allocated-心急如焚
英文合同中常见虚词
2009-09-03 17:06
星期四
(
出自王辉著《英文合同导读》
)
I don’t care what their
intention was. I only want to know what the words
mean.
A
word
is
not
a
crystal,
transparent
and
unchanged,
it
is
the
skin
of
a
living
thought
and may vary greatly in color and
content according to the circumstances and the
time in which it is used.
--Towne v. Eisner, 245 U.S.418,
425(1918)(Holmes, J.)
我并不在意
他们的意图是什么，我只是想知道文字的意思。文字不是水晶般通明一成不变，
而是活生
生思想的外衣，会因使用的场合和时间在色彩和内容上产生巨大的变化。
—霍尔姆斯法官（美国）
英文合
同中常见的用词和句型有其相对固定的含义和用法，
不仅可以帮助准确理解掌握合同
条款的含义，
而且这些成熟的表达方式可以为提高、
完善草拟和翻译合同所借鉴，
达到事半
功倍的效果。<
/p>
第一节
合同常用词
(Usual Wording)
当大量接触英文合同，
就会发现英文
合同中有些词或短语出现的频率非常高，
往往影响或决
定了对合
同的准确理解，下面就分门别类从常见实词和常见虚词两个方面进行具体介绍：
一、英文合同常用虚词（
Usual
Function Words
）
1
．
Here/there/where+
介词构成的古体词
基本规则：
Here
代表
this
，
there<
/p>
代表
that
，
where
代表
which
或
what
即
here/there/where
+
介词
=
介词
+this/that/which or what
l
Hereby: by means of; by reason of
this.
特此，由此，兹等意。
例句：
The Buyer hereby orders
from the Seller the undermentioned goods subject
to
the following
conditions:
买方向卖方订购下列商品，条件如下：
l
Herein
：
in
this
。此中，于此。
例句：
The minimum royalty
herein specified shall be paid by Party
B to
Party A.
在
此规定的最低特许权使用费应由乙方付给甲方。
l Hereinafter: later in the
same Contract.
以下，在下文。通常与
to
be referred to
as, referred as, called
连用。
例句：
This Agreement is made
and concluded on ______, (date)____(year), by and
between _____(hereinafter called Party
A) on the one hand and _____(hereinafter
called Party B) on the other hand.
本协议书于
____
年
___
月
___
日由
< br>_____
（以下简称甲
方）为一方，与
_____(
以下简称乙方
)
为另一方签订。
l
Hereof
：
of this
。关于
此点，在本文件中。
Hereunder
：
under this.
本文件规定。
例句：
Both
parties
agree
to
attempt
to
resolve
all
disputes
between
the
parties
with
respect to the application or
interpretation of any term hereof of transaction
hereunder,
through
amicable
negotiation.
合同双方就本合同规定交易任一条款的适用和
解释所产生的所有争议同意力求通
过友好协商予以解决。
l
Hereto
：
to this.
本文
件的。
Thereof
：
of tha
t.
它的，其。
Thereto
：
to that
与之，向
那里。
例句：“Licensed Products”
means the devices and products described in
Schedule
1
annexed
hereto
together
with
all
improvement
and
modification
thereof
or
development with respect
thereto. “特许产品”系指在本协议附件
1
中所述的
装置和产
品，及其全部改进和修改的产品和与之相关的产品。
l
Herewith
：
with this.
与此，附此。
Thereby
：
b
y that means.
因此，由此，从而
例句：
In
any
one
or
more
of
the
provisions
contained
in
this
Contract
or
any
document
executed in connection herewith shall
be invalid of unenforceable in any respect
under
any
applicable
law,
the
validity
and
enforceability
of
the
remaining
provisions contained herein shall not
in any way be affected thereby.
如果根据现
行法律，
本合同及与此有关文件中有一项或多项条款被视为无效或不能
履行，
本合同其余条
款的效力和履行将不因此受影响。
l Thereafter: after
that
，
afterwards.
此
后。
例句：
The Contract for the
contractual joint venture shall continue from a
period
o two years thereafter.
本合作经营企业合同，此后应持续有效两年。
l Therein: in that; in that particular
context; in that respect.
在那里；在那点上；
在那方面。
例句：
The Leased Premises are
deemed to be fit for occupation when the building
therein is substantially completed.
当在那里的建筑物实质完成时，该租赁房屋才认为
适合占有居住。
l
Therewith
：
with
that.
以此；此外。
例句：
The
Employer
shall
indemnify
and
save
harmless
the
Contractor
against
and
from
the
same
and
against
and
from
all
claims,
proceedings,
damages,
costs,
charges
and
expenses whatsoever
arising there out or in connection therewith.
业主应赔偿所有
索赔、诉讼、损害赔偿、支出、花费、费用，不论因本合同
产生或与其相关，并保证承包人
免于承担上述责任。
l Whereby: by the
agreement; by the following terms and conditions,
etc.
