exported-情敌
学习资料收集于网络，仅供参考
English Literature
英国文学史
笔记
The
Development of English Literature
From
the academic angle, English literature can be
divided into seven periods:
1.
Early and Medieval English literature;
2.
The English Renaissance;
3.
The 17th C. -The Period
of Revolution and Restoration;
4.
The 18th Century -The Age of
Enlightenment
5.
Romanticism
in England in the 1st half of the 19th century;
6.
The Victorian Age;
7.
The 20th Century
Literature
-
Modernism and
Post-Modernism
Chapter1 Literature of
Old and Medieval
Period(449
—
1485)
1)
Anglo-Saxon Period /Old
English Period (449-1066)
The main
literary contribution of this period is the Epic,
and its masterpiece is the national
epic The Song of Beowul,f which is a
long poem of 3182 lines about the deeds of the
Teutonic
条顿
)hero Beowulf in
the 6th century. It is the oldest poem in the
English language and the
oldest
surviving epic in Anglo-Saxon literature.
2)
The Anglo-Norman Period
/Middle English Period (1066-1485)
The
literature of this period is greatly influenced by
the Norman Conquest (1066). After the
conquest, the customs and ideals known
as chivalry was introduced by the Normans into
England and can be reflected in
literature, such as the knightly code, the
romantic interest in
women , tenderness
and reverence paid to Virgin Mary etc.. The
prevailing form of literature in
the
Feudal England was Romance
传
(
奇，骑士文学
).
The most famous Romance wasSir Gawain
and the Green Knigh. t
㈠
Definitions of Literary Terms
1.
Couplet
对句
):a
couplet is two consecutive lines of poetry that
rhyme.
2.
Iambic pentameter:
each line has five feet of iambs; in each foot,
there is an unstressed
syllable
followed by a stressed syllable.
3.
Heroic Couplet(
英雄偶句
/
双韵体
):two
consecutive lines of rhymed poetry in iambic
pentameter. (an iambic pentameter
couplet). The form was introduced into English by
Geoffrey Chaucer and was widely used
subsequently, reaching a height of popularity in
the
works of Alexander Pope.
4.
Blank
Verse
无韵体，素体诗
):unrhymed
iambic pentameter.
5.
Epic(
史诗
):A long
narrative poem on the adventures and great deeds
of heroes.
6.
Frame story: a
narrative that provides the framework within which
a number of different
stories, which
may or may not be connected, can be told. (The
Canterbury Tales is a
collection of
stories in a frame story)
学习资料
学习资料收集于网络，仅供参考
7.
Romance: A tale in verse, embodying the
life and adventures of content of
Romance was usually about love,
chivalry and religion.
㈡
Geoffrey Chaucer (about1340
—
1400)
杰弗里
？
< br>乔叟
The Founder (Father)
of English
poetry
”
A Londoner of bourgeois origin, the
most important and influential poet in medieval
England,
established English as a
courtly language. Geoffreys
'
Chaucer
'
s works
are often categorized
in three
chronological periods (the French period, the
Italian period and the English period).
I
.Chaucer's Contributions
①
. He introduced
from French the
“
heroic
couplet
”
to English poetry.
②
. He is the
first important poet to write in the current
English language.
③
. Chaucer did much in making the
dialect of London the foundation for modern
English
language.
n
.Geoffrey Chaucers famous work :The
Canterbury Tales (1387
—
1400)
《坎特
伯雷集》
an
unfinished series of stories told by a
group of pilgrims(about 29), who came from all
layers of
society(a knight, a prioress,
a plowman, a merchant, a clerk, the wife from
Bath, etc.),
journeying from London to
the shrine of St. Thomas Becket at Canterbury.
“
The General
Prologue
”
told
us Chaucer intended that each pilgrim should tell
two tales on the way to
Canterbury and
two tales on the way back. But Chaucer had
actually completed only 23
stories.
Scholars are uncertain about the order of the
tales, anTdhe Canterbury Taleshas been
passed down in several handwritten
manuscripts.
川
.Other works:
1)
The French period (to
1372): Book of Duchess
(1369)
《公爵夫人之书》
2)
The Italian period
(1372
—
1385): House of Fame
(1379
—
1384)
《声誉之宫》
The
Parliament
of Fowls
(1377
—
1382)
《百鸟会议》
The Legend
of Good Women
《贤妇传说》
Troilus
and Criseyde
(1382
—
1385)
《特洛伊罗斯与
克丽西达》
3)
The English period
(1387
—
1400): The Canterbury
Tales (1387
—
1400) Chapter 2
Literature
of English
Renaissanc
(
e 1485
—
1616
)
The Renaissance as a cultural movement
embraced all Western Europe roughly
th
th
from the
14
th
century to the
17
th
century. It first
sprang in Florence of Italy and then spread to
the rest of Europe (to Germany and
Spain and England).
“
Renaiss
anc
”
e,French for
“
rebirth
”
, refers
to the revival of interest in ancient Roman
and Greek culture.
