injustice英美概况名词解释-史上最全哦

考过

)

the name Wars of the Roses was refer to

the

battles

between

the

House

of

Lancaster,

symbolized

by

the

read

rose,

and

that

of

York,

symbolized

by

the

white,

from

1455

to

1485.

Henry

Tudor,

descendant

of

Duke

of

Lancaster

won

victory at Bosworth Fireld in 1485 and

put ht country under the rule of the

Tudors.

From

these

Wars,

English

feudalism received its death blow. The

great

medieval

nobility

was

much

weakened.

Spanish Armada:

西班牙无敌舰

队

the

fleet

sent

to

invade

England

by

Philip II of spain in 1588.

Glorious Revolution of 1688

光荣革命

【

In

1685

Charles

II

died

and

was

succeeded

by

his

brother

James

II.

James

was

brought up in exile in Europe, was a

Catholic.

He

hoped

to

rule

without

giving up his personal religious vies.

But England was no more tolerant of a

Catholic

king

in

1688

than

40

years

ago.

So

the

English

politicians

rejected

James II, and appealed to a Protestant

king, William of Orange, to invade and

take

the

English

throne.

William

landed

in

England

in 1688.

The

takeover

was

relatively smooth, with no bloodshed,

nor any execution of the king. This was

known as the Glorious Revolution.

Gunpowder Plot of 1605

火药

阴谋案

The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 was the most

famous

of

the

Catholic

conspiracies.

On

Nov. 5,1605, a few fanatical Catholics

attempted to

blow King

James

and

his

ministers

up

in

the

House

of

Parliament

where

Guy

Fawkes

had

planted

barrels

of

gun-powder

in

the

cellars.

The

immediate

result was the execution of Fawkes and

his fellow- conspirators and imposition

of

severe

anti-Catholic

laws.

The

long- term

result

has

been

an

annual

celebration

on

Nov.

5,

when

a

bonfire

is

lit

to

turn

a

guy

and

a

firework

display

is arranged.

34. The Black Death

黑死病

It is a modern name given to the dearly

bubonic

plague,

an

epidemic

disease

spread

through

Europe

in

the

fourteenth

century particularly in 1348-1349. It

came without warning, and without any

cue. In England, it killed almost half

of

the

total

population,

causing

far-reaching economic consequences.

boroughs

衰败选区

a

parliamentary

constituency

which

possessed

the

right

to

elect

members

of

parliament even though its population

had dwindled or was nonexistent.

议会选民区都有权利去选举议会的 成员即

使它的人口已经下降或是不存在。

.

Pankhurst

潘克赫斯特太太是

女权的主要倡导者之一。

british

suffragette,she

founded

the

women’s

social

and

political

union,she

died a month before women gained full

voting equality with men.

league of nations

国际联盟

an

international

organization

of

1920

—

1946

set

up

after

the

first

world

war

to

promote

international

cooperation

and

to

achieve

international peace and security.

blitz

闪电战

an air attack,particularly the London

blitz

of

1940

—

world

is

from

the

german

“blitzkrieg”

beatles

甲克虫乐队

^

one of britain’s most influential pop

groups,first

performing

in

1959

in

Liverpool.

撒切尔主义

The

election

of

1979

returned

the

Conservative

Party

to

power

and

Margaret

Thatcher became the first woman prime

minister in Britain. Her policies are

popularly

referred

to

as

state-owned

industries,

the

use

of

monetarist

policies

to

control

inflation,

the

weaking

of

trade

forces

unions,

the

strengthening

of

the

role

of

market

forces in the economy, and an emphasis

on law and order.

包括国有工业私有化，

用货币政策控制通货

膨胀，

削弱工会，

加强市场力量在经济中的

作用，强调法律与秩序。

of payments

收支平衡

it is the difference between the money

from exports and the cost of imports.

Maynard Keynes

he

was

an

influential

british

maintained that governments should use

fiscal

policy

to

stabilize

the

economy.

:

用财政使经济稳定

.

trade and invisible trade

visible trade is trade of goods such as

machines

while

invisible

trade

is

trade

of

services

such

as

banking

and

tourism.

union

欧盟

EC

stands

for

European

community

.EC

is

now called European union(EU).it is an

organization

of

15

western

European

countries

that

promotes

cooperation

among its members.

policies(

货币主义政策

)

Since the American economy was plagued

by

stagflation,

in

the

early

1980s,

the

traditional Keynesian theory (

传统的凯

恩斯理论

)was

replaced

by

new

monetarist,

which

sought

to

fight

inflation

by

increasing supply and reducing demand,

On one hand ,taxes were cut to increase

economic dynamism. On the other hand,

interest

rates

were

raised

to

reduce

the

supply of money.

增加供应，

减少 需求来打击通货膨胀。

一方

面，减少税收增加经济活力；另一方 面，增

加利率减少货币支出。

)

Trade Union Act of 1871

工会

法

It legalized the trade unions and give

financial

security.

It

meant

that

in

law

there was no difference between money

for benefic purposes and collecting it

to

support

strike

action.

使工会合法化，

并给 其财政保障。这意味着从法律上而言，

为福利募集资金与为罢工募集资金毫无二

至。

农业产业

The

new

farming

has

been

called

“agribusiness”,

because

it

is

equipped

and

managed

like

an

industrial

business with a set of inputs into the

processes which occur on the farm and

outputs

or

products

which

leave

the

farm

disease

英国病

The

term

“British

disease”

is

now

often used to characterize Britain’s

economic decline.

monarchy

君主立宪制

It is a political system that has been

practised

in

Britain

since

the

Glorious

revolution of 1688. According to this

system,

the

Constitution

is

superior

to

the

Monarch.

