因为环境工程专业英语翻译(30页)

is also useful for easier comprehension of related problems within one system.

Such a classification

许

这种分类也有助于更容易理解一个系统里的相关问题。

Moreover, it is sensible because, for manager and administrative reasons, such subfields as air

pollution, water supply, wastewater disposal, and solid waste disposal are often dealt with separately by gover nmen tal age

ncies.

此外，这样做是明智的，因为是行政管理的原因 ，空气污染，水供应，固体废物处置和废水处理，往往是由政

府机构分别处理

的。

Unfortunately,

manyimportant environmental

problems are not confined to an air, water, or land system,

很遗憾的是，许多重要的环境问题不只局限于一个空气，水，

but involve in teractio ns between systems.

或土壤系统，更涉及系统之间的相互作用。

A current

example is the acid rain problem stemming from the emission of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen

oxide gases into the atmosphere from the stacks of gen erati ng stati ons, smelters, and automobile

exhausts

。目前的一个例子是酸雨问题，根源是许多发电站，冶炼，汽车排出的 废气中进入大气的二氧化硫和

氮氧化物气体。

These gases are the n tran sported by air curre nts over wide regions.

域。

Rai nfall

“

washes them out

”，

creat ing acid rain which is harmful to aquatic life, forests, and

Two examples of

这些气体被气流运 送至

U

广阔的区

agricultural crops.

雨水“将它们洗去 ”，产生了对水生生物，森林和农作物有害的酸雨。

on dioxide, a global problem, and the acid rain problem, no rmally of regi onal nature.

两个有关于系统间相互作用引起的环境问题有：

雨问题。

En viro nmen tal Disturba nces

环境扰舌

L

in teract ion betwee n systems that cause major environmen tal disturba nces are prese nted-the buildup of atmospheric carb

空气中的二氧化碳的增加的全球性问题以及具有地域性质的酸

Many major improvements to our standard of living can be attributed to the application of science and tech no logy.

我们的生活水平的许多重大改 进，可以归因于科学和技术的应用。

A few examples are no ted here. Can you think of others?

这里举几个例子，你可以想到其他例子吗？

?

The product ion of more and better quality food

生产更多更好的优质食品

?

The creati on of hous ing as protect ion from extremes from climates and as livi ng space

创造能

避免极端的气候的保护所和生活空间

?

The buildi ng of fast and reliable means of tran sportati on

word

完美格式

建设快速和可靠的运输方式

?

The inven tio n of various systems of com mun icatio n

发明各种通信系统

专业资料

?

The invention of machines to replace human or animal power

发明机器来取代人类或动物体力

?

The supply of safe water and the disposal of wastes

安全水的供应和废物处理

?

The elim in ati on of many in fectious diseases

消灭多种传染疾病

?

The elim in ati on of most waterbor ne diseases in the developed world through improved water tech no logy

< br>在多数发达国

家中通过改善水技术来消除大部分水源性疾病

?

The availability of leisure time through greater productivity, providi ng the opport un ity for

cultural and recreatio nal activities < /p>

通过提高生产力，腾出闲暇时间，为进行文化和娱乐活动提供机会

?

The protecti on

from the worst effects of n atural disasters such as floods, droughts, earthquakes,

and volca nic erupti ons.

防止最严重的自然灾害的影响，如洪水，干旱，地震和火山爆发

With these improveme nts, however, have come disturb ing side effects, such as lost arable land,

disappeari ng forests, environmen tal polluti on, and new orga ni sms resista nt to con trols.

(

科学技术的

)

发展

，

产生了不良的副作用

，

比如

，

可耕地丢失< /p>

，

森林消失

，

环 境污染

，

微生物滋长

.

Many effects origi nally con sidered to be just nu isa nces are now recog ni zed as pote ntial threats to

nature and to huma ns.

起初只是让我们觉得讨厌的许多事物现在被认为对自然和人类 存在的潜在威胁。

然而

,

随着

In an agrarian society, people lived essentially in harmony with mature, raising food, gathering firewood, and mak ing clothi

ng and tools from the Ian d.

他们在陆地上种植食物

，

收集木材

，

做衣服和工具。

The wastes from animals and humans were returned to the soil as fertilizer. Few, if any, problems

of water, la nd, or air pollution occurred.