凭此协
议，凭此条款等。
例句：
This
Agreement
is
made
and
concluded
by
and
between
AA
Corporation
(hereinafter
referred
to
as
Party
A)
and
BB
Company
(hereinafter
referred
to
as
Party
B)
whereby
the
Parties hereto agree to enter into the
compensation trade under the terms and
conditions
set
forth
below:
本协议由
AA
公司（以下简称甲方）和
BB
公司（以下简称乙
方）签订。双方同意按下列条款进行补偿贸易。<
/p>
（本句中省略未译）
2
．
WITNESSETH,
Whereas, Now Therefore, NOW THESE PRESENTS
WITNESS, Know All Men
by these
presents
，
In witness Whereof,
In Testimony Whereof, Undersigned.
WITHNESSETH, Whereas, Now
Therefore
用于英文合同前言部分，
In
witness Whereof
用于
合同结尾证明部分，在第
二章篇章结构特点中已有涉及，恕不赘述。
l In Testimony Whereof: in Witness
Whereof.
以此为证，特立此证。
例句：
In Testimony
Whereof we have hereto signed this Document on
_____ (date)
accepted on _____ (date).<
/p>
我方于
__
年
_
_
月
__
日签署本文件，并于
__
年
__
月
__
日接受该文
件，特此为证。
l NOW THESE
PRESENTS
WITNESS:
兹特立约为据
,
本句话也是用于
WHEREAS
条款之后引出具
体协议事项
。
例句：
NOW
THESE
PRESENTS
WITNESS
that
it
is
hereby
agreed
between
the
parties
hereto
as
follows:
兹特立约为据，并由订约双方协议如下：
l KNOW ALL MEN by these pre
sents:
根据本文件，特此宣布。
（通常用于前言部分）<
/p>
例句：KNOW
ALL
MEN
by
these
presents
that
we_____(bank’s
name)having
our
registered
office at ______
(hereinafter called “the Bank”) will be bound unto
_____(the
Owner’s
name)(hereinafter
called
“the
Owner”)
in
the
sum
of
____
for
payment
well
and truly to be made to
the said Owner, the Bank will bind itself, its
successors
and better assignee by these
presents.
根据本文件，兹宣布，我行，
（银行名称）
，其注
册地点在（以下简称本银行）向（业主名称）
（以下简称本业主）立约担保支付（金额数）
的保证金。本保证书对本银行
及其继受人和受让人均具有约束力。
l Undersigned:
法律文件末尾的签名者
,
前面加定冠词
the,
是指文件签署者的自称。
例句：
The
undersigned
Seller
and
Buyer
have
agreed
to
close
the
following
transaction
in accordance
with the terms and conditions stipulated as follow
s:
兹经签约的买卖
双方同意，按下列条款，达成这笔交易。<
/p>
3
．
Notwithstanding: in spite of, despite.
即使，尽管。
例
1
：
Notwithstand
ing
any
other
provisions
to
the
contrary
herein,
insurance
coverage
and limits shall be subject to approval
of all the parties.
即使有与本合同相悖的
规定，保险范围和责任限制应以合同各方同意为准。
例
2
：
Notwi
thstanding Article 2.2, the parties may agree to
extend the Expiration
date to such date
as is reasonable in the circumstances if any of
the conditions
precedent referred to in
Article 2.1 is not satisfied or waived on or
before the
Expiration Date, any such
agreement or waiver to be in writing.
尽
管有本合同第二
条第二款规定，如上述第二条第一款规定的先决条件在合同期满日之前既
未实现又未放弃，
合同各方亦可根据具体情况，约定合理延长合同的期满日。
4
．
As
合同英语中
as
出现的频率极高，而且用法灵活多变，是典型
的自由人。在某种意义上讲，
as
使用的熟练程度可以衡量合同
英语的造诣。具体用法和含义见以下实例：
l
As
放在代表规定的
provide
，
stipulate
，
set
forth
，
pr
escribe
等词的过去分词前，含
义为“依照某某规定”。
例
1
：
For
purpose of this, Capital Account shall be adjusted
hypothetically as
provided for in
Section 4.6 herein.
基于此，应依照本合同第四条第六款调整资金
账户。
例
2
：
based
on
their
respective
Venture
interests
as
set
forth
in
Section
5.2
hereof.
基于本合同第五条第二款规定的各方在合资公司中的权益。
l
另有
Except as otherwise provid
ed
结构，表示“除非本文
/
某条款另
有规定”。
例句：
Except
as
otherwise
provided
herein,
all
notices
or
demands
sent
by
registered
airmail shall be
deemed received 8 days after they have been sent
and notices or
demands
sent
by
telex
shall
be
deemed
received
at
the
time
of
the
dispatch
thereof.
除非本合同另有规定，所有通知和请求以航空挂号信寄出则发出后
8
日应视为送达收悉，以
电传方式发出则在发送时视为收悉。
l
As
构成
as the case may
be
（视具体情况而定）
，
as
the case may
require
（视具体要
求而定）和
as the Venturers may
determine
等短语。