tastes运筹学 OR

。然而，早在二战之

前，英国的科学家就将运筹学的理论和实践应用于空 军。事实上

,

正是这些科学家中的两位

首次提出了“运筹学”这一名词。

The earliest application of operations research involved improving the early warning system of

the RAF’s

Fighter Command. This system was quickly put to the test during the Battle of Britain.

Throughout

the

remainder

of

the

war,

the

methods

of

operations

research

were

used

by

all

branches of the British military to improve the results of their operations. As might be expected,

the armed forces of the United States began to apply similar techniques soon after Pearl Harbor.

< /p>

运筹学最早应用是在提高英国皇家空军司令部的预警系统上。

这个 系统在英国的战争中很快

被测试。在整个余下的战争中，运筹学的方法被英国的分支部队 用于提高他们的控制结果。

正如期望的那样，在珍珠港事件后，美国军方也开始应用类似 的技术。

After WWII, the use of operations research continued in the military and was greatly expanded.

In addition, businesses on both sides of the Atlantic began to apply operations research to a broad

range

of

management

problems,

such

as

accident

prevention,

production

planning,

inventory

control, and personnel planning.

二战后，运筹学 继续运用在军事方面，并且有极大的拓展，另外，

大西洋两岸的商业活动开

始将运筹学应用到管理问题的广阔的领域，例如，

事故预防，

生产计划编制，存货控制和人

事计划编制。

The first formal university courses and curricula also began to be developed during the immediate

postwar period. MIT, Case Institute of Technology (now Case Western Reserve University), and

the University of Pennsylvania were among the first universities to offer formal degree programs

in the United States in the early fifties. It is interesting to note that similar academic programs did

not develop in the United Kingdom until latter, although lectures and courses were offered at a

few universities. University programs in operations research in the United States and Canada are

located

in

a

wide

variety

of

colleges,

schools,

and

departments,

reflecting

the

field’s

highly

interdisciplinary

nature.

Programs

are

found

in

departments

of

mathematical

science,

decision

sciences,

statistics,

industrial

engineering,

computer

science,

management

science,

engineering

management, mechanical engineering, and operations research. These departments are located in

school

or

colleges

of

engineering,

business,

management,

industrial

engineering,

and

applied

science.

战后，第一批正规大学课程也开始涌现，并迅速得到发展。

50

年代早期，麻省理工学院，

卡斯技术学院

（现在的卡斯西方储备 学院）

和宾夕法尼亚大学是他们之中第一批提供正规的

学位课程 的大学。

尽管这些课在少数的大学被设立，

有趣的是，

在英国尽管有零星的大学也

进行了一些有关运筹学的演讲和课程，

但是直到后来类似的学术课程才在英国得到发展。

在

< br>美国和加拿大，

运筹学方面的课程在各种学校、

学院和院 系中被广泛设置，

反映出这个领域

高度融合的性质。

决策科学，

统计学，

工业工程，

计算机科学，

管理科学，工 程管理，机械工程和运筹学等院系中。这些院系隶属工程、商业、管理、工业

工程和应用 科学等学校或学院。

Operations research as defined by the Operations Research Society of America, “is concerned with

scientifically

deciding

how

to

best

design

and

operate

man-machine

systems,

usually

under

conditions requiring the all

ocation of scarce resources.” Important to the field is the development,

testing, and use of models to predict various outcomes under differing conditions or to optimize

the

outcome

for

a

given

condition.

This

gives

decision

makers

the

ability

either

to

choose

the

“best” outcome or to enhance the likelihood of a given set of desired outcomes. The application of

quantitative methods is also very important.

美国运筹学学会将运筹学定义为：< /p>

在需要对紧缺资源进行分配的前提下决定如何最好的设计

和运作人

-

机系统的决策科学。这个领域的重点是发展，检测和应用模型 去预测在不同条件

下的各种结果，

或者优化给定条件下的结果。

决策者应有的能力是：要么选择最优结果，要

么增大一系列给定 结果中的好的结果的可能性。定量方法的应用也是非常重要的。

Some OR accomplishments

Some important breakthroughs of the 1970s and 1980s are highlighted below, with description of

how they have employed and the resulting economic impact.

运筹学的一些成果

在

20

世纪

70

年代到

80

年代之间取得了一些十分突出的重大突破，下面讲述他们如何被应< /p>

用以及其对经济的影响。

Integrative OR accomplishments

In 1983 and 1984 , Citgo

petroleum corporation , the nation ’s largest independe

nt refining and

marking

company

,with

1985

sales

in

excess

of

$$4

billion,

invested

in

a

unique

set

of

comprehensive

and

integrative

systems

that

combine

such

OR

disciplines

as

mathematical

programming,

forecasting,

and

expert

systems,

with

statistics

and

organizational

theory.

Ctigo

applied the OR systems to such operations as crude and product acquisition, refining ,supply and

distribution ,strategic and operations market planning ,accounts receivable and payable, inventory

control

,and

setting

individual

performance

objectives

,and

now

credits

these

OR

systems

with

turning a 1984 operating loss that exceeded $$5 million into a 1985 operating profit in excess of $$7

million .

综合的运筹学成果

在

1983

和

1984

年，全美最大的石油独立冶炼和销售公司

--citgo

石油公司，将

1985

年超过

4

亿的销售额投资在一个独一无二的全面集成系统中，这个系统将运筹学的数学规划、 预测

及专家系统结合到了统计和组织理论中。

Citgo

将运筹学系统应用到诸如：天然物资的产品

开采，

冶炼，

供应和配送，

运作市场规划，

应收应付款，

存货控制和制定个人执行目标，

Citgo

公司由

1984

年

5000

万的营业损失变为到

198 5

年高达

7000

万的营业利润要归功 于这个运筹

学系统。

网络流问题

Network flow problem

70

年代时出现了一些突破性的网络流建模和解决问题的方法，

并初步形成专业化的解决运

输问题及其转化问题的原始单纯形算法。