土地污染、和空气污染问题产生。

The cities of ancient times, particularly those of the Roma n Empire, had systems to supply water

and to dispose of wastes.

在古代的城市，特别是像罗马帝国那类，就已经存在供水系统和 处置废物系统。

动物和人类排放的废物作为肥料又返到土地中。很少有水污染、

在农业社会，人们基本上能与自然和谐地相处

，

The aqueducts suppl ying the ancient city of Rome (populatio n about 1 milli on) with safe water from

the Cloaca Maxima, the best known and one of the earliest sewers to be built, are examples of such

systems.

从一个 最早建成之一且最有名的污水管

道，就是这样的系统的例子。

The mun icipal tech no logy of ancient cities seems to have bee n forgotte n for many cen turies by those

who built cities throughout Europe.

了许多个世纪。

Water supply and waste disposal were neglected, resulting in many outbreaks of the nineteenth century, it was not realized

that improper wastes disposal polluted water supplies with disease-carry ing

word

完美格式

< br>-----

古罗马大排泄沟，向古代的罗马城市提供安全的水的渠

古代的城市的市政技术似乎已经被那些在整个欧洲建设城市的人遗忘

organis ms.

供水和废物处置的忽略，导致爆发了许多疾病，如痢疾、霍乱、伤寒和其它水传染 的疾病。

专业资料

The in dustrial revoluti on in nin etee nth-ce ntury Britai n, Europe, and North America aggravated the

en vir onmen tal problems since it brought in creased urba ni zati on.

的不正确处置导致引起疾病的微生物污染了供水。

Both phe nomena, urba ni zati on and in dustrializati on, were and are fun dame ntal cause

pollution which the cities of that time were unable to handle.

of water and air

直至

U 19

世纪中期，人们才意识至

U

废物

19

世纪在英国、欧洲和北美的工业革

命 带来了工业化和城市化的增加，也加重了环境问题。城市化和工业化在过去和现在都是引起水和空气污染的

根本原因，这在

当时的城市还不能够处理。

Rapid adva nces in tech no logy for the treatme nt of water and the partial

treatme nt of wastewater took

place in the developed countries over the next few decades. This led to a dramatic decrease in the

in cide nee of waterborne diseases.

在接下来的几十年，水处理和废水的部分 处理技术在发达国家快速发展，

Note that all wastes discharge into environment, and thus pollute

这导致水传染疾病的发生率大量地减少。

out water, air, and land system.

注意，所有的废物排放到环境中都会污染我们的水、空气和土地系统。

Un it Two Historical Overview of Hazardous Substa nee Disposal in the USA

回顾美国处置危险物品的历史

Hazardous substa nee disposal practices in the Un ited States have traveled full circle.

理危险物品的做法走过了迂回的道路。

Prior to 1978 there were few if any regulati ons regard ing the disposal of these materials.

年之前，很少有任何关于如何处置这些物品的法规。

Improper disposal of many of these chemicals resulted in health problems for many citizens, con tami nated water supplies,

and destruction of wildlife.

题，水供应受污染和野生生物死亡。

With the en actme nt of the Resource Con servati on and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1978, manu facturi ng facilities now have

an obligati on to acco unt for all waste materials that are gen erated by the facility.

随着 《资源回收法》

(

1978

年

)

的颁布，工

厂有责任处置生产设施所产生的所 有废弃材料

Impleme ntatio n of RCRA has bee n slow.

但是《资源回收法》的实施一直进展缓慢。

From the very early in dustrial period in the Un ited States, which started about 1920, un til several years after the Second

World War, there was little concern for the proper methods of disposal of waste materials that were gen erated as by-products

duri ng manu facturi ng processes.

在美国，从大

。

这些化学物品的不当处置使市民陷入健康问

1978

在美国，处

约

1920

年开始的早期工业时代，到第二次世界大 战结束后几年里，几乎没人关注处理在生产过程中作为副产

品产生的废弃材

料的合理方法。

Up until the 1960

'

s it was quite common to find fresh water rivers and

streams fouled with waste chemicals from manu facturi ng, salt water from oil producti on wells and

waste acids from steel mill activities.

直到

1920

年，随处可见被生产过程产生的废化学品、油井排出

的盐水和炼钢厂排出的废酸所污染的淡水河流和溪涧。

Virtually every con ceivable waste oil, solve nt, or resi n waste could be found in the rivers.

