tilted英语专业八级人文知识(总结)

人文知识

英语国家社会与文化

考题回顾

：

1999

年

:

1. The Observer

2. The geographical location of North America

3. The old universities in U.K.

4. Westminster Palace

2000

年

:

1.

The titles of English nobility

2.

The features of Irish landscape

3.

The longest river in Britain

4.

The legislative branch in U.K.

5.

The Hundred Years’ War

2001

年

:

1.

The founding of Harvard

2.

The settlement of Anglo-Saxons

3.

The official name of U.K.

4.

The economic activity of Canada

2002

年

:

1.

Wall Street

—

the financial center

2.

Big Ben, Benjamin Hall

3.

The compulsory education in U.K.

4.

Three branches of U.S.A. government

2003

年

:

1.

The location of California

2.

British news agency

3.

The founding fathers of U.S.A.

4.

The geography of Canada

2004

年

:

1.

1920s in U.S.A.

2.

The largest river in U.S.A.

3.

The discovery of the New World

4.

The first settlement in America

2005

年

:

1.

The capital city of Canada

2.

How long the U.S. President serves

3.

The important cities in U.S.A.

4.

The state church in England

2006

年

:

1.

The President in the Civil War

2. The capital city of New Zealand

3. The natives of Australia

4. The Prime Minister in Britain is head of the Cabinet

2007

年

:

1. The origin of the current

British population

2. The Head of State of Canada is represented by the Governor-general

3. The author of the Declaration of Independence

4. The original inhabitants of Australia

2008

年

:

1.

The largest city in Canada.

2.

The legislative branch of the U.S. government

3.

The oldest sport in U.S.A.

4.

The head of the executive branch in New Zealand

2009

年

:

1.

The Head of State of New Zealand

2.

The capital of Scotland

3.

The author of the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. president

4.

The cities located on the eastern coast of Australia.

2010

年

1. The British Constitution

2. The first city in Canada

3. The founding of Australian Federation

4. The Emancipation Proclamation

The United Kingdom

地理、人口及基本事实

:

1. Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Geographical Names: British Isles, Great Britain and England

2. Geographical position: the English Channel

3.

Four

political

divisions:

England

(London),

Scotland

(Edinburgh),

Wales

(Cardiff),

Northern Ireland (Belfast)

4. The Commonwealth: a free association of independent countries, from 1931 to 1991,

50 member nations

4. Rivers and Lakes: the longest

—

the Severn; Thames

—

the second longest and the most

important;

River

Clyde

—

the

most

important

in

Scotland;

Lough

Neagh

—

the

largest

lake

5. Mountains: Ben Nevis (the highest); Scafell (the highest in England); Snowdonia (the

highest in Wales)

6. The People: English (Anglo-Saxons); (the Celts) Welsh; Scottish; Irish.

7. Eisteddfodau

—

the annual festival for Welsh poetry, music, singing and art

历史备考点

:

The Origins of a Nation

1. The first known settlers

—

Iberians

2. The Celts (700 B.C.): three waves

—

Gaels; Brythons; Belgae

3. Romans:

Julius Caesar;

Claudius (43AD, successful invasion);

Christianity

4. The Anglo-Saxons:

Three Germanic tribes (Jutes, Anglos, Saxons)

The foundation

of the

English

state

—

shires;

narrow-strip,

three-field farming

system;

the manorial system; the Witan (

贤人会议

)

5. The Viking and Danes:

Alfred the Great

—“

the father of the British navy

”

; translate into English

Ecclesiastical

History of the English People (

< br>英国人民教会史

)

；

estab lished schools; formulate a legal

system

6.

The

Norman

Conquest:

1066,

the

best- known event

in

English

history,

William

the

Conqueror; the establishment of the feudal system; the introduction of Norman French

culture, language, manners and architecture; closer connection with Rome

The Shaping of the Nation

1.

The

Great

Charter:

1215,

King

John,

63

clauses.

The

statement

of the relationship

between

the

Crown

and

the

baron;

a

guarantee

of

the

freedom

of

the

Church;

a

limitation of the power of the king (the spirit of the Great Charter or Magna Carta)

2. All Estates Parliament

—

Simon de Montfort, 1265, the Great Council, the

House of

Lords, the House of Commons, the beginning of Parliament

3. Black Death: the deadly

epidemic disease; the 14

th

century; reduced the population

from 4 million to 2 million;

4. The Hundred Years

’

War (1337

—

1453): blessing for both countries,

4.

