deuce-3838
英国
1. the
Anglo-Saxons
(
盎格鲁
-
撒克逊人
)
：
They were two groups of Germanic (
日耳曼
人
)
people
s who settled down in England from the 5th century
.They were regarded
as the ancestors of
the English and the founders of England.
2. King Arthur
(
亚瑟
王
,
是英格兰传说中的国王）
:
It is said that he was the King of
England in
the 5th centuryandunited the
British and drove the
Saxons(
撒克逊人
)back with his
magical
sword(
魔剑
), Excalibur. His
real existence is in doubt. He is the central
figure
of many
legends(
传说
)
.
3. The
constitution
:
Britain has no
written Constitution . The
foundations(
基础
)
of
the
British state are laid out in
statute law(
成文法
), which are
laws passed by
parliament the common
laws ((
特指英国的习惯法
),which are
laws established
through common
practice in the courts and conventions.
4. The house of Lords
(
英国上议院
):
The house of
Lords consists of the Lords
Spiritual(<
/p>
（英上议院神职议员
)
, who
are the Archbishops
(
大主教
)
and most
prominent
bishops
(
杰出的主教
)
of the
church of England; and the Lords
Temporal(
世俗贵族
)
,
which
refers to those lords who either
have inherited the seat from their forefathers or
they
have been appointed. The lords
mainly represent themselves instead of interests
of
the public.
5. The
formation of the government
(
政府的形成
)
:
651
members of parliament(
议会
)
are elected in the general election
representing 651 constituencies
(
选区
)
in the UK.
The party which holds a majority of
those “seats” in parliament forms the
government, with its party leader
(
政党领袖
)
as the
Prime
Minister(
首相
)
.
6. Relative decline of the UK economy
（英国经济相对衰
落）
:
< br>The UK has experienced an economic decline since 1945. But this is a relative d
ecline rather than an absolute one.
Britain is wealthier and more productive than it
was in1945, but since other countries
developed more rapidly, it has slid from
bein
g the second largest economy to
being the sixth.
7. Comprehensive scho
ols
(
综合学校
)
< br>:
Comprehensive schools are the most
popular
secondary
schools(
中学
)
in
British today. Such schools admit children without
reference to their academic abilities
subjects and provide a general education. Pupils <
/p>
(
学生
)
can
study everything from academic subjects like
literature to more practical
subjects
like cooking.
8. Grammar schools(
英国文法学校
)
:
It
is a type of secondary schools in Britain.
Grammar schools select children at the
age 11, through an examination called “the
11-
plus”. Those children
with the highest marks go to grammar schools.
These
schools lay emphasis on advanced
academic subjects rather than the more general
curriculum
(
课程
)
of the
comprehensive schools and expect many of their
pupils to go
on to
universities.
9. the three
traditions of Christmas in
Britain:
There are three traditions of
Christmas
which are particularly
Britain :one is the Christmas
pantomime(
圣诞哑剧
)
,
a comical
musical play, The main male
character is played by a young woman while the
main
female character, often an ugly
women called
夫人
)
Another British Christmas tradition is to
hear the Queen give her Christmas message
to her realm
(
领域，
范围；王国
)
over the television
and radio, A third British tradition is
Boxing day, which falls on the day
after Christmas. Traditionally, it was on Boxing
day
that people gave Christmas gifts or
money to their staff or servants, now that the
most British people do not have
servants. This custom is no longer observed,
however, a new Boxing Day custom has
emerged, in the cities: shopping. Shops
open up to sell off all their Christmas
stock decoration, food cards and gift items at
low prices. p356
美国
1.
The first
English settlement in North
America
：
The first English
permanent
settlement(
永久居留
)was organized in 1607 by the London
Company with a
charter from the English
king. The colonists
(
殖民者
)
settled in
Virginia and
survived by imposing
strict discipline
(
实施严格的纪律
)
on
themselves and by
transplanting tobacco
(
移植烟草
)
into the
colony
（
殖民地）
of
Virginia. In 1619, the
settlers elected
their delegates and set up the House of
Burgesses
（
下议院）
,
and
the same time they bought and
enslaved
(
奴役
)
black
servants
（
奴役黑人仆人）
.
These two events greatly influenced the
political and social development of the
united states later
2. Purit
anism
（
清教主义）
：
Puritans
（
清教徒）
were those
who followed the doctrine
（
主
义；
学说；
教义）
of John Calvin and wanted to purify the Church of England
（
英国国教）
.
They believe that human beings were pre
destined
(
注定的
)
by God before they were
born.
Some were God’s chosen people while others were
damned to hell. No
church
ｏｒ
good works could save
people. The sign of being God’s select was the
success in his work or the prosperity
（繁荣，
成功）
in his
calling. They also argued that
everyone
must read the Bible in order to find God’s will
and establish a direct
contact with
God. These beliefs had great impact on American
culture
3.
A
federal
system
（
联邦制度
）
：
A
federal
system
is
one
in
which
power
is
shared
between
a
central
authority
and
its
constituent
(
选民
)
parts,
with
some
ri
ghts
reserved
to
each.
4. The Bill
of Rights
（人权法案
）
：<
/p>
Consists of the first 10 amendments
（
修正案）
which
were added to the Constitution in 1791,
which guarantees freedom and individual
rights such as freedom of speech, the
right to assemble in public places, the right to
own weapons
（
武器
）
and so on
5. Eli W
hitney
（
伊莱
·
惠特尼）
：
Eli Whitney is an
American inventor who invented the
cotton gin
（
轧棉机
）
, which made removing the
seeds from the bolls of cotton much
easier. He also began manufacturing
rifles
（
制造步枪）
with
machinery
（
机械；机器；
）
,
using interchangeable
parts. This contributed to the American system of
mass
production.
6.
Industrial Revolution in America:
After
independence, America was principally
（
主要地；大部分
）
an
agricultural country. The Industrial Revolution in
England
brought many changes to
American industry between 1776 and 1860. One key
development was the introduction of the
factory system. A second development was
the
of new technologies to
industrial task. A fourth development was the
emergence of
new forms of business
organization - the bank and the corporation.
7.
Boards
of
education
(
学校董事会
)
:
Boards
of
education
refer
to
groups
of
pe
ople
who
make
policies
for
schools
at
the
state
and/or
district
level.
They
also
make
decisions
about
the
school
curriculum
（
课程）
,
teacher
standards
and
c
ertification,
and
the
overall
measurement
of
student
progress.
8.
Higher
educati
on
(
高等教育
)
:
Higher
education
refers
to
American
education
on
the
college
level.
American
higher
education
includes
four
categories
(<
/p>
类别
)
of
in
stitutions.
They
are
the
university,
the
four-year
undergraduate
institution
(the
college)
the
technical
training
institution
and
the
two-year
or
community
colle
ge
(
社区学院，
社区大学
)
.
Some
are
supported
by
public
funds
and
some
by
priva
te
funds.
Many
universities
and
colleges
have
won
reputations
for
provi
ding
their
students
with
a
higher
quality
of
education.
The
great
majority
are
generally
regarded
as
quite
satisfactory.
9.
Yellowstone National Park:
Yellowstone
National Park is the oldest and one of the
largest national parks in the US. It is
named after the Yellowstone River that flows
through the area. It is known for its g
eysers
(
间歇泉
)
and hot springs
(
温泉
)
among
other natural
wonders.
问题
UK
Unit3 The
government of the UK
4.
Discuss the major
characteristics
主要特点
and the
main content
主要内容
of