上，所有能够想象到的废物如废油、溶剂、废树脂都可以在河流里面找 到。

The laws of the time were either non-existe nt or not en forced.

么是没有被实施。

The literature has many examples of health problems of in dividuals as well as destruct ion of fish

然而当时的相关法律要么不存在，要

事实

word

完美格式

and wildlife habitat.

专业资料

文献记 载了许多关于个体的健康问题以及鱼类、野生动物栖息地被破坏的例子。

Many other cases occurred that were not reported in the literature.

文献上。

许多其他发生的事件并未记载在

Other waste materials were dumped haphazardly in makeshift excavati ons either at the factory side

or throughout the cou ntry side.

其他废弃物质被草率地埋在临时挖掘在工厂还有乡村旁边的坑洞 里面。

因为

Because of ignorance and lack of econo mic incen tives to do so, the factories made no attempt to

preve nt con tam in ati on of un dergr ound water supplies by the chemicals that were disposed of.

对环境的忽视以及缺少经济刺激，各 企业完全没有意识来保护被化学物质污染的地下水供应。

In fact, knowledgeable scientists

of the time accepted land irrigation and percolation into the porous

事实上，当代有见识的科学家，已经接受了土地

un dergr ound formatio ns as methods of waste treatme nt.

清洗以及过滤可渗透地底层这两种可作为处理废 弃物治理的方法。

Although these treatme nt methods may have bee n inten ded for non-hazardous materials, they were employed for

hazardous materials as well.

害的物质。

Again, there were no governmental

practices.

regulations

protecting

the underground

aquifers from these

尽管这些治理方法或许用于无毒害的物质，同时也可用于有毒

再者，并没有政府法规因保护地下蓄水层而禁止这些处理方法。

处理有毒化学物品的问题并没有因为在

1996

年环境保护局的成立而

The problem of disposal of hazardous chemicals did not improve with the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency

(EPA) in the 1996.

有所改善。

The first task of the new age ncy was to clea n up rivers and streams.

干净河流水道。

Unfortun ately, no one in power in the gover nment at the time had in sight i nto the problems that

were to be created by the new age ncy.

的问题。

The EPA was quite successful in those early days in the en forceme nt of

that evolved.

the many water polluti on laws

< br>不幸的是，当时政府的执政人员没有一个洞察到那个新兴机构带来

此新兴机构的首要任务是清理

环境保 护局在早些年的时候，对于强制执行污染法的发展还是做的相当成功的。

As the practice of the dumping of hazardous materials into the rivers and streams was eliminated,

those same materials created other disposal problems.

相同的物质造成了其他处理问题。

Many of the chemicals saved from the sewer were either worthless or of such a low value as to

ren der recovery unecon omical. < /p>

在下水道中回收到的物质不是没价值的就是低廉到不足以恢复利用

随着往河道排放有毒物质的习惯的消除，但这些

In some cases, recovery was tech ni cally impossible. As a result, the waste chemicals were disposed

of by any convenient method.

简单地扔掉了

.

The makeshift dumps sites were expa nded. Because there were no regulati ons regard ing disposal,

时的垃圾场 已经不得不扩大

，

因为没有任何关于废物丢弃的法规

high because these in dividuals did n ot treat the chemicals.

.

很多不具备专业技术知识的人就进入了废

临

一些情况下

，

回收在技术层面上是不可能的

.

所以

，

很多废弃的化学药物都被很

pers ons with no tech ni cal expertise en tered into the bus in ess of waste disposal. The profits were

物处理的行业

，

由于这些人并没有真正处理掉化学药物，所以这个行业的利润相当高。

In most cases, the waste materials were tran sported to impo unding areas located on privately owned

Iand.

很多情况下

，

废弃的化学物品会被运到私有土地上的贮 物地

The factories that gen erated the waste felt secure in the belief that the waste tran sporter was

word

完美格式

disposi ng of the materials in an acceptable ma nn er.

相信废物处理者会用一种合理的方法来处置掉废物

In most cases, this was not a correct assumption.

专业资料

那些产生废弃物的厂家之所以感到安心是因为他们

但很多情况下

,

事实并非

^

口此

.

乱堆放的大小规模和复杂度上都在增长

a series of problems

.

.

The un regulated dumps grew both in size and complexity.

When the dumpswere in close proximity to populated areas or public water supplies,

begin to develop.