The

Peasant

Uprising:

1381,

Wat

Tyler

(killed)

and

Jack

Straw;

a

telling

blow

to

villeinage.

Transition to the Modern Age

1.

The

Wars

of

Roses

(1455-1485):

the

battles

between

Lancaster (red

rose)

and York

(white rose); Henry Tudor (the descendant of Duke of Lancaster) won, thus the rule of

Tudors; the death blow to feudalism.

2. The English Reformation: (1529-1534) Henry VIII, began with a struggle for divorce

(Catherine

of

Aragon)

and

ended

in

the

freedom

from

the

Papacy;

an

independent

Church of England; the king

—

the Supreme Head of the Church of England.

3. Bloody Mary: 300 Protestants; the French port of Calais

4. Elizabeth I: the defeat of Armada (the Spanish fleet)

5. The English Renaissance: (rebirth) largely artistic; Elizabethan Drama (Christopher

Marlowe, Ben Johnson and William Shakespeare)

6. The Divine Rights of Kings: Charles I

7. The Civil Wars (1642-1651): between the Cavaliers (the king

’

s men) and Roundheads

(the Parliamentary supporters); Oliver Cromwell (New Model Army) (Lord Protector);

the

Puritan

Revolution;

overthrew

the

feudal

system;

the

beginning

of

the

modern

history

8. The Restoration; the return of Charles II from his exile in France;

9. The Glorious Revolution: 1688, the smooth takeover of English throne by William of

Orange,

replacing

James

II

(a

Catholic

king,

the

brother

of

Charles

II),

with

no

bloodshed, nor execution of the king.

10. The Gunpowder Plot of 1605: Guy Fawkes (Catholic) planted barrels of gun-powder

in the cellar of the Parliament; the execution of Fawkes; a national annual celebration

(bonfire and firework display)

The British Empire

1. Whigs and Tories (the forerunner of the Conservative Party)

2. The Enclosure Movement:

3. The Industrial Revolution: the mechanization of industry; the late 18

th

and early 19

th

century;

after

the

revolution,

by

1830,

“

the

workshop

of

the

world

”

;

the

industrial

working class

—

the proletariat

4. The Chartist Movement (1836-1848)

—“

the first broad, really mass, political formed,

proletarian revolutionary movement

”

(Lenin)

5.

The

Labor

Party

—

the

Independent

Labor

Party(the

origin);

then

the

Labor

Representation Committee; the Labor Party (1906).

6. The first colony

—

Newfoundland, 1583

7. The East Indian Company: 1600, the economic penetration; 1858, ruled by the British

crown; 1877, Queen Victoria, Empress of India.

8. The Opium War: 1840

9.

WWI:

the

Central

Power

(Germany

and

Austria-Hungary);

the

“

Allies

”

(Britain,

France and Russia); The Treaty of Versailles (1919); the League of Nations

10.

The

Roaring

Twenties:

women

with

cropped

hair

and

short

dresses;

two

imports

from America: jazz, silent films

11.

The

Swinging

Sixties

—

the

permissive

age;

pop

music

(the

Beatles

turned

their

hometown of Liverpool into a place of pilgrimage)

12. 1973: a full member of the European Economic Committee

13.

Thatcherism:

the

policies

put

forward

by

Margaret

Thatcher

(the

iron

lady),

the

return to private ownership of the state-owned industries, the strengthening of the role

of market forces, and an emphasis on law and order.

14. The Statute of Westminster (1931)

政治

1. The Constitutional Monarchy

2.

The

monarch:

the

symbol

of

the

whole

nation,

the

head

of

the

executive,

head

of

judiciary, the commander- in-chief of the armed forces and the

“

supreme governor

”

of

the Church of England.

3.

The

components

of

the

English Parliament:

the

Sovereign, the House

of

Lords

(the

oldest part of the Parliament) and the House of Commons (the real center of power in

the Parliament) (651 members of Parliament); the maximum duration

—

five years

4.

The

British

Constitution:

unwritten,

including

statute

law,

common

law

and

conventions.

5. Prime Minister

—

the leader of the majority party; the Cabinet

—

the core of leadership

6. The Official Opposition

—

the party which wins the second largest number of seats, the