During
this period, the classicalarts and learning were
discovered again and widely studied ,
so the term Renaissance originally
indicated a revival of classical (Roman and Greek)
arts
and learning after the dark ages
of medieval obscurantism , it also marked the
beginning of
bourgeois revolution .
In the Renaissance period, scholars and
educatorscalled themselves humanists and began to
emphasize the capacities of the human
mind and the achievements of human culture, in
contrast to the medieval emphasis on
God and contempt for the things of this world. So
humanism became the keynote of the
English Renaissance. And the greatest humanist is
Thomas More, the author ofUtopia. The
representatives in literature are Shakespeare and
Bacon. The former has the greatest
contribution in drama and sonnets while the latter
'
essays are condensed and
witty.
学习资料
学习资料收集于网络，仅供参考
代表人物：
1) Thomas
More
(
1478
—
1535
)
托马斯
?
莫尔
Utopia
乌托邦
2) Thomas Wyatt
托马斯
?
怀亚特
He introduced sonnet into English
literature
引入十四行诗的第一
人
sonnet(
十四行诗
)
：
form of poetry intricately rhymed(
间隔押韵
) in 14
lines iambic pentameter
3)
Edmund Spenser
(
1522
—
1599
)
埃德蒙
?
斯宾塞
“
the po et
'
s poet
(
诗”人
中的诗人
)
English poet whose long allegorical
poem(
寓言性浪漫史诗
)
The Faerie Queene
《仙后》
is one
of the greatest in
the English language. It was written in what came
to be called the Spenserian
stanza.
Spenserian stanza
：
A nine-line stanza with the
following rhyme scheme: ababbcbcc. The first
eight lines are written in iambic
pentameter. The last line is written in iambic
hexameter
4)
Christopher Marlowe
(
1564
—
1593
)
克里斯托弗
?
马洛
“
the most gifted
writer of the University Wits
Father of English Tragedy
”“
the forerunner of English
drama
”
(one-man tragedy)
”“
The
The greatest pioneer of
English drama who made blank verse the
principal vehicle of expression in
drama.
blank verse(
无韵体：
不押韵的五步抑扬格
)
是十六世纪英国戏剧的主要表现形
式。
5
)
Francis Bacon
(
1561
—
<
/p>
1626
)
弗兰西斯
?
培根
the first English essayist the father
of the English essay
An English
philosopher, essayist and statesman, is a
representative of the English
Renaissance. As a literary figure, he
played a central role in the development of
English
essay; while as the father of
Empiricism, he laid the foundation for modern
science in
England.
Bacon s
main works includdie Advancement of Learning
学术的推进》
(
1605),
New
Instrument
《新工具》
(1620), New A
tlantic
*
新大西岛》
(
1627) and Essays
《论说文集》
( 1597).
6)
Sir Philip Sidney(155X 15
86)
菲利普
？
西德尼
An outstanding lyrical and epic
poet
7)
John Lyly Great
popularity was won by his noveEuphues(
《
尤弗伊斯》
)
which gave
rise to an affected style of court speech called <
/p>
体
/
绮丽体
)<
/p>
8)
William
Shakespeare(1564
—
1616)
威廉
?
莎士比亚
Shakespeare is not of an age, but for
all time.
—
Ben
Johnson One of the most remarkable
playwrights and poets the world has
ever known. He contributed 154 sonnets, 37
（
38?
）
plays, and 2 long narrative poems to
the literary legacy of the world.
William Shakespeares works:
Four great
comedies
四大喜剧
）
:A
Midsummer Night s
Dream
《仲夏夜之梦》
；
The
Merchant
of Venice
《威尼斯商人》
；
Twelfth
Night
《第十二夜》
；
As
you like it
《皆大欢喜》
.
Four great tragedies
（
四大悲剧）
：
Hamlet
（
1601
）《哈姆雷特》
；
Othello
（
1604
）
《奥赛罗》
King
Lear
（
1605
）《李尔王》
；
Macbeth
（
1605
）《麦克白》
Sonnet: A fourteen-
line
lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic
pentameter.
学习资料
尤弗伊
uphuism”
(
学习资料收集于网络，仅供参考
1.
It originated from Italy .Thomas Wyatt
introduced it to English in the 16th century .
2.
Sonnet has two types:
（
1
）
The Italian sonnet
（
Petrarchan sonnet
（
Petrarch is an
Italian poet in the 14th
century.
）
（
2
）
The English or Shakespearean sonnet
莎士比亚十四行诗
（
The Shakespearean sonnet
）
的节律是五音步抑扬格。全诗
包
括三个四行组
和一个两行组，韵脚按
abab cdcd efef gg
排列，称为
莎士比亚式”，
伊丽莎白式”或英国式”。
意式（彼特拉克式）十四行诗
仃
he Petrarchan
sonnet
的格式，即包括一个八行
节（
octave
）和一个六行节（
sestet
，韵脚按
abba
abba cdecde Chapter3 Literature of the 17th
century
The 17th century was
one of the most tempestuous periods in English
history. It was a period
when absolute
monarchy impeded the further development of
capitalism in England and the
bourgeoisie could no longer bear the
sway of landed nobility. The contradictions
between the
feudal system and the
bourgeoisie had reached its peak and resulted in a
revolutionary
outburst.