当垃圾场很接近居住区或公共水源的话

，

一系列的问题将会开始产生

skin rashes, paralysis, cancer, and birth defects.

麻痹

.

癌症

.

先天缺陷等不利的健康问题

.

In some cases, these problems have been attributed to contamination from the chemicals.

这些问题会归属于受到化学药物的污染而产生的

Citizens in the vicinity of some of the dumps began to experienee adverse health problems such as

在一些垃圾场附近的居民会开始遇到一些像皮肤疹

有时候

,

Because of these concerns , the United States Congress enacted a new legislation that dealt with

the issues of disposal of hazardous wastes.

中出现问题的法规。

This was the Resource Conversation and Recovery Act of 1987.

同意有害物质处理的方法。

As a result, in dustries that gen erated large qua ntities of these waste materials now had to en sure

that the materials were disposed of in the a manner that was safe for the environment.

生大量废物的企业现在不得不确保这些物质被以对环境安全 的方法处理。

Many of the improper dumps that were created prior to the RCRA legislati on were created by pers ons

with little or no financial resources.

不合理的堆放已经造成。

As a result, the clea nup of the old sites has bee n take n over by the gover nment un der legislati on.

使得清理旧的堆放点的工作由政府接管。

As of this time, the results of these clea n up efforts have bee n in effective.

理的努力效率不高。

Because of the abuses and problems of the past, regulati ons have bee n en acted that force America n

in dustry to be respo nsible for hazardous waste disposal.

物质处理的责任的相关法规已经颁布。

The problems were brought about by a lack of econo mic inden tives to the in dustrial com muni ty.

些问题是由对工业界缺少经济动力带来的。

The problems were compo un ded by the in experie nee and lack of in sight

and the gover nmen tal age ncies charged with the task of regulati on.

府机构对法规的控制任务使得问题复杂化。

problem of hazardous waste disposal,

years or Ion ger.

真正的解决的。

Only through in teract ion

be fin ally realized.

betwee n in dustry

scie ntists,

and gover nment regulators will true soluti ons

只有通过工业界 ，科学家和政府部门的共同努力，才能最终得到解决。

by elected gover nmen tal officials

政府官员缺乏经验和洞察力以及政

这

由于过去的这些问题，强制美国工业承担有害

在这一时期，这些清

在资源回收保护法由很少或者没有经济资源的人确立之前

，很多

结果导致产

这就是

1987

年的资源回收保护法。

这项法案的目的是

由于这些担心，美国国会通过了一个新的处理有害废物过程

The purpose of the Act was to allow regulati on of hazardous substa nee disposal.

Although sufficie nt legislatio n is now in place to solve the

it is un likely that a true soluti on will be achieved for 20

尽管现在有足够的法规来解决有害物质的处理问题，但是在二十年或更长的时间内 是不可能

Unit 3

What is Waste Reductio n/Waste Min imizatio n?

什么是废物减量化，废物最少化

A great amount of time has bee n spe nt in the U.S. discuss ing the term ino logy of such words as

source reduct ion, waste mini mizati on, recycli ng and polluti on preve nti on. EPA has provided the

word

完美格式

followi ng

defi ni tio ns.

美国花费了大量的时间在讨 论像资源减量化，废物最小化，循环和阻止污染这些术语

专业资料

上，

EPA

已经提供了以下的定义。

Source reduction: Any acti on that reduces the amount of waste exit ing a process.

减少在于一个过程中的大量废物的任何行为。

This in cludes, for example, process cha nges, feedstock cha nges, improved housekeep in g/ma nageme nt, and in-process

recycli ng.

Waste mini mizatio n:

subsequently treated,

或者处置。

It includes any source reduction or recycling activity of waste or the reduction in the toxicity

of waste (or both) as long as the reduct ion is con siste nt with the goal of mini mizati on of prese nt

and future threats to human health and the environment.

它包括了被导致了只要减量化与现在或将来威

或者两方面兼备的

它包括，例如，过 程调整，原料调整，提高管理和回收内在循环。

The reduct ion to the exte nt feasible, of waste that is gen erated

stored, or disposed of.

废物最少化：产生的废物最大程度减少，然后处理，存储，

or

资源减量化：

胁到人类健康和环境的最小化的目标一致的总容量或废物数量的减少或者废物毒性的减少，

发生器承担任何资源减量化或循环的活动。

Recycling : The use or reuse of a waste as a substitute for a commercial product or as a feedstock to an in dustrial

process.