In

law,

the

Monarch

has

many

supreme

powers,

but

in

practice,

the

real

power

of

monarchy

has

been

greatly

reduced

and

today

the

Queen

acts

solely

on

the

advice

of

her

ministers.

She

reigns

but

does

not

rule.

The

real

power

lies in the Parliament, or to be exact,

in the House of Commons.

Council

枢密院

A

consultative

body

of

the

British

monarch. Its origin can be traced back

to the times of the Norman Kings. After

the

Glorious

Revolution

of

1688,

its

importance

was

gradually

diminished

and

replaced by the Cabinet. Today, it is

still

a

consultation

body

of

the

British

monarch, Its membership is about 400,

and includes al Cabinet ministers, the

speaker

of

the

House

of

Commons,

the

Archbishops

of

Canterbury

and

York,

and

senior

British

and

Commonwealth

statesmen.

law

公共法

the

traditional

unwritten

law

of

England,based

on

custom

and

the

decisions of

judges

over

a

period

of

years

rather

than

on

written

laws

passed

by parliament.

英国的不成文法，

< br>以法官的判断和习惯为依

据，而不以议会的成文法为依据。

state opening of parliament

the

official

opening

of

a

new

session

of

parliament,usually

at

the

end

of

October

or

beginning

of

November,or after

a

general election.

·

Civil list

英国王室 费

(

考过

)

an

annual

allowance,approved

by

parliament,made

to

the

sovereign

and

members

of

the

royal

family

for

the

expense involved in carrying out their

public duties.

议会每年一次的津贴补助

对君主和皇家成员在 行使公共职务时的花

费。

civil service

公务员

(

考过

)

the body of state officials that help s

the government.

peer

终身贵族

a person who is given a peerage

贵族地

位

that is not handed of to his or her

descendants,usually

as

a

reward

for

public service.

无罪裁决

|

acquittal

broadly

means

that

the

individual

is

released

or

discharged

without

any

further

prosecution

for

the

same act or transaction.

是意味着被指控者无罪开释，

并再也不可就

这件特定罪行被指控。

the

questioning

of

a

witness,by

a

party

or lawyer other than the one who called

the

witness,concerning

matters

about

which the witness has testified during

direct examination.

Crown Court

刑事法庭

A

criminal

court

that

deals

with

the

more

serious

cases

and

holds

sessions

in

towns throughout England and Wales. It

is presided over either by a judge from

the High Court of Justice or a local

full-time judge.

缓刑

a

scheme

whereby

a

criminal

offender

is

placed

under

the

supervision

of

a

probation

officer

for

a

period

of

between

six

months(12months

in

scotland)

and three years.

|

6

个月到三年之间。

punishment

死刑

the

execution

of

a

criminal

by

punishment

also

known

as

the

death

penalty.

metropolitan police force

the

police

force

responsible

for

London,with

its

headquarters

at

new

Scotland yard.

National

Health

Service

英国

国民保健制度

It

is

a

very

important

part

of

the

welfare

system

in

Britain.

It

is

a

nationwide

organization

based

on

Acts

of

Parliament.

It

provides

all

kinds

of

free or nearly free medical treatment

both

in

hospital

and

outside.

It

is

financed

mainly

by

payments

by

the

state

out

of

general

taxation.

People

are

not

obliged

to

use

this

service.

The

service

is achieving its main objectives with

outstanding success.

-

insurance

社会保险

the sum levied on all working people by

the

state

as

an

insurance

against

sickness and unemployment.

practitioner(GP)

a

doctor

who

is

not

a

specialist

but

who

has

a

medical

practice

in

which

he

treats

all illness.

worker

a person employed by a local authority

or

a

voluntary

organization

to

give

practical aid and advice to people in

need.

salvation army

a

world-wide

Christian

organization

founded

by

William

booth,

giving

practical aid and spiritual comfort to

the poor and needy.

救世军。

，

schools

Comprehensives

schools

take

pupils

without

reference

to

ability

or

aptitude

and

provide

a

wide- ranging

secondary

education

for

all

or

most

of

the

children

in a district.

是世界前三大的多媒体新闻

通讯

，

提供各类新闻和金融数据，

< br>在

128

个国

家运行。

路透提供新闻报导给报刊、

电视台

等各式媒体，

并向来以迅速、

准确享誉国际。

另一方 面，

路透提供工具和平台，

例如股价

和 外币汇率，

让交易员可以分析金融数据和

管理交易风险；

同时路透的系统让客户可以

经由因特网完成买卖，

取代电话或是

纽约证

券交易所

的买 卖大厅等人工交易方式，

它的

电子交易服务串连了金融社群。< /p>

路透社是最

早的通讯社，

也是目前英国最大的通讯社和

西方

四大通讯社

之一。

It was founded in 1851 by the German,

Julius

Reuter.

It

is

now

a

publicly

owned

company, employing over 11000 staff in

80

countries.

It

has

more

than

1300

staff

journalists and photographers.

( GM)Schools

有公费保证的学校

they

are

state

schools

outside

local

education

authority

are

no

tuition

fees at these school s.

由国家学校以外的

当地教育机构控制，在这些学校是免费的 。

（

an examination formerly used to select

school

pupils

at

about,the

age

of

11

for

an appropriate secondary education.

一

种考试对

11

岁孩子选择适当的中等教育。