function is
to express the relation between
notions, the relation between words
as
well as between sentences, they are known as form
words.
Prepositions, conjunctions,
auxiliaries and articles belong to this
category.
words
本地词
——–
are
words brought to Britain in the 15
century by the German tribes. Anglo-
Saxon Words
，
are small in
number,
amounting
to
roughly
50,000
to
60,000,
but
they
form
the mainstream of
the basic word stock and stand at the
core of the language
（
1.
neutral
in
style
文体中性
nt in
use
使用频繁）
ed
words
借词
——
words
taken over from foreign languages
are
know as loan words, constituting 80 percent of the
modern
English vocabulary. The English
language has vast debts .
ns
同化词—
—
are words borrowed early in the past
and now
are well assimilated into the
English language. Such as port from
portus
(L).?Denizens‘
的例子都要记：
Port
from portus (L), cup from
cuppa
(L),shift from skipta (ON), shirt from skyrta
(ON), change from
changier (F), pork
from porc (F).
ation-loans<
/p>
译借词
——
Translation-
loans are words and
expressions formed
form the existing material in the English language
but modeled on the patterns taken from
another language, such as
? long time
no see from haojiumeijian (Ch)
11
．
Semantic-
loans
借义词
——
words
of this category are not
borrowed with
reference to the form ,But their meaning are
borrowed ,
in other words, English has
borrowed a new meaning for an existing
word in the language ,such as the word
dream ,which originally
meant ‘joy‘ and
?music ‘, and its modern meaning was borrowed
later
from the Norse.
3
异形
–
retained
their original pronunciation and spelling.
Such as
dé
cor
（
F
）
blitzkreeg
（
G
）
emir
，
intermez
，
rowtow
，
bazaar
，
rajar
，
status quo
2
、
英语构
词法：
（
27%
）
（
1
）
英语单词的结构：自由语素与非自由语素；构词不达意成份，词根、词
干、前缀、后缀；
。
（
2
）
构词法：词缀法、合成法、转成法、缩略法、逆成法、混成法、拟声法、
元音替换法、重音变换法、短语合成法、双词合成法、专有名词转成法。
me
词素
：
A
morpheme is the minimal significant element in
the composition of words.
2.
Free morpheme
自由语素
: Free
morphemes are the morphemes
which are
independent units of meaning and can be used
freely all by
themselves or in
combination with other morphemes. For example:
―
help
‖
, <
/p>
―
table
‖
,
―
room
‖
are all free morphemes.
morpheme
黏着语素
: Bound
morphemes are the
morphemes which
cannot be used independently but have to be
combined with other morphemes either
free or bound, to form a word.
For
example:
―
-er
‖
,
―
dis-
―
,
―
-less
‖
< br> are all bound morphemes.
4. Bound
root
黏着词根
：
A bound
root is often seen as part of a word;
it can never stand by itself although
it bears clear
, definite meaning; it
must be combined with another root or
an affix to form a word. For
example:
the root
―
geo-
―
combines with another root
―
-ology
‖
, we get
the word
―
geology
‖
.
5.
Affix
词缀
:
morphemes manifesting various grammatical
relations
or grammatical categories
such as number
, tense, degree and case.
Affixes are of two types: inflectional
and derivational. Inflectional
affixes
manifest various grammatical relations or
grammatical
categories, such as
―
-ing
‖
,
―
-est
‖
,
while derivational affixes are added
to
an existing form to create a word, such as
―
-ly
‖
,
―
dis-
―
,
―
un-
―.
tional morpheme or
affixes
屈折语素或屈折词缀
: the
manifestation of various grammatical
relationships through the
addition of
inflectional affixes, such as number
,
tense, degree and
case.
7.
Derivational morphemes or Derivational affixes
派生语素或派
生词缀：
Derivationa
l affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to
create new words.
4
8.
Prefix
前缀
:
Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word.
Prefixes
modify the meaning of the
stem, but they usually do not change the
part of speech of the original word.
9.
Suffix
后缀
:
Suffixes occur at the end of the stems; they
modify the
meaning of the original word
and in many cases change its part of
speech.
10.
Root
词根：
A root is
the basic form of a word which cannot be
further analyzed without total loss of
identity.
11. Derivation or
Affixation
派生法和词缀法：
-Affixatio
n is generally
defined as the formation
of words by adding word-forming or
derivational affixes to stems. This
process is also known as derivation.
12.
Prefixation
前缀法
：
is the formation of new words by adding
prefixes to stems.
13.
Suffixation
后缀法
--Suffixation
is the formation of new words by
adding
suffixes to stems.
14. Compounding
复合法
：
Compounding:
:
It is a process of
combining two or more than two words
into one lexical unit. For
example:
sailboat, big-mouth, three-year-old.