回收：作为一个商业产品的代替品，或作为一个工业过程的原料的利用或再利用。

This includes the on-or off-site reclamation of useful fractions of a waste or the removal of

con tami nants from a waste to allow reuse.

的废物的在现场或离开现场的回收利用。

Polluti on preve nti on: Polluti on may be gen erated duri ng manu facturi ng, or whe n certa in products

are used commercially or by con sumers.

污染的防止：污染可能在生产过程之中产生，或者在当一个产品

in three ways: changing

它包括了废物的有用的小部分或来自允许再用的去除了污染物

被用

作商业用途或被消费者使用

的

时候产生

。

This may be preve nted

inputs/reducing

relianee

on toxic or hazardous raw materials; process changes /increasing

这样

/< /p>

增加效率

/

提高类似设备修

efficie ncy/improved maintenance such as equipme nt modificati ons, better housekeep ing, in-process closed-loop recycli ng;

or cha nging outputs/reduc ing relia nee on toxic or hazardous products.

可能在三个方式上被阻止：改变投入

/

减少依赖有毒物或有害的原材料；改变过程

改的维修保养，更好的管理，在过程中闭环循环；或者改变产出

/

减小对有毒或者有害产品的依赖。

With the passage of the Hazardous and Solid Waste Ame ndme nts to the Resource Con servati on and

Recovery Act in 1984, the U.S. Congress established a national policy declaring the importance of reduci ng or elimi nating

the gen eration of hazardous waste.

随着

1984

年危险废物和固体废物修正案资

源保 护和恢复法的通过，美国国会建立一个国家政策来表明回收或消除危险废物的产生重要性。

The Con gress hereby declares it to be a n ati onal policy of Un ited States that

the gen erati on of hazardous waste is to be reduced or elim in ated as expeditiously as possible.

wherever feasible,

美

Waste

国国会宣称它是一项无论 在美国哪里都可行的国家政策，要尽可能迅速地回收或消除危险废物的产生。

human health and the environment.

而尽量减少现在和将来对人类健康和环境的威胁。

that is n evertheless gen erated should be treated, stored, or disposed of so as to mini mize prese nt and future threat to

然而产生的废物还是应被处理、储存或处置，从

In 1990, the U.S. Congress passed the Pollution Prevention Act, establishing a hierarchy of waste man ageme nt as n ati

onal policy; stat ing that

first polluti on should be preve nted or reduced wherever

feasible;

在

1990

年，美国国会通过污染防治法，建立了一个全国废物管理政策。表明第一污染应该被预防

或回收；

sec ond,

waste should be recycled in an environmen tally safe manner;

第二，废物应该用一种

环保安全的方式进行循环利用；

third, waste should be treated;

第三，废物应该被处理

；

and as a last resort,

word

完美格式

waste should be disposed of or released to the

in the Uni ted States.

种重要的工作理念

.

Waste Reduction/Waste Minimization Techniques

专业资料

en viro nment.

最后，废物应该被除去或降解到环境。

With

the passage of these and other en viro nmen tai laws, waste mini mizatio n has become an importa nt operati ng philosophy

在美国，随着这些和其他环境法规的通过，废物最少化成为一

废物回收

/

废物最少化技术

While, for any particular plant, waste minimization is certainly plant or site specific, the

tech niq ues used can be grouped into a variety of major categories:

最少化 的当然是在具体的工厂或在实地，能用的技术能被分为以下主要几类：

?

product cha nges

产品改变

?

process cha nges

过程改变

?

equipme nt modificati ons

设备改造

?

operat ing practices

?

recycli ng and reuse

操作训练

回收和再利用

opportunities

are limited

only by the ingenuity of the plant

.The techniques

同时，对于一些特定的工厂，废物

In practice, the waste minimization

personnel.

在实践中，尽量减少废物的机会是有限 的，只有被工厂人员的聪明才智所利用

have applicati ons across the vast range of in dustries and manu facturi ng process, and can apply to both hazardous and

non hazardous waste.

应用于有危险性和非危险性的废物。

Product cha nges

产品改变

Freque ntly, a non toxic material can be substituted for one that is toxic. Examples of this are numerous.