经理英文土木工程专业外文翻译--高层建筑

外文原文

Tall Buildings

Although there have been many advancements in building construction technology in

general, spectacular achievements have been made in the design and construction of ultrahigh-

rise buildings.

The early development of high-rise buildings began with structural steel framing.

Reinforced concrete and stressed-skin tube systems have since been economically and

competitively used in a number of structures for both residential and commercial purposes. The

high-rise buildings ranging from 50 to 110 stories that are being built all over the United States

are the result of innovations and development of new structural systems.

Greater height entails increased column and beam sizes to make buildings more rigid so

that under wind load they will not sway beyond an acceptable limit.

Excessive lateral

sway may cause serious recurring damage to partitions, ceilings, and other architectural details.

In addition, excessive sway may cause discomfort to the occupants of the building because of

their perception of such motion. Structural systems of reinforced concrete, as well as steel, take

full advantage of the inherent potential stiffness of the total building and therefore do not require

additional stiffening to limit the sway.

In a steel structure, for example, the economy can be defined in terms of the total

average quantity of steel per square foot of floor area of the building. Curve A in Fig. 1

represents the average unit weight of a conventional frame with increasing numbers of stories.

Curve B represents the average steel weight if the frame is protected from all lateral loads. The

gap between the upper boundary and the lower boundary represents the premium for height for

the traditional column-and-beam frame; Structural engineers have developed structural systems

with a view to eliminating this premium.

Systems in steel. Tall buildings in steel developed as a result of several types of

structural innovations. The innovations have been applied to the construction of both office and

apartment buildings.

Frames with rigid belt trusses. In order to tie the exterior columns of a frame structure to

the interior vertical trusses, a system of rigid belt trusses at mid-height and at the top of the

building may be used. A good example of this system is the First Wisconsin Bank Building

(1974) in Milwaukee.

Framed tube. The maximum efficiency of the total structure of a tall building, for both

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strength and stiffness, to resist wind load can be achieved only if all column elements can be

connected to each other in such a way that the entire building acts as a hollow tube or rigid box

in projecting out of the ground. This particular structural system was probably used for the first

time in the 43-story reinforced concrete DeWitt Chestnut Apartment Building in Chicago. The

most significant use of this system is in the twin structural steel towers of the 110-story World

Trade Center building in New York.

Column-diagonal truss tube. The exterior columns of a building can be spaced

reasonably far apart and yet be made to work together as a tube by connecting them with.

Diagonal members intersecting at the center line of the columns and beams. This simple yet

extremely efficient system was used for the first time on the John Hancock Center in Chicago,

using as much steel as is normally needed for a traditional story building.

Fig. 1. Graphical relationship between design quantities of steel and building heights

for a typical building frame. Curves A and B correspond to the boundary conditions indicated in

the two building diagrams. 1 psf = 0. 048kPa.

Bundled tube. With the continuing need for larger and taller buildings, the framed tube or

the column-diagonal truss tube may be used in a bundled form to create larger tube envelopes

while maintaining high efficiency. The i10-story Sears Roebuck Headquarters Building in

Chicago has nine tubes, bundled at tile base of the building in three rows. Some of these

individual tubes terminate at different heights of the building, demonstrating the unlimited

architectural possibilities of this latest structural concept. The Sears tower, at a height of 1450 ft

(442 m), is the world's tallest building.

Stressed-skin tube system. The tube structural system was developed for improving the

resistance to lateral forces (wind or earthquake) and the control of drift (lateral building

movement) in high-rise building. The stressed-skin tube takes the tube system a step further.

The development of the stressed-skin tube utilizes the facade of the building as a structural

element which acts with the framed tube, thus providing an efficient way of resisting lateral loads

in high-rise buildings, and resulting in cost-effective column-free interior space with a high ratio

of net to gross floor area.

Because of the contribution of the stressed-skin facade, the framed members of the tube

require less mass, and are thus lighter and less expensive. All the typical columns and spandrel

beams are standard rolled shapes, minimizing the use and cost of special built-up members.

The depth requirement for the perimeter spandrel beams is also reduced, and the need for upset

beams above floors, which would encroach on valuable space, is minimized.

The structural system has been used on the 54-story One Mellon Bank Center in Pittsburgh.

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Systems in concrete. While tall buildings constructed of steel had an early start,

development of tall buildings of reinforced concrete progressed at a fast enough rate to provide

a competitive challenge to structural steel systems for both office and apartment buildings.

Framed tube. As discussed above, the first framed tube concept for tall buildings was

used for the 43-story DeWitt Chestnut Apartment Building. In this building, exterior columns were

spaced at 5.5-ft (1.68-m) centers, and interior columns were used as needed to support the 8-

in.-thick (20-cm) flat-plate concrete slabs.

Tube in tube. Another system in reinforced concrete for office buildings combines the

traditional shear wall construction with an exterior framed tube. The system consists of an outer

framed tube of very closely spaced columns and an interior rigid shear wall tube enclosing the

central service area. The system (Fig.2), known as the tube-in-tube system, made it possible to

design the world's present tallest (714 ft or 218m) lightweight concrete Building in Houston)for

structure of only 35 s oriel building the unit 52

—

story One Shell Plaza of a traditional shear

wall

Systems compiling both concrete and steel have also been developed

，

an example of

which is the composite system developed by Skidmore

，

Owings & Merrill in which an exterior

closely spaced framed tube in concrete envelops an interior steel framing

，

thereby combining

the advantages of both reinforced concrete and structural

steel systems

．

The 52

—

story One Shell Square Building in New Orleans is based on this

system

．

NEW WORDS AND PHRASES

1

．

spectacular

壮观的，惊人的，引人注意的

2

．

sway

摇动，摇摆，歪，使倾斜

3

．

residential

居住的，住宅的，作住家用的

4

．

commercial

商业的，商业上的，商务的

5

．

innovation

革新，创新，新方法，新事物

6

．

boundary

分界线，边界

7

．

eliminate

排除，消除，除去

8

．

apartment

公寓住宅，单元住宅

9

．

column

柱，支柱，圆

柱，柱状物

10

．

demonstrate

示范，证明，演示，

11

．

project

凸出，投射，计划，工程

12

．

stress

应力，压力

13

．

truss

构架，桁架

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