15. Conversion
转换法
：
Conversion is the formation of new
words by
converting words of one class
to another class. This process of
creating new words without adding any
affixes is also called
zero-derivation.
E.g. dry (a.)-->to dry.
16. Back-
formation
逆构词
: It is a
process by which new words are
formed
by taking away the supposed suffix of an existing
word. For
example: typewrite
(typewriter), edit (editor)
17. Abbrevi
ation
缩写
(shortening)
：
is a
shortened form of a word
or phrase
which represents the complete form. For example:
TV
(television), Dr (doctor), hr
(hour), Jan (January)
5
Abbreviation includes four
types:
I. Clipped words II. Initialisms
III. Acronyms IV
. Blends.
I. Clipped
words
省略词
--are words created
by clipping part of a word,
leaving
only a piece of the old word. E.g.
telephone-->phone,
professional-->pro.
II. Initialisms
首字母缩略
< br>—
are words created by combining the
initials of a number of words. E.g.
IMF/ai em ef/=International
Monetary
Fund.
III.
Acronyms
首字母缩略
-- are words
created by combining the
initials of a
number of words.. E.g. NATO/'neito/=North Atlantic
Treaty
Organization.
initial
ism
来的词没有办法像念单词那样读出来，譬如
FBI,CI
A,WTO,UK
而
acronym
来的词可以读出来，譬如
APEC,AIDS
，
NATO
IV.
Blends
混合
--are words that are
combined by parts of other words.
E.g.
smoke+fog=smog.
3
、
词的意
义及其演变：
（
45%
）
（
1
）
词的定义；词的词汇意义与语法意义；词义与概念；词的理据。
]
（
2
）
词的多义性（单义词与多义词）
。
（
3
）
词义演变的类型（辐射型；连锁型）
（
4
）
词义历史发展的倾向：词义的扩大；词义的缩小；词义的扬升；词义的
贬降；词义的转移。
（
5
）
词与词之间的语义关系：同义关系；反义关系；同形或同音异义关系；
上下义关系；语义场。
（
6
）
词义的类型：概念意义；内涵意义；风格意义；感情意义；联想意义；
搭配意义；主题意义。
（
7
）
词的比喻意义：隐喻、换喻。
1.
Motivation
理据
--accounts for
the connection between the
linguistic
symbol and its meaning.
2. Onomatopoeic
Motivation
拟声理据
--These words
were created
by imitating the natural
sounds or noises. For example, bang,
ping-pang, crow by cocks, etc.
3. Morphological
Motivation
形态学理据
--Compounds
and derived
words are multi-morphemic
words and the meaning of many are the
sum total of the morphemes combined.
For instance, airmail means to
6
4.
Semantic
Motivation
语义理据
--refers to
the mental associations
suggested by
the conceptual meaning of a word.
E.g. When we say the mouth of a
river
, we associate the opening part
of the river with the mouth of a human
being or an animal.
5. Etymological
Motivation
词源理据
--The history
of the word
explains the meaning of the
word.
6.
Sense
意义
:
Sense is
concerned with the inherent meaning of the
linguistic form. It is the collection
of all the features of the linguistic
form; it is abstract and de-
contextualized.
7.
Reference
所指
:
Reference means what a linguistic form refers to
in the real, physical world; it deals
with the relationship between the
linguistic element and the non-
linguistic world of experience.
8.
Concept
概念
:
1.
Meaning and concept are closely connected but
not identical .They are both related
directly to referents and are
notions
of the words but belong to different categories.2.
Concept,
which is beyond language, is
the result of human cognition, reflecting
the objective world in the human mind .
3. Concept is universal to all
men
alike regardless of culture, race, language and so
on. 4. a
concept can have as many
referring expressions as there are
languages in the world.
9. Conceptual meaning
概念意义
:
1)
Conceptual meaning (also
known as
denotative meaning) is the meaning given in the
dictionary
and forms the core of word-
meaning. 2) Being constant and relatively
stable, conceptual meaning forms the
basis for communication as the
same
word has the same conceptual meaning to all the
speakers of
the same language
ative meaning
联想意义
:(
一定要把它的四种分支答上
)1)
associative meaning is the
secondary meaning supplemented to
the conceptual meaning. 2)It differs
from the conceptual meaning in
that it
is open-ended and indeterminated. 3) It is liable
to the
influence of such factors as
culture , experience, religion,
geographical region, class background,
education, etc. 4)Associative
meaning
comprises four types : connotative, stylistic,
affective, and
collocative.
11. Morphs
语素
-
-Morphemes are abstract units, which are
realized
in speech by discrete units
known as morphs. They are actual spoken,
minimal carriers of meaning.
7