The
17th-century literature was greatly influenced by
the bourgeoisie revolution against
monarchy. The politically tempestuous
period made the literature one of confusion in the
Puritan Age. The greatest
representatives of this period are the
“
Three Johns
”
: John Milton, John Donne, the
representative of the Metaphysical School
and John Bunyan, a great prose writer.
John Donne
约翰
邓恩
（
1572-1631
）
John Donne is the most
outstanding of the English Metaphysical
Poe
英国玄学
派诗人）
today
and
very influential upon modern
writers
；
at his time, Donne
was a preacherfamous for his
magnificent sermons.
1.
Early works
（
written before 1600, 55 love
poems
）
Songs and
Sonnets: The Flea
《跳蚤》
Song
《歌》
Woma
n
s Constancy^
女
人的忠贞》
A
Valediction : of
Weeping
《别离辞：谈哭泣》
A Valediction:
Forbidding
Mourning
《别离辞莫悲伤》
2.
Religious poems and
sermons
Metaphysical Poetry: The poetry
of John Donne and other seventeenth-century
poets who wrote in a similar style.
Metaphysical poetry is characterized by verbal wit
(
巧
智
)
,ingenious structure, irregular meter,
colloquial language, elaborate imagery, and a
drawing together of dissimilar ideas.
Conceit (
奇喻
):A
kind of metaphor that makes a comparison between
two startlingly different
things.
Forbidding
Mourning
《别离辞莫悲伤》
The speaker usesthe conceit to compare
their inseparable relationship to the compasses
whose two legs are separated on the
two-dimensional surface, yet are combined together
in
the third dimension.
The
imagery of compasses demonstrates that perfect
love is a union of the body and the soul,
or to love the beloved both physically
and spiritually.
学习资料
学习资料收集于网络，仅供参考
Ernest Hemingway: The American writer
who won the 1954 Nobel Prize in literature by The
Old Man and The Sea. Both the title and
the inspiration of his novel For Whom the Bell
Tolls
are derived from a sermon by
Donne
：
' No man is an island,
entire of itself; every man is a
piece
of the continent
man's
death
diminishes me, for I am involved in mankind
to know for whom the bell tolls; It
tolls for thee.
?…
Each
…
And therefore, never send
”
T. S. Eliot:
One of the most distinguished literary figures of
the 20th century, who won the
1948
Nobel Prize in Literature. His Donne-worship is
reflected in his work The Metaphysical
Poets
John Bunyan (1628
—
1688)
约翰
班扬
John Bunyan is
an English Christian writer and preacher, famous
for writing The Pilgrim's
m
'
Progress was written as a
book of religious instructions in the form of
allegory and dream. Bunyan wrote
Pilgrim's Progress in two parts, the first of
which was
published in London in 1678
and the second in 1684. the earliest edition in
which the two
parts combined in one
volume came in 1728.
约翰?班扬
英国著名作家、布道家。出生于英格兰东部区域贝德福德郡的贝
德福德。青年时期曾被征
入革命的议会军，后在故乡从事传教活
动。
1660
年斯
图亚特王朝复辟，当局借口未经许可而传教，把他逮捕入狱两次，分别监禁十
二年、六个月。狱中写
就《天路历程》
(
The Pilgrim's Progress
)
，内容讲
述基督徒及其妻子先后寻找天国的经历，语言简
洁平易，被誉为“英国文学中
最著名的寓言”。
Allegory
：
A narrative in which the characters and
the setting stand for abstract
qualities and ideas. The writer of an
allegory is not primarily trying to make the
characters and their actions realistic,
but to make them representative of ideas or
truths.
John Milton
约翰
弥尔顿
(
1608-1674)
John Milton was an English poet, a
polemicist, a scholarly man of letters, and a
civil servant
for the Commonwealth of
England under Oliver Cromwell. He wrote at a time
of religious flux
and political
upheaval, and is best known for his epic poem
Paradise Lost.
Milton's literary career
can be generally divided into three periods:
1.
The early period of
poetic works;
2.
The middle
period of prose pamphlets;
3.
The last period of great prose
< br>弥尔顿是清教徒文学的代表，他的一生都在为资产阶级民主运动而
奋斗，代表
作《失乐园》是和《荷马史诗》、《神曲》并称为西方三大诗歌。
学习资料
exported-情敌
exported-情敌
exported-情敌
exported-情敌
exported-情敌
exported-情敌
exported-情敌
exported-情敌
-
上一篇：完形填空练习大学六级
下一篇：小托福单词