jsm-contractors
i.
ii.
The Colonial Period
1.
关键词
: America Puritanism
2.
Calvinism
特点
:
total depravity, Unconditional election, Limited
atonement,
Irresistible grace,
Perseverance of the saints
3.
Anne
Bradstreet( P17 ): a Puritan poet be known as
“
The
Muse
”
4.
Thomas Paine:
one of continual, unswerving fight for the rights
of man.
works:
“
Common
Sense
”“
American
Crisis
”“
The
Rights
of
Man
”“
The
Age
of
Reason
”
理性时代
5.
Phillip
Freneau(P22):
美国文学史上的重要人物
dawning nationalism
代表人物
Poems: The
Wild Honeysuckle
野生的金银花
first modern American & the last
medieval man
6.
Jonathan Edwards(Calvinism)
a critical role in shaping the First
Great Awakening
works:
“
The
Freedom
of
the
Will
”
《自由意志论》
“
The
Great
Doctrine
of
Original
Sin
Defe
nded
”
《
伟
哉
原
罪
论
辩
》
“
The
Nature
of
True
Virtue
”“
American
Dream
”“
Self-
made
”
7.
Benjamin
Franklin(puritanism)
“
Poor
Richard
’
s Almance
”“
autobiography
”
新
文学形式
“
18
th
century enlightenment
”
Romanticism
1.
Washington Irving
（
1783-1859
）
①
titles:
“
the father of American
literature
”
“
the
AmericanGoldsmith
”
②
works:
The
Sketch
Book
(marked
the
beginning
of
American
Romanticismand
the
beginning
of
short
stories
as
a
genrein
American
literature)
Rip Van Winkle
(P47
—
P48)
The
Legend of Sleepy Hollow
2.
James Fenimore Cooper
（
1789-1851
）
①
One of the first writer to
write American Westward movement
②
“
The
Leatherstocking Tales
”
(novel)
first is
“
The
Pioneers
”
---Plot:
---theme conflict
between Natty Bumppo and Judge Temple-
---character:
Natty
Bumppo---innocent,
simple,
honest
and
generous,
for
freedom,
against
civilization, wilderness is good
Judge
Temple---just, reasonable, for civilizationand law
③
Writing style:
intriguing plot
majestic
landscape descriptions
rich imagination
wooden characterization
iii.
not
authentic dialect
New England
Transcendentalism---the culmination of American
Romanticism
Beginning
of
the
Transcendentalism---
1836,
Nature
,
Emerson
(1830s
–
the
Civil
War)
Features
：
a:emphasizing on spirit or the Over-
soul
；
b:stressing the
importance
of
the
individual
；
c:offering
a
fresh
perception
of
nature
as
symbolic
of
the
Spirit or God.
1.
Ralph Waldo
Emerson
：
The founder of the
Transcendentalist club and the
editor
for a time of the journal
the
Dial
Works:
Nature
---
“the
Manifesto
of
American
Transcen
den
talism”
“
the
Bible
of
New
England”:
The Poet (from Nature)
The American Scholar ---
“Intellectual Declaration of
Independence”
2.
Henry David Thoreau
Masterpiece:
Walden
(Failure first,
success in the 20th century)
Content---
a faithful record of his reflection in
communicating with nature
3.
Nathaniel Hawthorne
“
The Scarlet
Letter
”
Plot(P74)
Theme:
---(general theme) evil and sinexist in
human heart and will be punished one
day
moral,
emotional and psychological effect of the sin on
the people in general
---(specific
theme) a hymn on the moral growth of the woman
Hester when
sinned against
symbolism
象征主义
:
“
A
”—
Adul
tery
—
able
—
angel
“
pearl
”—
treasure
4.
Herman
Melville
works: Moby Dick
(1851)---little response, famous until the 20th
century
Content:
---(general content) an encyclopedia of
everything
---(specific
content)
a
tragedy
of
man
fighting
against
overwhelming
power in an
indifferent even hostile world
5.
Edgar Allan
Poe
Theme: The death of beauty
Sense of loss
Works:
Poem
---
“The
Raven”
“To
Helen”
“Annabel
Lee”
Writing style:
Musical
Repetition of words
Paralleled structure
Melancholy atmosphere(tone)
iv.
Short
story-
--
The Fall of the
House of Usher
Plot: (P112)
Theme: the fall of the house---the
annihilation (disintegration) and ofperson
6.
Emily
Dickinson
Subject and theme:
①
(almost one
third) Death and immortality
“My life closed twice before its close”
“Because I could not stop
for death”
theme
:
Everyone
can’t
live
forever.
Only
after
death
can
we
get
immortality (immortality of soul)
“ I heard a Fly Buzz
-
When I died”
theme
: skeptical &
ambivalent about death
reluctance to death
②
Love
“Wild Nights
-
Wild
nights” (P99)
③
nature (both benevolent and cruel)
“I’ll tell you how the sun
rose”
④
emphasis of free will and human
responsibility
“To fight
aloud”
“A triumph may
be”
⑤
soul ( conviction of her sovereignty)
“
I
know that He
exists”
“The Brain is wider
than the sky”
Theme
:
influence of Transcendentalism
Human being’s mind (soul) is as divine
as God
⑥
beauty, truth and goodness are
ultimately one
“
I died for beauty-
but was
scare”
“
Tell all
the truth but tell it
slant”
(P102)
Writing
style
: emotional, original, against
tradition
Choice of words, verbal
construction (capitalized and dash), spelling,
full
of fresh images, brief, direct,
plain words but not easy to read
Influence
: precursor to the
Imagist movement
7.
Walt Whitman
Works:
“
Leaves of
Grass
”
草叶集
(9
editions from 1855 to 1892, Famous until
the 5th edition)
Poems in
Leaves of Grass:
“Song of
Myself”
(most famous one)
“Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking”
(1859)
“When
Lilacs
紫丁香
Last in
the Dooryard Bloom’d” (1865
)
“O Captain My Captain!”
Writing style
: free verse(
no regular rhyme, but musical)
过渡时期
Harriet
Beecher Stowe
v.
work: Uncle Tom
’
s
Cabin---The greatest manifesto of American anti-
slavery
(
最有
名的反奴隶制作品
)
Content: a faithful record of American
black people's miserable life.
Realism
镀金时代
Gilded
Age
1.
William
Dean Howells
豪厄尔斯
①
title:
“
champion
of
literary
realism
in
US
”“
first
president
of
American
Academy of Arts and
Letters
”
②
works:
essay---
Criticism and Fiction
novel---
The Rise of Silas
Lapham
Plot: P120-121
Character:
Silas
Lapham---common
Bostonian
of
the
late
19th
century,
average America happy with his family
and proud of his success in the world
Theme:
house---
symbol
of
Lapham’s
success
(in
material)
and
aspiration
for
the
polite society
the burning of the house---financial
fall and moral rise
2.
Henry James
①
themes:exchanges
between
Americans
and
Europeans
美国和欧
洲文化
的冲突
②写作手法：
a. eliminates the
author and gives the reader the illusion of
being present at the scene of
action
让读者置身于情境中
b.
without
comments
or
explanations:
Dramatize,
only
dramatize,
is
his
lesson
作者只设定情境
③
Three distinctive periods:
a. 1865-1882 novels
The
American (1877)
美国人
The Europeans
(1878)
欧洲人
The Portrait of a Lady (1881)
淑女本色贵妇的肖像
Daisy Miller(1878)
短篇小说
b.1882-1895
plays
c.1895-1990 novels
The Turn of the
Screw(1898)
短篇小说碧庐冤孽（螺丝在旋紧）
The Wings of the Dove (1902)
鸽之翼
The Ambassadors (1903)
大使（奉使记）
The
Golden Bowl (1904)
金碗
3.
Mark Twain(Local Colorism)
①
Works:
The
Adventure of Tom Sawyer
The Adventure
of Huckleberry Finn
汤姆索亚历险记的续集，海明
威称赞
“
all modern American
literature comes
”
②
theme: racism&slavery
intellectual& moral education
The hypocrisy of
civilized
”
society
③
real name: Samuel Langhorne
Clemens